 British Resident in Brunei | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Style | The Honourable |
| Residence | Bubungan Dua Belas (1906–1959) |
| Appointer | The Crown |
| Term length | No fixed term |
| Formation | 1906 |
| First holder | James Brooke First Consul General to Brunei |
| Final holder | Dennis Charles White |
| Abolished | 1959 |
| Succession | High Commissioner |
A list of administrators of the British protectorate of Brunei.
Brunei became a British protectorate in 1888, and in 1906 a British resident was given administrative authority. The sultan was obliged to follow his advice. Despite having a foreign government, Brunei's importance started to rise again in 1929 when petroleum production began. [1] In place of[ clarification needed ] Malay customs, traditions, and Islam, the British administration designated a British Resident to serve as the sultan's advisor in all other affairs. A formal constitution was formed by the 1959 Agreement, giving Brunei internal autonomy. [2]
By the end of 1905, Brunei had been reduced to just two tiny, independent enclaves in Sarawak, covering a total area of 5.765 square metres (62.05 sq ft).[ citation needed ] In fact, had it not been for the British Government's reluctant intervention at this point, James Brooke would have completely engulfed the Sultanate. In order to preserve the monarchy, Sultan Hashim requested British assistance in the internal administration of his nation. He agreed to receive a British officer, to be called the Resident, who opinions were to be received and acted upon on all matters under the Anglo-Brunei Treaty of 1905–1906. Until 1959, successive Residents, who had originally been seconded from the Malayan Civil Service, were in charge of running Brunei. [3]
| Consuls General to Brunei | |
|---|---|
| James Brooke [4] | 1846–1856 |
| Spenser St. John [5] | 1856–1863 |
| British Consuls in Brunei | |
| Noel Penrose Trevenen | 1890–1898 |
| Arthur Louis Keyser | 1898–1900 |
| Godfrey Hewett | 1900–1904 |
| Malcolm Stewart Hannibal McArthur | 1904–1905 |
| British Residents in Brunei | |
| Malcolm Stewart Hannibal McArthur | 1906–1908 |
| John Fortescue Owen | 1908–1909 |
| Harvey Chevallier | 1909–1913 |
| Francis William Douglas | 1913–1915 |
| Ernest Barton Maundrell [6] | 1915–1916 |
| Geoffrey Cator [7] | 1916–1921 |
| Lucien Allen Arthur [8] | 1921–1923 |
| Eric Ernest Falk Pretty [8] | 1923–1926 |
| Oswald Eric Venables | 1926–1927 |
| Eric Ernest Falk Pretty [8] | 1927–1928 |
| Patrick Alexander Bruce McKerron | 1928–1931 |
| Thomas Falkland Carey [8] | 1931–1934 |
| Roland Evelyn Turnbull [9] | 1934–1937 |
| John Graham Black | 1937–1940 |
| Ernest Edgar Pengilly [8] | 1940–1942 |
| Under Japanese occupation | 1942–1945 |
| William John Peel [10] | 1946–1948 |
| L.H.N. Davis [11] [12] | 1948–1948 |
| Eric Ernest Falk Pretty [13] | 1948–1951 |
| John Coleraine Hanbury Barcroft [8] | 1951–1954 |
| John Orman Gilbert [8] | 1954–1958 |
| Dennis Charles White [14] | 1958–1959 |
Brunei, formally Brunei Darussalam, is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak, with its territory bifurcated by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between Malaysia and Indonesia. As of 2020 the country had a population of 460,345, of whom approximately 100,000 resided in the capital and largest city Bandar Seri Begawan. The government of Brunei is an absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan of Brunei, and it implements a fusion of English common law and jurisprudence inspired by Islam, including sharia.
The history of Brunei concerns the settlements and societies located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, which has been under the influence of Indianised kingdoms and empires for much of its history. Local scholars assume that the Islamisation of Brunei started in the fifteenth century, with the formation of the Bruneian Empire, a thalassocracy which covered the northern part of Borneo and the southern Philippines. At the end of the 17th century, Brunei subsequently entered a period of decline brought on by Brunei Civil War, piracy, and European colonial expansion. Later, there was a brief war with Spain, in which Brunei lost Manila and evacuated their capital for a brief period until the Spanish withdrew. The empire lost much of its territory with the arrival of the Western powers, such as the Spanish in the Philippines and the British in Labuan, Sarawak, and North Borneo. The decline of the Bruneian Empire accelerated in the nineteenth century when Brunei gave much of its territory to the White Rajahs of Sarawak, resulting in its current small landmass and separation into two parts. Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin later appealed to the British to stop further annexation in 1888. In the same year, the British signed a "Treaty of Protection" and made Brunei a British protectorate until 1984 when it gained independence and prospered due to the discovery of oil.
