Rail replacement bus service

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Metroline Plaxton President bodied Dennis Trident 2 rail replacement bus in London Au Morandarte Flickr IMG 9819 (14799113313) (cropped).jpg
Metroline Plaxton President bodied Dennis Trident 2 rail replacement bus in London

A rail replacement bus service uses buses to replace a passenger train service on a temporary or permanent basis. The train service that is replaced may be of any type such as light rail, tram, streetcar, commuter rail, regional rail or heavy rail, intercity passenger service. The rail service may be replaced if the line is closed because of rail maintenance, a breakdown of a train, a rail accident or a strike action or to simply provide additional capacity or if the rail service is deemed not economically viable.

Contents

Terms for a rail replacement bus service include bustitution (a portmanteau of the words "bus" and "substitution", or bustitute) [1] and bus bridge. [2] Substitution of rail services by buses can be unpopular and subject to criticism and so the term bustitution is often used pejoratively. [3] [4]

Examples

Australia

Traffic in Sydney, Australia, after the replacement of trams by buses, 1962 Buses replace trams, c.1962 (2742915440).jpg
Traffic in Sydney, Australia, after the replacement of trams by buses, 1962

In Australia, a permanent or temporary rail replacement service change is often referred to as bustitution. [5]

In November 1941, the Western Australian Government Railways introduced its first rail replacement service, which operated a service from Perth to Kojonup via Boddington. [6] By 1949, there were 28 buses, [7] and by 1959, there were more than 50. [8]

The Sydney Metro Northwest line used human-driven single-deck buses late at night from Wednesdays to Sundays and operated a red Metro bus-like service with a frequency of approximately every 10 minutes until November 2019. That measure was in place since the line was deemed "ready" 10 months ahead of schedule. [9]

On the Queensland Rail network, to relieve congestion on the single track Sunshine Coast line, the rail service is supplemented by a bus service operated by Kangaroo Bus Lines on weekdays between Caboolture and Nambour as route 649. [10] NSW TrainLink, Transwa and V/Line all introduced extensive networks in New South Wales, Western Australia and Victoria in the 1970s and the 1980s that replaced regional trains.

Canada

Via Rail, the operator of the national passenger rail network, uses the term "bustitution" to refer to rail replacement with buses. [1]

China

Beijing Public Transport rail replacement bus from Xi'erqi to Zhuxinzhuang after the Changping Line train collision, December 2023 1126358 at Xi'erqi Subway Station (20231215135127).jpg
Beijing Public Transport rail replacement bus from Xi'erqi to Zhuxinzhuang after the Changping Line train collision, December 2023

After the train collision on Changping line, Beijing Subway between Xi'erqi station and Life Science Park station on 14 December 2023, train services between Zhuxinzhuang and Xi'erqi were temporarily suspended on the following day. Beijing Public Transport provided free shuttle bus services between Zhuxinzhuang and Xi'erqi. [11]

Czech Republic

Rail replacement bus service in the Czech Republic Brno, nam. Miru, smycka, Irisbus Citybus 12M c. 7630.jpg
Rail replacement bus service in the Czech Republic

Substitute bus transport (Czech : náhradní autobusová doprava) is governed by the Road Traffic Act (111/1994 Coll.), which allows the operator of a national, regional, tram, trolleybus or special line to operate substitute transport for up to 90 days in the case of interrupted or temporarily-restricted traffic on the line without the requirement to apply for a bus line license and have approval of the line's schedule. The law also mandates vehicles used for substitute transport to be marked as such.

In municipal public transport, substitute transport often takes on the number of the line that it replaces, prefixed by the letter X, and the original line is detoured. In cities with trolleybus systems, rail replacement buses also occasionally used for substitute transport and is then called substitute trolleybus transport (Czech : náhradní trolejbusová doprava).

