Farebox recovery ratio

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The farebox recovery ratio (also called fare recovery ratio, fare recovery rate or other terms) of a passenger transportation system is the fraction of operating expenses which are met by the fares paid by passengers. It is computed by dividing the system's total fare revenue by its total operating expenses. [1]

Contents

Fare structures

There are generally two types of fare structures: a simple, flat rate fare structure (pay a fixed fare regardless of time of day and/or travel distance) or a complex, variable rate fare structure (pay a variable fare depending on time of day and/or travel distance). A variable fare structure is typically associated with a higher recovery ratio, though it may simply be the case that such systems are implemented only on more profitable networks or modes such as commuter rail. Variable-rate fares require a higher initial investment in fare ticketing technologies such as the use of contactless smart cards, turnstiles or fare gates, automated ticket machines, as well as IT infrastructure. [2]

Farebox ratios around the world

The farebox recovery ratio is the ratio of fare revenue to total transport expenses for a given system. [1] These two figures can be found in the financial statements of the operators. Oftentimes the operator runs multiple modes of transport (e.g. subway and bus), and there is no data for individual modes (segment analysis). In this case the operator is considered as one system, or a group of modes are collectively considered one system.

Fare revenue is not the same as "transport" or "operational" revenue, as there are often secondary sources of revenue such as lockers and paid restrooms and advertisement revenue. Fare revenue is a subset of transport revenue, which is in turn part of total revenue along with "non-transport" or "non-operational" revenue.

Total "transport" or "operational" expenses are a part of total expenses along with "non-transport" or "non-operational" expenses. Total transport expenses may include expansion projects if they are paid for by the operator.

Asia

Please note that, the "operating ratio" (Japanese : 営業係数 Korean : 영업계수) commonly published by some Asian systems is different from farebox recovery ratio even after inverting the number to turn cost per unit revenue into revenue per unit cost, as that figure includes all operating revenue instead of only the fare revenue. [3]

Country or RegionSystemRatioFare systemYear
Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MTR) 106.76%Mostly Distance based2021 [4]
Hong Kong Hong Kong Tramway 48.80%Flat rate2021 [5]
Hong Kong Kowloon Motor Bus 100.05%Route-specific2021 [6]
Long Win Bus 77.91%Route-specific2021 [6]
Hong Kong Citybus 72.98% [7] Route-specific2021 [8]
New World First Bus 76.73%Route-specific2021 [8]
Japan JR Central Rail245.95%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan JR East Rail142.44%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan JR West Rail132.38%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan JR Kyushu Rail111.34%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan JR Shikoku Rail69.84%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan JR Hokkaido Rail59.18%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan JR Freight Freight rail96.25%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan Sapporo Municipal Subway 220.79%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Sapporo Streetcar 104.31%Flat rateFY2018 [9]
Japan Hakodate Streetcar 82.87%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan Sendai Subway 159.68%Mixed zonal and distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan Tokyo Metro 161.55%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan Tokyo Toei rail services74% [10] [ failed verification ]Distance based2015
Tokyo Toei Subway 171.46%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Tokyo Toei Streetcar83.39%Flat rateFY2018 [9]
Tokyo Toei elevated rail109.84%Flat rateFY2018 [9]
Tokyo Toei other rails136.81%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan Yokohama Municipal Subway 232.28%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan Meitetsu Railway155.99%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Meitetsu Tramway90.70%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan Nagoya Municipal Subway 167.24%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan Kintetsu Railway Rail152.77%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Kintetsu Railway Cable36.70%VariousFY2018 [9]
Japan Nankai Electric Railway Rail161.26%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Nankai Electric Railway Cable31.12%Flat rateFY2018 [9]
Japan Keihan Electric Railway Rail166.51%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Keihan Electric Railway Subway29.05%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan Keihan Electric Railway Streetcar73.08%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Keihan Electric Railway Cable71.73%Flat rateFY2018 [9]
Japan Hankyu Railway 123%Distance based1991 [11]
169.74%FY2018 [9]
Japan Hanshin Electric Railway 146.75%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau 137%Distance based1991 [11]
Osaka Metro Subway208.51%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Osaka Metro APM/AGT105.35%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan Kyoto Municipal Subway 201.04%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan Kobe Municipal Subway 169.52%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan Nishi-Nippon Railroad Rail149.92%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan Fukuoka City Subway 205.38%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Japan Kitakyushu Monorail 144.15%TabularFY2018 [9]
Japan Nagasaki Electric Tramway 105.11%Flat rateFY2018 [9]
Japan Kumamoto Tram102.60%Flat rateFY2018 [9]
Japan Kagoshima Tram98.36%Flat rateFY2018 [9]
Japan Okinawa Urban Monorail 187.55%Distance basedFY2018 [9]
Pakistan Lahore Metrobus 37.2% [12] Flat rate2014
Taiwan Taipei Mass Rapid Transit 87.64%Distance based2021 [13]
Taiwan Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit 52.57%Distance based2020 [14]
Singapore SMRT Corporation (Singapore)101%Distance based2018 [15]
China Beijing Subway 22%Flat rate [16] 2013 [17]
35.08%Distance based2021 [18]
China Shenzhen Metro 82.20% [19] Distance based2021 [20]
China Guangzhou Metro 77.05% [21] [22] Distance based2021 [21]

