List of Nazi extermination camps and euthanasia centers

The Nazis murdered their victims at a wide variety of sites, including vehicles, houses, hospitals, fields, concentration camps and purpose-built extermination camps. The six major extermination camps and eight major euthanasia extermination centers are listed here. ^[1]

Extermination camps

During the Final Solution of the Holocaust, Nazi Germany created six extermination camps to carry out the systematic genocide of the Jews in German-occupied Europe. All the camps were located in the General Government area of German-occupied Poland, with the exception of Chelmno, which was located in the Reichsgau Wartheland of German-occupied Poland.

• Chelmno (December 1941 –July 1944). Located near Chełmno nad Nerem (German : Kulmhof), 48 km (30 mi) northwest of the city of Łódź. ^[2]
• Belzec (March 1942 –June 1943). Located near the village of Bełżec, approximately 114 km (71 mi) southeast of Lublin. ^{[lower-alpha 1] [3]}
• Sobibor (May 1942 –November 1943). Located near the village of Sobibór, approximately 80 km (50 mi) east of Lublin. ^[4]
• Treblinka (July 1942 –September 1943). Located near the village of Treblinka, approximately 80 kilometres (50 miles) northeast of Warsaw. ^{[lower-alpha 2] [5]}
• Majdanek (October 1942 –July 1944). Located just outside the city of Lublin. ^{[lower-alpha 3] [lower-alpha 4] [6]}
• Auschwitz-Birkenau (February 1942 –November 1944). Located near the town of Oświęcim (German : Auschwitz), 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Kraków. ^{[lower-alpha 5] [7]}

Euthanasia extermination centers

In the period leading to the Final Solution, Nazi Germany created eight major euthanasia extermination centers to carry out the systematic genocide of the disabled. ^[8] Scholars have established a fundamental connection between the motivation, the practical experience and psychological preparation, and the technology used in the Nazi euthanasia centers as part of Aktion T4 and Action 14f13 and the extermination camps used in the Holocaust. ^{[9] [10] [11] [12]} The dates of operation are for the period the facility operated as a euthanasia killing center.

Germany ^[13]

• Bernburg. Located in Saxony near Magdeburg. ^{[lower-alpha 6]}
• Brandenburg. Located near Berlin.
• Grafeneck. Located in Gomadingen near Stuttgart.
• Hadamar. Located in Hessen near Frankfurt. ^{[lower-alpha 7]}
• Sonnenstein. Located in Saxony near Dresden.

Austria ^[13]

• Am Spiegelgrund. Located in Vienna.
• Gugging. Located just outside Vienna.
• Hartheim. Located near Linz.

Further reading

See also: Bibliography of The Holocaust and List of books about Nazi Germany

• Arad, Yitzhak (2018). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps (Revised and expanded ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN   978-0253025302.
• Browning, Christopher R (2007). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN   978-0434012275.
• Burleigh, Michael; Wippermann, Wolfgang (1991). The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0521391146.
• Evans, Richard J. (2009). The Third Reich at War . New York: Penguin Press. ISBN   978-1594202063.
• Evans, Susanne E. (2004). Forgotten Crimes: The Holocaust and People with Disabilities. Lanham, MD: Ivan R. Dee (Rowman & Littlefield). ISBN   978-1566635653.
• Friedlander, Henry (1995). The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN   978-0807822081.
• Montague, Patrick (2011). Chelmno and the Holocaust: A History of Hitler's First Death Camp. London: I. B. Tauris & Company. ISBN   978-1848857223.
• Rees, Laurence (2004). Auschwitz: A New History. London: BBC Books. ISBN   978-0563521174.
• Robertson, Michael; Ley, Astrid; Light, Edwina (2019). The First into the Dark: The Nazi Persecution of the Disabled. Sydney: Ubiquity Press (UTS). ISBN   978-0648124221.
• Schelvis, Jules (2007). Sobibor: A History of a Nazi Death Camp. Oxford: Berg Publishers. ISBN   978-1845204198.
• Sereny, Gitta (2011). Into That Darkness. Westminster: Knopf Doubleday. ISBN   978-0394710358.
• Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2015). Chapters 5 –6. In KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN   978-0374118259.
• Webb, Chris (2016). The Belzec Death Camp: History, Biographies, Remembrance. New York: Ibidem Press/Columbia University Press. ISBN   978-3838208664.

See also

• Babi Yar
• Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
• Fort VII
• Gas van
• The Holocaust in Poland
• List of Nazi concentration camps
• Nazi eugenics
• Nazi ghettos
• Racial policy of Nazi Germany
• Types of Nazi camps
• Wannsee Conference

Notes

1. Belzec was also the name of a system of forced labor camps along the Bug river in 1940. The extermination camp was built on top of the ruins of the destroyed main labor camp.
2. Treblinka was also the site of a forced labor camp. The designation Treblinka I is used to denote the forced labor camp and Treblinka II is used to denote the extermination camp.
3. Majdanek is sometimes referred to as Lublin.
4. Majdanek operated as a concentration camp and transit camp from October 1941 –July 1944.
5. Auschwitz consisted of three main camps, commonly referred to as Auschwitz I (concentration camp), Auschwitz II or Auschwitz-Birkenau (extermination camp), and Auschwitz III or Auschwitz-Monowitz (IG Farben forced labor camp).
6. Bernberg was designed to replace Brandenburg. ^[13]
7. Hadamar was designed to replace Grafeneck. ^[13]

References

1. "The Nazi Extermination Camps". Yad Vashem - The World Holocaust Remembrance Center. Yad Vashem. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
2. "Chelmno". Holocaust Encyclopedia . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
3. "Belzec". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
4. "Sobibor". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
5. "Treblinka". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
6. "Lublin/Majdanek". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
7. "Auschwitz". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
8. "Euthanasia Program". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
9. Browning, Christopher R (2007). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN   978-0434012275.
10. Friedlander, Henry (1995). The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN   978-0807822081.
11. Sereny, Gitta (2011). Into That Darkness. Westminster: Knopf Doubleday. ISBN   978-0394710358.
12. Evans, Richard J. (2009). The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin Press. pp. 78–102, 253–291, 523–552. ISBN   978-1594202063.
13. Friedlander, Henry (1995). "Chapter 5: The Killing Centers". The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.

External links

• Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum
• Holocaust Encyclopedia
• Memory of Treblinka Memorial
• Museum and Memorial at Bełżec
• Museum and Memorial at Sobibor
• State Museum at Majdanek
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
• Yad Vashem - The World Holocaust Remembrance Center