List of ancient Roman speeches

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In ancient Rome orators could become like celebrities, many were wealthy and well-respected. Public speaking became a popular form of entertainment and was central to Roman politics.[ citation needed ]

Contents

List

This list is in alphabetical order
NameTranslated nameContentsOratorDateReferences
Ad Caesarem Senem de Re Publica Oratio Speech on the State, Addressed to Caesar in His Later YearsSallust discusses Caesar's conquests and wars. Sallust 46 BCE [1] [2]
Ad Litis CensoriasCato the Elder184 BCE [3]
M. Tullii Ciceronis Orationes in Catilinam Marcus Tullius Cicero's Orations against Catiline Cicero denounces Catiline, who attempted a failed coup against the Roman Republic. [lower-alpha 1] Cicero 63 BCE [4] [5]
Cato the Elder's speech directed towards the Seleucid king Cato addresses the Seleucid King in Athens. Cato the Elder Uncertain date [6] [7] [8]
Cato the Younger's speech during the Catiline conspiracyCato the Younger argues for the execution of the Catiline conspirators. Cato the Younger 63 BCE [9]
Contra Servium Galbam pro Direptis Lusitanis Against Servius Galba for the Lusitanian plundersCato argues that Rome should treat its defeated enemies with moderation.Cato the Elder149 BCE [10]
De Bello Carthaginiensi Speech written by Cato calling for a war against Carthage.Cato the Elder143 BCE [10] [11]
De Domo Sua On his HouseCicero discusses grief and sacrificeCicero57 BCE [12] [13]
De Falsis Pugnis On Falsified BattlesSpeech written by Cato against general who sought triumphs for territories they had not conquered through war.Cato the Elder190 BCE [14] [15]
Defense speech by Domitius Afer Domitius Afer provides a defense for Cloatilla Domitius Afer Uncertain date [16]
De Haruspicum Responsis On the Responses of the Haruspices Cicero discusses the haruspices.Cicero57 BCE [17]
De Lege Agraria contra Rullum Opposing the Agrarian Law proposed by Rullus Cicero argues that a land redistribution bill proposed by Publius Servilius Rullus was of poor qualityCicero63 BCE [18] [19]
De Macedonia Liberanda Cato argues that Rome should not annex Macedonia as Rome was incapable of properly defending it.Cato the Elder167 BCE [20] [21] [22]
De Pecuni Regis Antiochi Cato's commentary on potential corruption involved in Scipio's triumph due to his campaign in Africa.Cato the ElderUncertain date [23] [24]
De Praeda militbus dividenda On the Division of Spoils amongst Military MenSpeech written by Cato the Elder against for the criminalization of generals who take public land.Cato the ElderUncertain date [25] [26]
De Provinciis Consularibus On the Consular ProvincesCicero discusses his tax policy Cicero56 BCE [27]
De Suis Virtutibus Contra L. Thermum post censuram Concerning his virtues in Opposition to ThermusCato the Elder attacks the moral character of Lucius Minucius Thermus Cato the Elder183 BCE [3] [28] [29] [30] [31]
De Sumpto Suo Cato's defense against accusations of corruption.Cato the Elder164 BCE [32] [33]
Dierum Dictarum de Consulatu Suo Speech written by Cato in defense of his war against the Spanish tribes.Cato the Elder191-190 BCE [3] [34] [35]
Dissuasio Legio Junniae De Feneratione Cato attacks Quintus Minucius Thermus.Cato the Elder193 BCE [3]
Divinatio in Caecilium Against Quintus Caecilius in the process for selecting a prosecutor of Gaius Verres Cicero attacks Quintus Caecilius for the prosecutor he chose in the case against Gaius Verres Cicero70 BCE [36]
Gaius Licinius Macer Calvus's speech against Publius Vatinius Calvus criticized Vatinius for accepting bribes. Gaius Licinius Macer Calvus 54 BCE [37]