Europe

CountryRegion / CitySystemRatioFare systemYear
AustriaVienna Vienna U-Bahn 49%Flat rate2008 [23]
GermanyBerlin Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe 70%Zone based2010 [24]
BelgiumBrussels Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company 35%2007 [25]
CzechiaPrague Prague Integrated Transport 53%Flat rate2013 [26]
DenmarkCopenhagen Copenhagen Metro 93.5%Zone based2023 [27]
France Paris Île-de-France Mobilités 29%Flat rate for passes
Distance based for tickets		2018 [28]
GermanyMunich Munich Transport and Tariff Association 70%Zone based2010 [29]
ItalyMilan Milan Transportation System 49%2016 [27]
Italy Rome Rome Metro 36%2007 [25]
NetherlandsAmsterdam Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf Amsterdam 88%Distance based2018 [30]
NetherlandsRotterdam Rotterdamse Elektrische Tram 99%Distance based2018 [31]
PolandWarsawZTM37%2019 [32]
SpainCataloniaMetropolitan lines of Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (Catalonia)93%Zone based2014 [33]
SpainMadrid Madrid Metro 41%2007 [25]
Sweden Stockholm Storstockholms Lokaltrafik 52%Flat rate2017 [34]
SwitzerlandZurich Zürich S-Bahn 60%Zone based2014 [27]
FinlandHelsinki Helsinki Regional Transport Authority 49% [35] Zone based2019
TurkeyIstanbul Metro Istanbul A.S. 90%Flat rate2019 [36]
United KingdomLondon London Underground 129.50% [37] Zone based2022-2023 [37]
London Overground and Docklands Light Railway 94% [38] Zone based2018–19 [38]

North America

Canada

Canada Farebox recovery rate
RegionOperatorFare RevenueOperating ExpensesRatioFare SystemYear
Nationwide VIA Rail 51%Distance & demand based2016 [39]
Brampton Brampton Transit 50%Flat rate2019 [40]
Calgary Calgary Transit 50%Flat rate2012 [41]
Edmonton Edmonton Transit System 39%Flat rate
Mississauga MiWay 46%Flat rate2011 [42]
Montreal Société de transport de Montréal 46%Flat rate2016 [43]
Ottawa OC Transpo 45%Flat rate2019 [44]
Quebec City Réseau de transport de la Capitale 39%Flat rate2011 [42]
Toronto and Hamilton Toronto Transit Commission 26.2%Flat rate2021 [45]
GO Transit 50.37% [46] Distance based2020-21 [47]
Vancouver TransLink 43.7%Zone based; transition to distance based upcoming2022 [48]
Victoria BC Transit (Victoria regional transit system)28.4%Flat rate2022 [49]
Winnipeg Winnipeg Transit 60%Flat rate2011 [42]
York York Region Transit 40%Flat rate2015 [50]