The Brunei dollar, has been the currency of the Sultanate of Brunei since 1967. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively B$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 sen (Malay) or cents (English). The Brunei dollar is issued by the Brunei Darussalam Central Bank.
The flag of Brunei has a centered emblem of Brunei on a yellow field cut by black and white diagonal stripes. The yellow field represents the sultan of Brunei. The red crest consists of a crescent facing upwards, joined with a parasol, with hands on the sides.
Sir Charles Noble Arden-Clarke was a British colonial administrator.
Sultan Sir Omar Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien was the 28th Sultan of Brunei, reigning from 1950 until his abdication from the throne in 1967.
Limbang is a border town and the capital of Limbang District in the Limbang Division of northern Sarawak, East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo. This district area is 3,978.10 square kilometres, and population was 56,900. It is located on the banks of the Limbang River, between the two halves of Brunei.
Omar Ali Saifuddin II was the 23rd Sultan of Brunei. During his reign, Western powers such as the United Kingdom and the United States visited the country. His reign saw the British adventurer James Brooke becoming the White Rajah of Sarawak.
Ahmad Tajuddin Akhazul Khairi Waddien was the 27th Sultan of Brunei from 1924 until his death in 1950. He was succeeded by his younger brother Omar Ali Saifuddien.
Muhammad Jamalul Alam II was the 26th Sultan of Brunei from 1906 until his death in 1924.
The Brunei revolt or the Brunei rebellion of 1962 was a December 1962 insurrection in the British protectorate of Brunei by opponents of its monarchy and its proposed inclusion in the Federation of Malaysia who wanted to establish a republic. The insurgents were members of the TNKU, a militia supplied by Indonesia and linked to the left-wing Brunei People's Party (BPP), which favoured a North Borneo Federation. The TNKU began co-ordinated attacks on the oil town of Seria, on police stations, and on government facilities around the protectorate. The revolt began to break down within hours, having failed to achieve key objectives such as the capture of Brunei Town and Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III. The revolt influenced the Sultan's 1963 decision not to join Malaysia. It is seen as one of the first stages of the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation.
The term "British Malaya" loosely describes a set of states on the Malay Peninsula and the island of Singapore that were brought under British hegemony or control between the late 18th and the mid-20th century. Unlike the term "British India", which excludes the Indian princely states, British Malaya is often used to refer to the Federated and the Unfederated Malay States, which were British protectorates with their own local rulers, as well as the Straits Settlements, which were under the sovereignty and direct rule of the British Crown, after a period of control by the East India Company.
Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin was the 25th Sultan of Brunei from 1885 to 1906.
The Sultanate of Brunei or simply Brunei was a Malay sultanate, centred in Brunei on the northern coast of Borneo island in Southeast Asia. Brunei became a sovereign state around the 15th century, when it grew substantially after the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese, extending throughout coastal areas of Borneo and the Philippines, before it declined in the 17th and 18th centuries. The first ruler or sultan of Brunei was a Muslim. It became a British protectorate in the 19th century.
Sir Roland Evelyn Turnbull was a British colonial official and governor of British North Borneo. His major influence is mentoring Brunei's former ruler, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III. He stated that in 1959 to one of his Colonial Office colleagues that the Sultan came to regard him as ‘his father’.
Sir Anthony Foster Abell was a British colonial official who was the Governor of Sarawak and British High Commissioner to Brunei.
Sir Dennis Charles White, sometimes referred to as Tuan D.C. White, was a British colonial administrator in Sarawak and formerly the British High Commissioner to Brunei.
The Wazir are a group of royal dignitaries within the Sultanate of Brunei whose position ranks the second-highest official in the country behind the Sultan. The vizier had formerly held the position of the Sultan's highest official in the administration of the then-reigning government throughout Brunei's history, particularly during the times prior to and after the British protectorate. The core of Brunei's nobility consisted of this class of governmental offices, and it consists of a Perdana Wazir, and four Wazir under him, namely Bendahara, Di-Gadong, Pemancha and Temenggong. Notably, they are sometimes referred to as and acted as senior ministers.