In M. Tullium Ciceronem Oratio An Invective against Marcus TulliusSallust criticizes Cicero for his politics and character. Sallust Uncertain date [38]
In Pisonem Against Piso Cicero attacks Piso and his administration of Macedonia Cicero55 BCE [39] [40]
Interrupted speech by Domitius Afer One of Domitius Afer's speeches was interrupted by the shouts of the crowd. Domitus Afer Uncertain date [41]
In Toga Candida Denouncing candidates for the consulship of 63 BCCicero argues that his opponents Catilina and Antonius would be inefficient Consuls.Cicero64 BCE [42] [43] [44] [45] [46]
In Vatinium testem Against the witness Publius Vatinius at the trial of Sestius Cicero's defense of Publius Vatinius Cicero56 BCE [28]
In Verrem Against VerresSeries of speeches made by Cicero against Gaius Verres' conduct in SicilyCicero70 BCE [47]
Laudatio Iuliae amitae Funeral oration Julius Caesar gave in honor of his aunt Julia.Julius Caesar68 BCE [48]
Mark Antony's eulogy for Caesar Mark Antony read Caesar's will and listed his accomplishments in an attempt to gain the populus' favor. Mark Antony 44 BCE
(March 19)		 [49]
Philippicae Collection of 14 speeches written by Cicero to denounce Mark Antony.Cicero43 BCE [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57]
Post Reditum in Quirites To the Citizens after his recall from exileCicero addresses the citizenry following his exile.Cicero57 BCE [28]
Post Reditum in Senatu To the Senate after his recall from exileCicero addresses the Senate following his exile.Cicero57 BCE [58]
Pro Antonio In Defense of Gaius AntoniusCicero's defense of Gaius AntoniusCicero59 BCE [59]
Pro Archia Poeta In Defense of Aulus Licinius Archias the poetCicero's defense of Aulus Licinius Archias Cicero62 BCE [60]
Pro Balbo In Defense of Lucius Cornelius Balbus Cicero's defense of Lucius Cornelius Balbus Cicero56 BCE [61] [62]
Pro Caecina On behalf of Caecina Cicero's defense of Caecina Cicero69 BCE [63] [41] [64]
Pro Marco Caelio In Defense of Marcus Caelius Rufus Cicero's defense of Marcus Caelius Rufus Cicero56 BCE [65]
Pro Aulo Cluentio Habito On behalf of Aulus Cluentius Habito Cicero's defense of Aulus Cluentius Habito, who was accused of poisoning Oppianicus the elder Cicero56 BCE [66]
Pro Flacco In Defense of Lucius Valerius FlaccusCicero's defense of Lucius Valerius FlaccusCicero59 BCE [67]
Pro Fonteio On behalf of Marcus Fonteius Cicero's defense of Marcus FonteiusCicero69 BCE [68]
Pro Ligario On behalf of Ligarius before CaesarCicero's defense of LigariusCicero46 BCE [69]
Pro Lege Manilia or De Imperio Cn. Pompei In favor of the Lex Manilia , or On the command of Pompey Cicero argues for the Lex ManiliaCicero66 BCE [70]
Pro Tullio On behalf of TulliusCicero's defense of his client Marcus Tullius in a property disputeCicero57 BCE [71]
Pro Rhodiensibus, Contra Servium Galbam On Behalf of the Rhodians and Against GalbaIt argues against a call for a war against Rhodes after the Third Macedonian War.Cato the Elder167 BCE [10]
Pro Rege Deiotaro On behalf of King Deiotarus before CaesarCicero's defense of Deiotarus Cicero46 BCE [72] [73]
Pro Roscio Amerino In defence of Sextus Roscius of AmeriaCicero's speech in defense of Sextus Roscius, accused of murdering his own fatherCicero80 BCE [74]
Pro Marcello On behalf of Marcellus Cicero's defense of Marcellus Cicero46 BCE [75]
Pro Milone In Defence of Titus Annius Milo Cicero's defense of Titus Milo, who was accused of murdering Clodius.Cicero52 BCE [76]
Pro Murena In Defense of Lucius Licinius Murena Cicero's defense of Lucius Licinius Murena Cicero63 BCE [77]