United States

RegionSystem OperatorFare RevenueOperating ExpensesRatioFare SystemYear
Nationwide Amtrak 95%Distance & demand based2017 [51]
Northern Virginia, DC VRE (Virginia Railway Express)$28,000,000$190,000,00015%Distance based2023 [52]
Boston, MA-NH-RI MBTA $545,414,783.00$1,556,792,859.0020.5%Flat rate [53] 2023 [54]
New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT NYC Ferry 29%Flat Rate2017 [55]
MTA Bus $95,403,036.00$712,036,903.0013.40%2020 [56]
MTA Long Island Rail Road $272,532,791.00$1,464,445,571.0018.61%Zone based [57] 2020 [56]
MTA Metro-North $243,671,760.00$1,207,182,081.0020.19%Distance based [57] 2020 [56]
MTA New York City Transit $2,018,495,902.00$8,258,335,723.0024.44%Flat rate [57] 2020 [56]
MTA Staten Island Railway 11%Flat rate2019 [57]
PATH $73,263,022.00$448,244,536.0016.34%Flat rate [58] 2020 [56]
NYCDOT $1,342,638.00$144,618,026.000.93%Free (Staten Island Ferry)2020 [56]
NJTransit $743,742,067.00$2,325,547,904.0031.98%Zone based on most Buses and all commuter trains
Flat Rate on some buses and all light rails [58] 		2020 [56]
Bee-Line Bus System $18,698,988.00$161,250,867.0011.60%2020 [56]
Chicago, IL-IN CTA $236,301,686.00$1,436,453,698.0016.45%Flat rate [59] 2020 [56]
METRA $102,350,491.00$710,195,494.0014.41%Zone based [58] 2020 [56]
Atlanta, GA Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority $100,300,226.00$492,839,897.0020.35%Flat rate [58] 2020 [56]
Portland, OR-WA TriMET $94,456,931.00$518,451,362.0018.22%Flat rate [58] 2020 [56]
Baltimore, MD MTA $102,029,183.00$805,145,982.0012.67%Variable [60] 2020 [56]
San Diego, CA SDMTS $78,709,562.00$291,553,478.0027.00%Flat rate [58] 2020 [56]
Houston, TX Houston Metro $37,305,222.00$587,595,095.006.35%2020 [56]
Miami, FLCounty of Miami-Dade (Transportation & Public Work)$47,456,089.00$553,336,216.008.58%Flat rate [58] 2020 [56]
Denver-Aurora, CO RTD $76,264,572.00$623,982,843.0012.22%Zone Based [61] 2020 [56]
Pittsburgh, PA PRT $79,071,495.00$434,687,600.0018.19%2020 [56]
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX DART $43,547,629.00$569,628,198.007.64%Flat rate [62] 2020 [56]
Honolulu, HI City and County of Honolulu (Department of Transportation Services)$46,815,334.00$278,447,442.0016.81%2020 [56]
San Francisco-Oakland, CA SFMTA $153,699,058.00$903,485,983.0017.01%Flat rate [63] 2020 [56]
BART $341,586,797.00$681,983,690.0050.09%Distance based [64] 2020 [56]
AC Transit $66,561,904.00$501,047,399.0013.28%2020 [56]
Oakland Airport Connector 96%Flat rate2015–2016 [65]
Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI Metro Transit $40,804,932.00$413,038,880.009.88%Flat rate with rush hour and express surcharges [58] 2020 [56]
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA Orange County Transportation Authority $42,450,631.00$268,394,220.0015.82%2020 [56]
