Stephen Báthory was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–1576), Prince of Transylvania (1576–1586), as well as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576–1586).
Sigismund II Augustus was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the son of Sigismund I the Old, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548. He was the first ruler of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the last male monarch from the Jagiellonian dynasty.
The House of Piast was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland. The first documented Polish monarch was Duke Mieszko I. The Piasts' royal rule in Poland ended in 1370 with the death of King Casimir III the Great.
Stanisław II August, known also by his regnal Latin name Stanislaus II Augustus, and as Stanisław August Poniatowski, was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1764 to 1795, and the last monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Florian Witold Znaniecki was a Polish and American philosopher and sociologist who taught and wrote in Poland and in the United States. Over the course of his work, he shifted his focus from philosophy to sociology. He remains a major figure in the history of Polish and American sociology; the founder of Polish academic sociology, and of an entire school of thought in sociology.
Ciołek is a Polish coat of arms, one of the oldest in medieval Poland. It was used by many szlachta (noble) families under the late Piast dynasty, under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, during the Partitions of Poland, and in the 20th century. The variant names "Siolek" and "Cialek" arose from miscommunication among early-20th-century Polish immigrants to the United States.
Elżbieta "Izabela" Dorota Czartoryska was a Polish princess, writer, art collector, and prominent figure in the Polish Enlightenment. She was the wife of Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski and a member of the influential Familia political party. She is also known for having founded Poland's first museum, the Czartoryski Museum, now located in Kraków.
The Czartoryski coat of arms is a Polish–Lithuanian coat of arms, a variant of the Pogoń Litewska arms. It has been used by the Gediminid Czartoryski family.
The House of Radziwiłł is a Polish princely family of Lithuanian origin, and one of the most powerful magnate families originating from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later also prominent in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland.
Barbara Radziwiłł was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania as consort of Sigismund II Augustus, the last male monarch of the Jagiellon dynasty. Barbara, a great beauty and already widowed, became a royal mistress most likely in 1543 and they married in secret in July or August 1547. The marriage caused a scandal; it was vehemently opposed by Polish nobles, including Queen mother Bona Sforza. Sigismund Augustus, assisted by Barbara's cousin Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł and brother Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł, worked tirelessly to gain recognition of their marriage and to crown Barbara as Queen of Poland. They succeeded and Barbara's coronation was held on 7 December 1550 at Wawel Cathedral. However, her health was already failing and she died just five months later. Even though it was brief, her reign propelled the Radziwiłł family to new heights of political power and influence.
Prince Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski (1647–1706) was a Polish noble (szlachcic), magnate, politician and famed military commander. He was a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire SRI.
Barbara Kolanka or Barbara Kołówna h. Junosza was a Polish noblewoman. She is best known as the mother of queen Barbara Radziwiłł and Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł.
Elżbieta Szydłowska, married surname Grabowska, was a member of the Polish nobility, a mistress and possibly the morganatic wife of the last King of Poland, Stanisław August Poniatowski.
Urszula Meyerin was a politically influential Polish courtier and mistress to King Sigismund III of Poland. Her real surname may have been Gienger, but that remains in dispute; she signed her letters Ursula Meyerin. In the German language, that surname means "chamberlain", "administrator", "manager".
Sławomir Cenckiewicz is a Polish historian and journalist.
Wirydianna Fiszerowa was a Polish noblewoman best known for her memoirs, which mention her life in pre- and post-partition Poland as well as her relations with prominent people of the time, including King Frederick II of Prussia, Izabela Czartoryska, King Stanisław II Augustus, Józef Poniatowski, Jan Henryk Dąbrowski, and Tadeusz Kościuszko, whom she adored.
Klara Izabella Pacowa, born Claire Isabelle Eugenie de Mailly-Lespine, was a Polish court official. She was a lady-in-waiting and confidante of two of the queens of Poland, Marie Louise Gonzaga and Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Poland, and came to play an important part in Polish political life.
The mansion/manor home (dwór) in Michałowice village, Lesser Poland province, Poland, designed by prominent architect Teodor Talowski (1857–1910), and reminiscent of a suburban villa, was constructed in the years 1892–1897, for the noble (szlachta) family, Żądło-Dąbrowski z Dąbrówki herbu Radwan, who moved from Mazovia, Poland.
Izabela Elżbieta Grabowska was a Polish aristocrat, most likely the illegitimate daughter of Polish King Stanisław August Poniatowski and his mistress, and later possibly the morganatic wife, Elżbieta Grabowska.
