Colonial Office

For other uses, see Colonial Office (disambiguation).

The Whitehall headquarters of the Foreign, India, Home, and Colonial Offices in 1866. It was at that time occupied by all four government departments; now it serves just the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office.

The Colonial Office was a government department of the Kingdom of Great Britain and later of the United Kingdom, first created in 1768 from the Southern Department to deal with colonial affairs in North America (particularly the Thirteen Colonies, as well as, the Canadian territories recently won from France), until merged into the new Home Office in 1782. In 1801, colonial affairs were transferred to the War Office in the lead up to the Napoleonic Wars, which became the War and Colonial Office to oversee and protect the colonies of the British Empire. The Colonial Office was re-created as a separate department 1854, under the colonial secretary. It was finally merged into the Commonwealth Office in 1966.

Despite its name, the Colonial Office was responsible for much, but not all, of Britain's Imperial territories; the protectorates fell under the purview of the Foreign Office, and the British Presidencies in India were ruled by the East India Company until 1858, when the India Office was formed to oversee the administration of the new Viceroyalty of India (the Crown ruled India directly through a Viceroy after the Indian Rebellion), while the role of the Colonial Office in the affairs of the Dominions was replaced by the Dominion Office in 1925.

It was headed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, known informally as the Colonial Secretary.

First Colonial Office (1768–1782)

Prior to 1768, responsibility for the affairs of the British colonies was part of the duties of the Secretary of State for the Southern Department and a committee of the Privy Council known as the Board of Trade and Plantations. ^[1] Separately, the Indian Department was responsible for relations with indigenous nations in North America from 1755 onwards.

In 1768 the separate American or Colonial Department was established, in order to deal with colonial affairs in British America. With the loss of thirteen of its colonies, however, the department was abolished in 1782. Responsibility for the remaining colonies was given to the Home Office, and subsequently in 1801 transferred to the War Department.

War and Colonial Office (1801–1854)

The War Office was renamed the War and Colonial Office in 1801,^{[ citation needed ]} under a new Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, to reflect the increasing importance of the colonies. In 1825 a new post of Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies was created within this office. It was held by Robert William Hay initially. His successors were James Stephen, Herman Merivale, Frederic Rogers, Robert Herbert and Robert Henry Meade. ^[2]

From 1824, the British Empire (excepting India, which was administered separately by the East India Company and then the British Raj) was divided by the War and Colonial Office into the following administrative departments: ^[3]

North America

• Bermuda
• British North America
• Canada
• Newfoundland

West Indies

• Jamaica
• British Windward Islands
• British Honduras
• British West Indies
• British Guiana
• British Leeward Islands

Mediterranean and Africa

• Malta
• Gibraltar
• Ionian Islands
• Sierra Leone and the West African Forts, Consulates to the Barbary States
• Cape Colony (South Africa)

Australian colonies

• South Australia
• New South Wales

• Swan River Colony (Western Australia)
• Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania)

Eastern colonies

• Ceylon
• Mauritius

Second Colonial Office (1854–1966)

In 1854, the War and Colonial Office was divided in two, the War Office and a new Colonial Office, created to deal specifically with affairs in the colonies and assigned to the Secretary of State for the Colonies. The Colonial Office did not have responsibility for all British possessions overseas: for example, both the British Raj and other British territories near India, were under the authority of the India Office from 1858. Other, more informal protectorates, such as the Khedivate of Egypt, fell under the authority of the Foreign Office.

After 1878, when the Emigration Commission was abolished, an Emigration Department was created in the Colonial Office. This was merged with the General Department in 1894, before its complete abolition in 1896. ^[4]

The increasing independence of the Dominions – Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland and South Africa – following the 1907 Imperial Conference, led to the formation of a separate Dominion Division within the Colonial Office. From 1925 onwards the UK ministry included a separate Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs.

After the Cairo Conference held in March 1921, the Colonial Office was charged for the Palestine Mandate administration in substitution of the Foreign Office. ^[5]

On 16 April 1947, the Irgun placed a bomb at the Colonial Office which failed to detonate. ^{[6] [7]} The plot was linked to the 1946 Embassy bombing. ^[8]

After the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan gained independence in 1947, the Dominion Office was merged with the India Office to form the Commonwealth Relations Office.

In 1966, the Commonwealth Relations Office was re-merged with the Colonial Office, forming the Commonwealth Office. Two years later, this department was itself merged into the Foreign Office, establishing the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

The Colonial Office had its offices in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building in Whitehall.

The Colonial Office List

From 1862, the Colonial Office published historical and statistical information concerning the United Kingdom's colonial dependencies in The Colonial Office List, ^[9] though between 1926 and 1940 it was known as The Dominions Office and Colonial Office List. ^[10] It later became known as the Commonwealth Relations Office Year Book and Commonwealth Office Year Book. In addition to the official List published by the Colonial Office, an edited version was also produced by Waterlow and Sons. ^[11] It can be difficult to distinguish between the two versions in library catalogue descriptions. For example, The Sydney Stock and Station Journal of 3 December 1915 commented: ^[12]

This used to be the "Colonial Office Journal," but it looked – or sounded – too official, so they changed it to "The Colonial Journal." But it is still edited by Sir W. H. Mercer, K.C.M.G., one of the Crown Agents for the Colonies, but it is printed by Waterlow and Sons, London Wall. It comes as near to being an "Official publication" as possible, but we'll assume that it isn't.