LA Metro $199,728,314.00$1,841,473,552.0010.85%Flat rate [58] 2020 [56]
Long Beach Transit $10,201,475.00$92,339,794.0011.05%2020 [56]
Phoenix-Mesa, AZ Valley Metro $21,292,051.00$208,489,994.0010.21%2020 [56]
San Antonio, TX VIA Metropolitan Transit $15,033,510.00$222,032,078.006.77%Flat rate [58] 2020 [56]
St. Louis, MO-IL St. Louis Metro $30,986,092.00$282,175,101.0010.98%2020 [56]
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA VTA $28,886,823.00$403,260,461.007.16%2020 [56]
Buffalo, NY NFTA $34,814,699.00$141,163,925.0024.66%2020 [56]
Salt Lake City-West Valley City, UT UTA $32,521,480.00$319,885,004.0010.17%2020 [56]
Austin-Round Rock- San Marcos, TX CapMetro $15,298,332.00$229,551,099.006.66%Flat rate [58] 2020 [56]
Charlotte, NC-SC CATS $21,018,416.00$162,317,729.0012.95%2020 [56]
Detroit–Warren–Dearborn, MI DDOT $13,954,074.00$101,100,585.0013.80%Flat rate [58] 2020 [56]
Miami–Fort Lauderdale–West Palm Beach, FL BCT $13,814,362.00$158,832,625.008.70%2020 [56]
Milwaukee–Waukesha, WI MCTS $16,739,398.00$141,752,155.0011.81%2020 [56]
Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, FL Lynx $13,596,128.00$139,097,081.009.77%Flat rate [58] 2020 [56]
Sacramento, CA SacRT $21,517,225.00$173,873,225.0012.38%2020 [56]
Cleveland–Elyria, OH RTA $26,194,783.00$259,797,759.0010.08%Flat rate [58] 2020 [56]
Washington, DC-VA-MD Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority$492,953,775.00$2,028,885,121.0024.30%Distance and time of day based [66] 2020 [56]
Montgomery County, Maryland$13,387,860.00$127,225,668.0010.52%2020 [56]
Seattle, WA King County Metro $72,180,466.00$802,227,614.009.00%Zone and peak based [67] 2020 [56]
Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority$30,788,666.00$349,797,231.008.80%2020 [56]
Washington State Ferries$62,242,674.00$270,557,025.0023.01%2020 [56]
Sound Transit Formally: Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority42%Zone & distance based2017 [68]
Pierce Transit $54,164,161$127,654,97442%Flat rate2021 [69]
Albany-Schenectady, NY CDTA $20,804,704.00$93,755,632.0022.19%2020 [56]
Harrisburg, PA Capital Area Transit $2,398,430$20,278,76517%Flat rate2022 [70]
Las Vegas-Henderson, NV Las Vegas Monorail 56%Flat rate2016 [64]
RTC $51,823,479.00$227,523,119.0022.78%2020 [56]
Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MD SEPTA $353,276,517.00$1,301,894,928.0027.14%Flat rate [58] 2020 [56]
PATCO $15,542,809$63,349,39825%Distance based2023 [71]
Orlando, FL SunRail 7%Distance based2018 [72]
Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board (Caltrain)70%Zone based2019 [73]
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority 10%Express surcharges2016 [74]
Southern California Regional Rail Authority (Metrolink)34%Distance based2019 [75]