Pro Plancio In Defense of Gnaeus Plancius Cicero's defense of Gnaeus Plancius Cicero54 BCE [78]
Pro Q. Roscio Comoedo In Defense of Quintus Roscius Gallus the Comic actorCicero's defense of Quintus Roscius Gallus, a comic actor Cicero77 BCE [79]
Pro Quinctio On behalf of Publius Quinctius Cicero's speech in defense of his client Publius QuinctiusCicero81 BCE [80]
Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo On behalf of Gaius Rabirius, accused of treasonCicero's defense of Gaius Rabirius Cicero63 BCE [28]
Pro Rabirio Postumo In Defense of Gaius Rabirius Postumus Cicero's defense of Gaius Rabirius Postumus Cicero54 BCE [81]
Pro Scauro In Defense of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus Cicero's defense of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus Cicero54 BCE [28]
Pro Sestio In Defense of Publius Sestius Cicero's defense of Publius Sestius Cicero56 BCE [82]
Pro Sulla In Defense of Publius Cornelius Sulla Cicero's defense of Publius Cornelius Sulla Cicero72 or 71 BCE [28]
Pro Voluseno CatuloConcerning Lucius Volusenus Catulus Domitius Afer, Passienus Crispus, and Decimus Laelius Balbus defend Catulus in a trialDecimus LaeliusReign of Claudius [83] [84]
P. Vatinium testem interrogatio Cicero critiqued the character of Publius Vatinius Cicero56 BCE [85]
Uti praeda in publicum referatur That the spoils of war should be given back to the publicSpeech written by Cato arguing that religious works should be publicly available and not held in private collections.Cato the ElderUncertain date [86] [87]
Speech by Gaius Calpurnius Piso against Domitius AferPiso attacked Domitius Afer's character. Gaius Calpurnius Piso Uncertain date [88]
Speeches by Gaius Septimius Severus Aper against poetsAper critiques Maternus.AperUncertain date [89]
Speech by Julius Africanus Julius Africanus made a purposefully long speech during a trial.Julius AfricanusUncertain date [90]
Speech by Maternus responding to Aper's critiqueMaternus responded to Aper's speech criticizing him.MaternusUncertain date [89]
Speech spoken by Quintus Hortensius Quintus Hortensius praises his successful military defense of Nicomedes IV of Bithynia Quintus Hortensius 133 BCE [91]
Si se M. Caelius Tribunnus Appellasset Cato the Elder184 BCE [3]
On the Improper Election of the AedilesCollection of speeches written by Cato, all of which were made during his Consulship.Cato the Elder202 BCE [92]
On His ConsulshipCato's retrospect on his Consulship and several speeches he made whilst Censor.Cato the Elder202 BCE [93]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The exact nature of the event is uncertain.

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References

  1. ↑ "LacusCurtius • ps‑Sallust — Speech to Caesar". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  2. ↑ Watkins, Thomas H. (2018-07-06). L. Munatius Plancus: Serving and Surviving in the Roman Revolution. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-351-00612-5.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Dominik, William; Hall, Jon (2010-01-11). A Companion to Roman Rhetoric. John Wiley & Sons. p. 56. ISBN   978-1-4443-3415-9.
  4. ↑ Beard, Mary (2015). SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome. New York: Liveright. pp. 21–53. ISBN   9780871404237.
  5. ↑ Hoffman, Richard (1998). "Sallust and Catiline". The Classical Review. 48 (1): 50–52. doi:10.1017/S0009840X00330335. JSTOR   713695. S2CID   162587795.
  6. ↑ Grant, David (2017-01-28). In Search Of The Lost Testament of Alexander the Great. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 286. ISBN   978-1-78589-953-9.