Ireland

As in the United Kingdom, buses have replaced rail services on closed lines. The most recent example can be found in County Wexford. where upon the suspension of rail services between Rosslare Europort and Waterford in 2010, Bus Éireann route 370 was introduced. However, the bus takes considerably longer than the train journey and fails to serve Waterford railway station. [12]

Japan

Rail replacement bus in Higashi-Shikagoe Station, Minamifurano, Hokkaido, Japan. (September 2021) Higashi shikagoe building and bus.jpg
Rail replacement bus in Higashi-Shikagoe Station, Minamifurano, Hokkaido, Japan. (September 2021)

Busses have replaced rail in Japan when rail service must be suspended because of disaster, accident, economics, or engineering works. Notably, in some cases. those rail lines are closed permanently, and some of the former rail rights-of-way are converted into bus rights-of-way to provide grade-separated bus rapid transit service. [13]

New Zealand

When train services operated by Transdev in Auckland train services are sometimes replaced by a bus, the resulting service is called Rail Bus. [14] Historically, New Zealand Railways Road Services replaced many train routes with buses.[ citation needed ]

Sweden

While the reconstruction of Slussen, the western terminal of Saltsjöbanan, is in progress, trains on line 25 run only to Henriksdal, one station short of Slussen, with the segment between Slussen and Henriksdal served by a replacement bus 25B that is timed to match the train times at Henriksdal.

A bus running on Sparvag City tram line 7 SL line 7 bus.jpg
A bus running on Spårväg City tram line 7


Sometimes, buses can be seen running on line 7, the Spårväg City tram line, even when trams are running normally.

In the night after 01:00, there is no service on the Stockholm Metro and the commuter rail, and night buses run along the line instead.

United Kingdom

Stagecoach London Alexander ALX400 bodied Dennis Trident 2 in London in 2013 Au Morandarte Flickr DSC01816 (10522333236).jpg
Stagecoach London Alexander ALX400 bodied Dennis Trident 2 in London in 2013
Roselyn Coaches Van Hool TX16 Alicron in Taunton in April 2018 Taunton station - Roselyn RO62LYN.JPG
Roselyn Coaches Van Hool TX16 Alicron in Taunton in April 2018

During the British Railways Board's railway rationalisation in the 1960s, known as the Beeching cuts, bus substitution was an official policy for replacing train services on closed lines. The policy was largely unsuccessful, however, as the bus services were usually far slower than the train services that they replaced, and many passengers gave up on public transport altogether. [15] A report published in 2018 identified successful, and surviving, examples of this policy as the present X1 route operated by First Eastern Counties between Norwich and Peterborough, [16] and the Brighton & Hove Regency Route between Brighton and Tunbridge Wells, which partly replaces a route closed by Beeching. [17]

Rail replacement bus services have been used to operate parliamentary train services.

United States

United States: New York City Bus provides shuttle service in the Bronx because of construction on the New York City Subway. NYC Transit Orion VII CNG 7763.jpg
United States: New York City Bus provides shuttle service in the Bronx because of construction on the New York City Subway.

Rail-replacement bus services occurred on a large scale after the dismantling of the street railway systems of many cities in North America in the mid-20th century. [29] [30] Replacement of existing rail services with buses after World War II is one of the largest reasons that so few US cities have rapid transit systems.

The temporary substitution of buses for trains may be done with Amtrak's Amtrak Thruway service. [31]

The G Line (formerly the Orange Line) of the Los Angeles Metro runs along a paved closed course on the easement from the original Southern Pacific Railroad Burbank line, which was later used by the Pacific Electric Railway. It may eventually be converted back to light rail with Measure M funding, but that is not currently scheduled to happen until around 2050.

Singapore

An incident occurred in Singapore on 7 July 2015 after a mass shutdown on the North–South and East–West lines after a power system failure. The operator SMRT and the rival SBS Transit did not activate bus bridging but made all buses free islandwide because of the sheer scale of the disruptions. [32] [33] The Land Transport Authority made travel free available for any bus services passing MRT stations that were affected during the train disruptions, and during a massive disruption affecting at least two lines, bus travel islandwide was made free. [33]

Urban transit

Rail-replacement bus services are common among urban rail transit systems, mainly because of unexpected service disruptions. For example, one of the effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York was that the New York City Subway required replacement bus service for several subway routes. [34] As the subway runs 24/7/365, replacement bus service is also provided when subway lines were closed for regularly-scheduled maintenance and so interruptions in subway service require replacement bus service, even during off-peak hours.[ citation needed ]