Oceania

CountryRegionSystemRatioFare systemYear
Australia Canberra ACTION 8% Flat rate 2021 [76]
Australia Melbourne Melbourne 30% Zone & time based 2014 [77]
Australia Sydney Sydney Trains 20% Distance based 2016 [78]
AustraliaSydney Metropolitan Bus System 25%Distance based2016 [78]
AustraliaSydney Sydney Ferries 32%Distance based2016 [78]
New Zealand Auckland Auckland 44%Zone based2012–13 [79]
New Zealand Christchurch Christchurch 35%Zone based2012–13 [79]
New Zealand Dunedin Dunedin 60%Zone based2015–16 [79]
New Zealand Hamilton Hamilton 34%Flat rate2012–13 [79]
New Zealand Wellington Wellington 57%Zone based2012–13 [79]

South America

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References

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  2. ↑ Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, The Geography of Transport Systems, Third Edition, 2013
  3. ↑ "JR&私鉄全路線の収支 「営業係数」計算式を大公開", 週刊東洋経済臨時増刊 鉄道完全解明2014, p.61-62, February 20, 2014
  4. ↑ "2021 Annual Report – Consolidated Profit and Loss Account" (PDF). MTR Corporation. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
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  6. 1 2 "Transport International Holdings Limited - Annual Reports 2021" (PDF). Transport International Holdings Limited. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  7. ↑ Combined both Franchise 1 & and Franchise 2.
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  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 鉄道統計年報［平成30年度］：（５）－２　鉄・軌道業営業損益：((旅客収入 + 貨物収入) / 営業費合計(諸税･減価償却費を除く) ) * 100% (((Passenger revenue + Freight revenue)/(Operation cost before taxes and depreciation))*100%)
  10. ↑ "Budget" (PDF). kotsu.metro.tokyo.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  11. 1 2 Dr. Kenichi Shoji, "Lessons from Japanese Experiences of Roles of Public and Private Sectors in Urban Transport" Archived 8 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine , Japan Railway & Transport Review, December 2001
  12. ↑ Saeed, Shahid (6 November 2014). "Why we need more Metro Buses". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  13. ↑ "台北捷運公司 2021年年報" (PDF). Taipei MRT. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  14. ↑ "KMRT Annual Report". krtco.com.tw. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  15. ↑ "SMRT Fares & Claims" . Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  16. ↑ Fare schedule was adjusted from flat rate to distance-based on 2014 (Beijing Subway § Fares)
  17. ↑ 地铁票背后的“算计” Archived 2024-03-02 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese) 01 Dec 2014
  18. ↑ Fare revenue / Associated costs (票款收入/票款成本). Associated costs (票款成本) includes depreciation. "北京市基础设施投资有限公司2023年面向专业投资者公开发行公司债券（第一期）募集说明书" (PDF). Shanghai Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  19. ↑ Total expenses to fare revenue ratio ⁻¹ (成本费用占营业收入的比重)
  20. ↑ "2021年年度报告" (PDF). Shenzhen Metro Group. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  21. 1 2 1/(100%-gross margin of passenger service) (1/(100%-地铁运营业务毛利率)) "广州地铁集团有限公司 2023 年度跟踪评级报告" (PDF). Shanghai Stock Exchange. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  22. ↑ 85.0% if divide Operating Revenues by Total Operating Cost (营业收入/营业总成本). Operating Revenues include fare, advertisement, real estate, R&D, government subsidy etc. Total Operating Cost includes capital expenses. "2021年报" (PDF). Guangzhou Metro. 5 July 2022. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  23. ↑ Hale, Chris and Phil Charles (2008). "Visions for a sustainable transport future – a comparative analysis of transport planning approaches in Singapore, Vienna and Brisbane" (PDF). Australasian Transport Research Forum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  24. ↑ "Fahrinfo". Bvg.de. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  25. 1 2 3 "Les transports ferroviaires régionaux en Ile-de-france" (PDF). Cour des Comptes. 2010. p. 128. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  26. ↑ "Výroční zpráva 2013" (PDF). DPP. pp. 124, 126. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2014. Total fares revenue 4 446 808 CZK ... Operating expenditure (excluding cost of transport path) 8 365 447 CZK
  27. 1 2 3 ATM Servizi S.p.A. (2023). "metro årsregnskab" (PDF). ATM Servizi S.p.A. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  28. ↑ Financements, IDFM, IDFM, 2018
  29. ↑ Hale, Chris and Phil Charles (11 July 2010). "PRACTICE REVIEWS IN PEAK PERIOD RAIL NETWORK MANAGEMENT: MUNICH & WASHINGTON DC" (PDF). World Conference on Transport Research Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  30. ↑ "GVB Annual Report". GVB. 2016. p. 19. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  31. ↑ "RET Annual Report". retjaarverslag.nl. ret.nl. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  32. ↑ "Raport Roczny Zarządu Transportu Miejskiego w Warszawie" (PDF). 2019.
  33. ↑ "Presentació de resultats 2014" [2014 Presentation of Results](PDF) (in Catalan). Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya; Government of Catalonia. 11 March 2015: 12–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  34. ↑ Fakta om SL och länet 2017 (PDF), SLL, 2017, p. 57
  35. ↑ "HSL's passenger numbers and ticket revenue increased in 2011". HSL. 28 March 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  36. ↑ "Hakkımızda". metro.istanbul. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  37. 1 2 "TfL Recovery Ratio | London City Hall". www.london.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  38. 1 2 "Transport for London Business Plan 2020/21 to 2024/25" (PDF). Transport for London. December 2019. pp. 126–142.