  7. ↑ Astin, A. E. (1978). Cato the Censor. Clarendon Press. p. 57. ISBN   978-0-19-814809-8.
  8. ↑ Sansone, David (1989-01-01). Plutarch: Lives of Aristeides and Cato. Liverpool University Press. p. 215. ISBN   978-1-80034-625-3.
  9. ↑ Sallust (2010-04-15). Catiline's Conspiracy, The Jugurthine War, Histories. Oxford University Press. pp. 158–160. ISBN   978-0-19-161252-7.
  10. 1 2 3 Baronowski, Donald Walter (2013-10-16). Polybius and Roman Imperialism. A&C Black. pp. 44, 233. ISBN   978-1-4725-1988-7.
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  12. ↑ Rasmussen, Susanne William (2003). Public Portents in Republican Rome. L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER. p. 183. ISBN   978-88-8265-240-1.
  13. ↑ Kenty, Joanna (2020-09-10). Cicero's Political Personae. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN   978-1-108-87933-0.
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  15. ↑ Fontaine, Michael (2010). Funny Words in Plautine Comedy. Oxford University Press. p. 126. ISBN   978-0-19-534144-7.
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  18. ↑ Cicero (2008-07-10). Selected Letters. OUP Oxford. p. 286. ISBN   978-0-19-160751-6.
  19. ↑ Bishop, Caroline (2018-11-29). Cicero, Greek Learning, and the Making of a Roman Classic. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-256480-1.
  20. ↑ Keulen, Wytse (2008-09-30). Gellius the Satirist: Roman Cultural Authority in Attic Nights. BRILL. p. 248. ISBN   978-90-474-4342-1.
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  22. ↑ Briscoe, John (2012-09-13). A Commentary on Livy Books 41-45. OUP Oxford. p. 78. ISBN   978-0-19-921664-2.
  23. ↑ Fontaine, Michael; Scafuro, Adele C. (2013-12-02). The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Comedy. Oxford University Press. p. 610. ISBN   978-0-19-938946-9.
  24. ↑ Millar, Fergus (2003-01-14). Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Volume 1: The Roman Republic and the Augustan Revolution. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 118. ISBN   978-0-8078-7508-7.
  25. ↑ Greenidge, A. H. J. (2019-12-19). A History of Rome During the Later Republic and Early Principate. Good Press.
  26. ↑ Dillon, Sheila; Welch, Katherine E. (2006-05-15). Representations of War in Ancient Rome. Cambridge University Press. p. 149. ISBN   978-0-521-84817-6.
  27. ↑ Sartre, Maurice (2005). The Middle East Under Rome. Harvard University Press. p. 392. ISBN   978-0-674-01683-5.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bua, Giuseppe La (2019-02-07). Cicero and Roman Education: The Reception of the Speeches and Ancient Scholarship. Cambridge University Press. pp. 73, 77, 79, 83, 146. ISBN   978-1-107-06858-2.
  29. ↑ Nichols, Marden Fitzpatrick (2017-10-26). Author and Audience in Vitruvius' De architectura. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN   978-1-108-54786-4.
  30. ↑ McDonnell, Myles (2006-07-03). Roman Manliness: "Virtus" and the Roman Republic. Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN   978-0-521-82788-1.
  31. ↑ Nixon, C. E. V.; Rodgers, Barbara Saylor; Mynors, sir R. A. B. (2015-03-18). In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini. Univ of California Press. p. 285. ISBN   978-0-520-28625-2.
  32. ↑ Coffee, Neil (2016-11-29). Gift and Gain: How Money Transformed Ancient Rome. Oxford University Press. p. 215. ISBN   978-0-19-049644-9.
  33. ↑ Gildenhard, Ingo; Viglietti, Cristiano (2020-07-09). Roman Frugality: Modes of Moderation from the Archaic Age to the Early Empire and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. p. 194. ISBN   978-1-108-88843-1.
  34. ↑ Dominik, William; Hall, Jon (2010-01-11). A Companion to Roman Rhetoric. John Wiley & Sons. p. 56. ISBN   978-1-4443-3415-9.
