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When the Jurchens were reorganized by Nurhaci into the Eight Banners, many Manchu clans were artificially created as a group of unrelated people founded a new Manchu clan (mukun) using a geographic origin name such as a toponym for their hala (clan name). [1]
The Qing dynasty completely annihilated the Manchu clan Hoifan (Hoifa) in 1697 and the Manchu tribe Ula in 1703 after they revolted against the Qing. [2]
Select groups of Han Chinese bannermen were mass transferred into Manchu Banners by the Qing, changing their ethnicity from Han Chinese to Manchu. Han Chinese bannermen of Tai Nikan (watchpost Han) and Fusi Nikan (Fushun Han) [3] backgrounds into the Manchu banners in 1740 by order of the Qing Qianlong emperor. [4] It was between 1618 and 1629 when the Han Chinese from Liaodong who later became the Fusi Nikan and Tai Nikan defected to the Jurchens (Manchus). [5] These Han Chinese origin Manchu clans continue to use their original Han surnames and are marked as of Han origin on Qing lists of Manchu clans. [6] [7] [8] [9]
Han Chinese transfrontiersmen and other non-Jurchen origin people who joined the Later Jin very early were put into the Manchu Banners and were known as "Baisin" in Manchu, and not put into the Han Banners to which later Han Chinese were placed in. [10] [11] An example was the Tohoro Manchu clan in the Manchu banners which claimed to be descended from a Han Chinese with the surname of Tao who had moved north from Zhejiang to Liaodong and joined the Jurchens before the Qing in the Ming Wanli emperor's era. [12] [13] [14] [15] The Han Chinese Banner Tong 佟 clan of Fushun in Liaoning falsely claimed to be related to the Jurchen Manchu Tunggiya 佟佳 clan of Jilin, using this false claim to get themselves transferred to a Manchu banner in the reign of the Kangxi emperor. [16]
Kargilik County, also known as Yecheng County, is a county in southwest of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Kashgar Prefecture. It contains an area of 28,600 km2. To the north, the county borders Makit County. To the east, the county borders Guma County (Pishan) in Hotan Prefecture. To the west, the county borders Yarkant County, Poskam County and Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County. In the south, the county has a border of more than 80 km (50 mi) with Pakistan and India administered areas of Kashmir.
Jirgalang or Jirhalang was a Manchu noble, regent, and political and military leader of the early Qing dynasty. Born in the Aisin Gioro clan, he was the sixth son of Šurhaci, a younger brother of Nurhaci, the founder of the Qing dynasty. From 1638 to 1643, he took part in many military campaigns that helped destroy the Ming dynasty. After the death of Huangtaiji in September 1643, Jirgalang became one of the young Shunzhi Emperor's two co-regents, but he soon yielded most political power to co-regent Dorgon in October 1644. Dorgon eventually purged him of his regent title in 1647. After Dorgon died in 1650, Jirgalang led an effort to clean the government of Dorgon's supporters. Jirgalang was one of ten "princes of the first rank" (和碩親王) whose descendants were made "iron-cap" princes (鐵帽子王), who had the right to transmit their princely titles to their direct male descendants perpetually.
The Mongol Local Autonomy Political Affairs Committee (蒙古地方自治政務委員會), also referred to as the Pailingmiao Council or Peilingmiao Council, was a political body of ethnic Mongols in the Republic of China between 1934 and 1936. The Nationalist government authorised its establishment in March 1934.
Giyesu, formally known as Prince Kang, was a Manchu prince and general of the Qing dynasty. Born into the imperial Aisin Gioro clan, he was a distant cousin of the Kangxi Emperor and is best known for leading Qing forces to suppress a rebellion by Geng Jingzhong in southwestern China between 1674 and 1675 and repel an invasion by Taiwan warlord Zheng Jing in 1676–1677.
Qarlung, Charlung is a township of Akto County in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Located in the southeast of the county, the township covers an area of 3,242 square kilometers with a population of 5,258. It has 5 administrative villages under its jurisdiction.
Muji is a town in Pishan/Guma County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang, China.
Hanerik is a town in Hotan County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang, China.
Toyboldi, also Toy Boldi ; or from Mandarin Tuoyi Baoledi is a town in Xayar County, Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang, China.
Princess Hejing of the First Rank, was a princess of the Qing dynasty as the third daughter of the Qianlong Emperor. Her mother was Empress Xiaoxianchun.
Aisin Gioro Jidu was Qing dynasty imperial prince as the second son of Jirgalang, Nurhaci's nephew. Jidu was the second holder of Prince Zheng title under the name "Prince Jian of the First Rank". The previous name was restored only in 1778.
Nuoni was Qing dynasty imperial prince as the third son of Lolohun, a grandson of Yoto and Daišan's great grandson. Though being a relatively unremarkable clansman, Nuoni led to the posthumous demotion of Prince Anhe of the First Rank Yolo and his sons, which was one of the causes of abolition of the Prince An peerage.
Yolo, formally known as Prince An, was a Qing Dynasty imperial prince and Nurhaci's grandson. He was the fourth son of Abatai, Prince Raoyu.
Aisin Gioro Yunki, born Yinqi and formally known as Prince Heng of the First Rank, was an imperial prince of the Manchu ruled Qing dynasty. He was the fifth son of the Kangxi Emperor who survived to adulthood.