  39. ↑ "VIA Rail Annual Report 2016" (PDF). VIA Rail. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
  40. ↑ "City of Brampton Budget Committee Document" (PDF). p. 82. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  41. ↑ "City of Calgary Transportation Approved 2015-2018 Action Plan" (PDF). City of Calgary. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  42. 1 2 3 www.mississauga.ca https://web.archive.org/web/20150630225055/http://www.mississauga.ca/file/COM/F2014-2016.Presentation_for_Transit.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2015.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  43. ↑ Annual report 2016 stm.info
  44. ↑ "Fares | OC Transpo".
  45. ↑ "TTC 2021 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  46. ↑ The ratio has been calculated by the article editor using the provided operating cost of $1,139,982 000 and the provided fare revenue of $574,160,000
  47. ↑ Annual report 2020-21 [ permanent dead link ] metrolinx.com
  48. ↑ "TransLink Accountability Report 2022" (PDF). p. 56. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  49. ↑ "#4 - Financial & Performance Report". BC Transit. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  50. ↑ "Background" (PDF). York Region Transit (YRT/Viva) Fare Adjustments and Fare Policy Update. Regional Municipality of York. 18 February 2015. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  51. ↑ "Amtrak Sets Ridership, Revenue and Earnings Records". Amtrak. 16 November 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  52. ↑ "2023 Annual Report Virginia Railway Express" (PDF). vre.org. VRE. 7 February 2024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
  53. ↑ "2018 Transit Agency Profile" (PDF). FTA. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  54. ↑ "Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority FY25 Itemized Budget" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
  55. ↑ "All Aboard: Mayor de Blasio Welcomes NYC Ferry Boats to New York Harbor". The official website of the City of New York. 17 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 "Transit Profiles: 2020 Top 50 Reporters" (PDF). Federal Transit Administration. September 2021.
  57. 1 2 3 4 "Farebox Recovery and Farebox Operating Ratios: 2019 Adopted Budget / Final Estimate and Preliminary Actuals" (XLS). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Federal Transportation Administration (September 2017). "National Transit Database Transit Profiles: 2016" (PDF). fta.dot.gov. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  59. ↑ "Chicago Transit Authority 2018 Budget Recommendations" (PDF). Chicago Transit Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  60. ↑ "Transit Profiles: Top 50 Agencies" (PDF). www.ntdprogram.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2015.
  61. ↑ Curley, Caitlin (26 September 2019). "RTD says its costs far exceed revenue". Colorado Politics. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  62. ↑ "Dallas Area Rapid Transit Reference Book" (PDF). Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  63. ↑ "Muni farebox recovery ratio". San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  64. 1 2 "Financial Statements 2016" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  65. ↑ Baldassari, Erin (27 November 2016). "BART's Oakland Airport Connector losing money; Uber, Lyft to blame?". East Bay Times. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  66. ↑ "30030 - 2016 Agency Profile" (PDF). Federal Transit Administration. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  67. ↑ "What to pay - Fares & ORCA passes - Metro Transit - King County". kingcounty.gov. Archived from the original on 27 June 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  68. ↑ Sound Transit 2017 Adopted Budget
  69. ↑ "2021 Annual Financial Report". Federal Transit Administration. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  70. ↑ "FTA Transit Profiles" (PDF). 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  71. ↑ "PATCO Operating Budget" (PDF). 2023.
  72. ↑ SunRail. "Central Florida Rail Commission Quarterly Update" (PDF). Central Florida Rail Commission.
  73. ↑ "Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Fiscal Years Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019" (PDF). Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Boeard. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  74. ↑ Richards, Gary (30 November 2016). "VTA bus routes due for a shakeup in 2017". The Mercury News. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  75. ↑ "Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for Fiscal Years Ended June 30 2020 & 2019" (PDF). Metrolink. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  76. ↑ "Productivity report shows ACT ranks among worst in public transport costs". Canberra Times . 14 December 2021.
  77. ↑ Urban passenger transport: Updated trends Bureau of Infrastructure & Transport Research Economics
  78. 1 2 3 Cost recovery Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal
  79. 1 2 3 4 5 "Access to the transport system : Accessibility of public transport". Transport.govt.nz. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
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