  35. ↑ Sebesta, Judith Lynn; Haynes, Mark (2010-01-01). Cicero A LEGAMUS Transitional Reader. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 48. ISBN   978-0-86516-656-1.
  36. ↑ An observation made by Christopher P. Craig, "Dilemma in Cicero's Divinatio in Caecilium", The American Journal of Philology, 106(4) (Winter 1985:442–446), p. 442; Craig gives a bibliography of commentaries on the text.
  37. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Licinius Macer Calvus, Gaius"  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 587.
  38. ↑ "LacusCurtius • ps‑Sallust — Invective against Cicero". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  39. ↑ Kelly, Gordon P. (2006-07-24). A History of Exile in the Roman Republic. Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN   978-1-107-32077-2.
  40. ↑ Sandnes, Karl Olav (2002-08-01). Belly and Body in the Pauline Epistles. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN   978-1-139-43472-0.
  41. 1 2 Frier, Bruce W., 1943- (1985). The rise of the Roman jurists : studies in Cicero's Pro Caecina. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 3. ISBN   0-691-03578-4. OCLC   11399889.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  42. ↑ Petersson, Torstein (1920). Cicero: A Biography. Out of Copyright reprint Kessinger Publishing, LLC. ISBN   978-1417951864.
  43. ↑ "Candidate". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  44. ↑ H.H. Scullard From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome 133 BC to AD 68 2010 p92 "In a speech to the Senate (Oratio in Toga Candida: candidates wore specially whitened togas) Cicero denounced his rivals and hinted that there were secret powers behind Catilinia. Thus Cicero, the novus homo, secured the consulship for 63"
  45. ↑ Erich S. Gruen The Last Generation of the Roman Republic 1974 270 "Catilinia's early career gained impetus from nimble maneuvering and resourceful and unscrupulous tactics. Tradition registers a catalogue of perversities, several drawn from Cicero's venomous In Toga Candida and the Commentanolum ."
  46. ↑ David Colin Arthur Shotter The Fall Of The Roman Republic 2005 p55 "In two places — in his own election speech (Oratio in Toga Candida) in 64 and in his Orations against Catiline in the following year — Cicero alleged that on 1 January 65, Catiline was in the Forum with a dagger ready to assassinate the ..."
  47. ↑ Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Against Verres.
  48. ↑ "The Life of Julius Caesar". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  49. ↑ Eck, Werner; Schneider, Deborah Lucas; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003). The age of Augustus. Internet Archive. Malden, MA : Blackwell Pub. p. 10. ISBN   978-0-631-22957-5.
  50. ↑ Cicero, Ad Familiares 10.28
  51. ↑ Appian, Civil Wars 4.19
  52. ↑ Cicero, Ad Atticus, 2.1.3
  53. ↑ Cicero, Second Philippic Against Antony
  54. ↑ cf. Cicero, Ad Atticum 15.13.1
  55. ↑ Cicero, Marcus Tullius (2010). "Phillipic 5". In Bailey, D. R. Shackleton; Ramsey, John T.; Manuwald, Gesine (eds.). Philippics 1-6. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 189. Translated by Bailey, D. R. Shackleton. Harvard University Press. p. 241. doi:10.4159/DLCL.marcus_tullius_cicero-philippic_5.2010.
  56. ↑ Plutarch, Cicero 46.3–5
  57. ↑ Haskell, H.J.: This was Cicero (1964) p.293
  58. ↑ Blom, Henriette van der (2010-07-29). Cicero's Role Models: The Political Strategy of a Newcomer. OUP Oxford. pp. 196–204. ISBN   978-0-19-159152-5.
  59. ↑ Brill's Companion to the Reception of Cicero. BRILL. 2015-03-31. p. 10. ISBN   978-90-04-29054-9.
  60. ↑ Italy and the Classical Tradition: Language, Thought and Poetry 1300-1600, A&C Black, 2013, p. 164.