Timeline

History of English and British government departments with responsibility for foreign affairs and those with responsibility for the colonies, dominions and the Commonwealth

Northern Department 1660–1782 Secretaries — Undersecretaries	Southern Department 1660–1768 Secretaries — Undersecretaries		—
	Southern Department 1768–1782 Secretaries — Undersecretaries 1782: diplomatic responsibilities transferred to new Foreign Office	Colonial Office 1768–1782 Secretaries — Undersecretaries
Foreign Office 1782–1968 Secretaries — Ministers — Undersecretaries	Home Office 1782–1794 Secretaries — Undersecretaries
	War Office 1794–1801 Secretaries — Undersecretaries
	War and Colonial Office 1801–1854 Secretaries — Undersecretaries
	Colonial Office 1854–1925 Secretaries — Undersecretaries		India Office 1858–1937 Secretaries — Undersecretaries
	Colonial Office 1925–1966 Secretaries — Ministers — Undersecretaries	Dominions Office 1925–1947 Secretaries — Undersecretaries
			India Office and Burma Office 1937–1947 Secretaries — Undersecretaries
		Commonwealth Relations Office 1947–1966 Secretaries — Ministers — Undersecretaries
	Commonwealth Office 1966–1968 Secretaries — Ministers — Undersecretaries
Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1968–2020 Secretaries — Ministers — Undersecretaries
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office Since 2020 Secretaries — Ministers — Undersecretaries

See also

• Colonial Land and Emigration Commission
• Colonial Service
• List of British Empire-related topics

References

1. Colonial Office, The Canadian Encyclopedia
2. MacLeod, Roy (13 February 2003), Government and Expertise: Specialists, Administrators and Professionals, 1860–1919, Cambridge University Press, p. 168, ISBN   978-0-521-53450-5
3. Young, Douglas MacMurray (1961). The Colonial Office in The Early Nineteenth Century. London: Published for the Royal Commonwealth Society by Longmans. p. 55.
4. "Emigration. North America and Australia, 1835. Volume 2. Public Offices and A to Z (5 Jan 1835 – 5 Jan 1836)". Migration to New Worlds. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
5. Longland, Matthew John (1 December 2013). A Sacred Trust? British Administration of the Mandate for Palestine, 1920–1936 (PDF). University of Nottingham. p. 80. OCLC   885441839 . Retrieved 17 May 2021. (PhD dissertation)
6. "Time Bomb Found in London after British hang Gruner as Terrorist in Holy Land". St. Petersburg Times. 17 April 1947.
7. "Police Say Woman Bomb "Planter" Now in Custody". The Age . A.A.P. 13 June 1947. The woman, who is a Jewess, claims French nationality. Officers of the special branch of Scotland Yard who have been investigating Jewish terrorist activities are satisfied the man who made the bomb is also under arrest.
8. "EUROPE-WIDE SEARCH FOR MAN WHO MADE BOMB". The Argus (Melbourne) . A.A.P. 19 April 1947. Retrieved 26 May 2018. The bomb was of the same type as that used in the explosion at the i British Embassy in Rome last year and in several other outrages by Jewish terrorists.
9. Great Britain. Colonial Office (1862–1925), The Colonial Office List for [year], London: Harrison and Sons ; Great Britain. Colonial Office (1946–1966), The Colonial Office List, London: H.M.S.O.
10. Great Britain. Office of Commonwealth Relations (1926–1940), The Dominions Office and Colonial Office List for [year], London: Waterlow and Sons
11. See, for example, "Publications received: The Colonial Office List", The Queenslander , Brisbane, p. 3, 26 June 1915
12. "The Colonial Journal", The Sydney Stock and Station Journal , p. 4, 3 December 1915

Further reading

• Beaglehole, J.C. (1941). "The Colonial Office, 1782–1854". Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand. 1 (3): 170–189. doi:10.1080/10314614108594796.
• Egerton, Hugh Edward. A Short History of British Colonial Policy (1897) 610pp online
• Laidlaw, Zoë. Colonial connections, 1815–45: patronage, the information revolution and colonial government (Oxford University Press, 2005).
• McLachlan, N.D. (1969). "Bathurst at the Colonial Office, 1812–27: A reconnaissance∗". Historical Studies. 13 (52): 477–502. doi:10.1080/10314616908595394.
• Manning, Helen Taft (1965). "Who Ran the British Empire 1830–1850?". Journal of British Studies. 5: 88–121. doi:10.1086/385512. S2CID   145709510.
• Shaw, A.G.L. (1969). "British Attitudes to the Colonies, ca. 1820–1850". Journal of British Studies. 9: 71–95. doi:10.1086/385581. S2CID   145273743.

Primary sources

• Bell, Kenneth Norman, and William Parker Morrell, eds. Select documents on British colonial policy, 1830–1860 (1928).