Planning rail-replacement services in a high-patronage environment, such as a high-capacity rapid transit network, requires efficient use and management of time and resources to prevent major travel disruptions. Thats was exemplified by a July 2015 shutdown on the Toronto subway during rush hour from a communication system breakdown in which the Toronto Transit Commission opted not to use replacement buses, as "it wasn't possible to replace the entire subway's capacity with buses". [35]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 "Definition of bustitution". Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
  2. ↑ 'Limited MTA service backj Thursday' on New York Daily News website, viewed 9 July 2013
  3. ↑ An example appears in a 2009 editorial. See: Parker, Christopher (19 January 2009). "Statement on the bustitution of the Ethan Allen Express". Vermont Rail Action Network. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
  4. ↑ Weyrich, Paul M. and William S. Lind (May 1999). "Does Transit Work? A Conservative Reappraisal" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association . Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  5. ↑ "Bustitution over Xmas". Media Release – Newsletter. 1993 (1). Action for Public Transport (New South Wales). February 1993. ISSN   0155-8234 . Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  6. ↑ Royal Commission into the Management, Workings & Control of the Western Australian Government Railways Government of Western Australia December 1947 page 92
  7. ↑ WAGR buses shift 360,000 in a year The Sunday Times 28 August 1949 page 3
  8. ↑ Annual Report for the year ended 30 June 2003 Western Australian Government Railways Commission
  9. ↑ "NSW Budget: $12 billion for metro rail revolution | Sydney Metro". www.sydneymetro.info. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  10. ↑ Route 649 TransLink
  11. ↑ "北京地铁昌平线今日分段运营，地铁站外开通摆渡专线" (in Chinese). Beijing Daily App. 15 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  12. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ↑ ＪＲ気仙沼線の線路跡、バス専用道一部完成 Nikkei
  14. ↑ "How to use a railbus". Auckland Transport, assessed 7 July 2013
  15. ↑ Henshaw, David (1994). The Great Railway Conspiracy. Leading Edge Press and Pub. ISBN   0-948135-48-4.
  16. ↑ Luke, Dylan; Steer, Jim; White, Peter. "3.0 – Case studies: single route Interurban Bus services". Interurban Bus: Time to raise the profile (PDF) (Report). Greengauge21. pp. 21–23. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  17. ↑ Luke, Dylan; Steer, Jim; White, Peter. "3.0 – Case studies: single route Interurban Bus services". Interurban Bus: Time to raise the profile (PDF) (Report). Greengauge21. p. 23. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  18. ↑ Croxley Green LNWR Branch Passenger Closure Rail Chronology
  19. ↑ "Stations close to trains". BBC News . 16 May 2003. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  20. ↑ "Fewer buses for Barlastan". The Stone & Eccleshall Gazette. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  21. ↑ New Timetable Means New Services for Stoke Network Rail 14 December 2008
  22. ↑ Stone station is re-opened The Railway Magazine issue 1294 February 2009 page 64
  23. ↑ Summary to the responses to consultation to proposed closure of Norton Bridge Station. Department for Transport 2017
  24. ↑ Closure Ratification Notice – Norton Bridge Station Office of Rail & Road 26 October 2017
  25. ↑ Swaine, Jon (7 January 2009). "Government runs 'ghost bus' to avoid admitting it scrapped rail service". The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  26. ↑ Withdrawal of Scheduled Passenger Services Between Wandsworth Road, Kensington (Olympia) & Ealing Broadway Office of Rail Regulation 10 May 2012
  27. ↑ "'Ghost bus' makes final journey". ITV News . 11 June 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  28. ↑ Last Olympia – Wandsworth Road Today's Railways UK issue 140 August 2013 page 19
  29. ↑ An example from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, may be seen in a picture caption: "Motor Coaches of The Brew City" . Retrieved 21 June 2009.
  30. ↑ "Newark PCC 27 Arrives at the Museum". Shoreline Trolley Museum. 14 October 2001. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
  31. ↑ "Thruway Motorcoach Service and Accessibility". Amtrak . Retrieved 21 June 2009.
  32. ↑ "SMRT to be fined a record S$5.4m for July 7 MRT breakdown". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  33. 1 2 "Free bus services during extended MRT disruption". www.mot.gov.sg. Ministry of Transport, Singapore. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  34. ↑ "NYC DOT and MTA/NYCT to Establish Dedicated Shuttle Bus Routes Between Brooklyn and Midtown Manhattan as Storm Repairs Continue". New York City Department of Transportation (Press release). 31 October 2012.
  35. ↑ "Toronto subway shutdown causes early-morning commuter chaos". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
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