  61. ↑ Barber, Kimberly A. (2004-06-01). Rhetoric in Cicero's Pro Balbo. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-135-87935-8.
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  63. ↑ Frier, Bruce W., 1943- (1985). The rise of the Roman jurists : studies in Cicero's Pro Caecina. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 133–4. ISBN   0-691-03578-4. OCLC   11399889.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  64. ↑ Frier, Bruce W. (1983). "Urban Praetors and Rural Violence: The Legal Background of Cicero's Pro Caecina". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 113: 221–241. doi:10.2307/284012. ISSN   0360-5949. JSTOR   284012.
  65. ↑ Cicero, Marcus Tullius. For Marcus Caelius.
  66. ↑ Smith, William (1867), "T. Accius", in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , vol. 1, Boston, p. 6{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  67. ↑ Brennan, T. Corey (2000). The Praetorship in the Roman Republic: Volume 2: 122 to 49 BC. OUP USA. p. 565. ISBN   978-0-19-511460-7.
  68. ↑ Luley, Benjamin P. (2020-08-31). Continuity and Rupture in Roman Mediterranean Gaul: An Archaeology of Colonial Transformations at Ancient Lattara. Oxbow Books. ISBN   978-1-78925-567-6.
  69. ↑ Peer, Ayelet (2016-03-09). Julius Caesar's Bellum Civile and the Composition of a New Reality. Routledge. p. 173. ISBN   978-1-317-11002-6.
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  71. ↑ Crawford, Jane W. (1984). M. Tullius Cicero: the lost and unpublished orations . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp.  47–49. ISBN   9783525251782. pro tullio.
  72. ↑ Berno, Francesca Romana; Bua, Giuseppe La (2022-02-21). Portraying Cicero in Literature, Culture, and Politics: From Ancient to Modern Times. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN   978-3-11-074888-8.
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  74. ↑ "Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino - Wikisource". la.wikisource.org (in Latin). Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  75. ↑ Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Pro Marcello.
  76. ↑ Cicero, Marcus Tullius. For Milo.
  77. ↑ Geffcken, Katherine A.; Dickison, Sheila Kathryn; Hallett, Judith P. (2000). Rome and Her Monuments: Essays on the City and Literature of Rome in Honor of Katherine A. Geffcken. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 447. ISBN   978-0-86516-457-4.
  78. ↑ Griffiths, John D. (2022-02-28). The Spirit as Gift in Acts: The Spirit's Empowerment of the Early Jesus Community. BRILL. p. 75. ISBN   978-90-04-50443-1.
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  81. ↑ Marcus Tullius Cicero Cicero's Speech Pro Rabirio Postumo. Oxford University Press, 2001
  82. ↑ 2006. Kaster, R.A. Cicero: Speech on Behalf of Publius Sestius. Oxford University Press.
  83. ↑ Cicero, Marcus Tullius (2021-03-30). How to Tell a Joke: An Ancient Guide to the Art of Humor. Princeton University Press. p. 179. ISBN   978-0-691-21107-7.
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  87. ↑ Jones, Nathaniel B. (2019-01-24). Painting, Ethics, and Aesthetics in Rome. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN   978-1-108-34970-3.
  88. ↑ Josephus, Flavius; Wiseman, T. P. (2013). The Death of Caligula: Josephus Ant. Iud. Xix 1-273, Translation and Commentrary. Oxford University Press. p. 112. ISBN   978-1-84631-964-8.
  89. 1 2 Berg, Christopher S. van den (2014-09-11). The World of Tacitus' Dialogus de Oratoribus. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–141. ISBN   978-1-107-02090-0.
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  92. ↑ Sorek, Susan (2012-04-26). Ancient Historians: A Student Handbook. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 74. ISBN   978-1-4411-1135-7.
  93. ↑ Dillon, Matthew; Garland, Lynda (2013-10-28). Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook. Routledge. p. 270. ISBN   978-1-136-76143-0.
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