List of cassava diseases

Last updated

This article is a list of diseases of cassava (Manihot esculenta).

Contents

Bacterial and Phytoplasma diseases

Bacterial and mycoplasma-like diseases
AntholysisPhytoplasma[ which? ] (Candidatus Phytoplasma spp.)
Witches' broomPhytoplasma[ which? ] (Candidatus Phytoplasma spp.)
Bacterial blight Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis
Bacterial angular leaf spot Xanthomonas campestris pv. cassavae
Bacterial stem gall Agrobacterium tumefaciens Biovar 1
Bacterial stem rot Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Bacterial wilt Erwinia herbicola (syn. Pantoea agglomerans)

Fungal diseases

Fungal diseases
Anthracnose

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

= Colletotrichum gloeosporoides f.sp. manihotis

Glomerella cingulata [teleomorph]
Colletotrichum graminicola

Glomerella graminicola [teleomorph]
Armillaria root rot (shoestring root rot)

Armillaria mellea

Rhizomorpha subcorticalis [anaomorph]
Black root and stem rot

Scytalidium sp.[ which? ]

Hendersonula toruloidea [syanamorph]
Blight leaf spot Cercospora vicosae
Brown leaf spot

Cercosporidium henningsii

Mycosphaerella henningsii [teleomorph]
Cassava ash Oidium manihotis
Concentric ring leaf spot

Phyllosticta manihotae
P. manihoticola

Dematophora root rot (Rosellinia root rot)

Dematophora necatrix

Rosellinia necatrix [teleomorph]
Diplodia root and stem rot Diplodia manihoti
Fusarium root rot

Fusarium oxysporum
F. solani

Nectria haematococca [teleomorph]
Rigidopurus root rot

Rigidoporus microporus

=Rigidoporus lignosus
Rust Uromyces spp.[ which? ]
Sclerotium root rot (southern blight)

Sclerotium rolfsii

Athelia rolfsii [teleomorph]
Superelongation

Sphaceloma manihoticola

Elsinoë brasiliensis [teleomorph]
Verticillium root and stem rot Verticillium dahliae
White leaf spot Phaeoramularia manihotis

Oomycete diseases

Oomycete diseases
Phytophthora root rot

P. cryptogea
P. drechsleri
P. erythroseptica
P. nicotianae var. parasitica

Pythium root rot Pythium spp.[ which? ]

Miscellaneous diseases and disorders

Miscellaneous diseases and disorders
Post-harvest root rotPhysiologic and pathogenic deteriorations
Root smallpox diseaseMicrobial rotting after feeding by Cyrtomenus bergi

Viral diseases

Viruses are a severe problem in the tropics. Viruses are the primary reason for the complete lack of yield increases in the 25 years up to 2019. [1]

Viral diseases
African cassava mosaic African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV)
Cassava brown streak disease Cassava brown streak virus [2] (CBSV)
Cassava common mosaic Cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV)
Cassava frogskin Cassava Frogskin-Associated Virus [3] (CsFSaV)
Cassava green mottle Cassava green mottle virus [4] (CGMV)
Cassava symptomless infections Cassava American latent virus (CsAlV)

Cassava Ivorian bacilliform virus [5] (CIBV)

Cassava vein mosaic Cassava vein mosaic virus (CsVMV)
Indian cassava mosaic Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cassava</span> Staple food, tuber, biggest in Africa

Manihot esculenta, commonly called cassava, manioc, or yuca, is a woody shrub of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, native to South America. Although a perennial plant, cassava is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. Though it is often called yuca in parts of Spanish America and in the United States, it is not related to yucca, a shrub in the family Asparagaceae. Cassava is predominantly consumed in boiled form, but substantial quantities are used to extract cassava starch, called tapioca, which is used for food, animal feed, and industrial purposes. The Brazilian farinha, and the related garri of West Africa, is an edible coarse flour obtained by grating cassava roots, pressing moisture off the obtained grated pulp, and finally drying it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plant pathology</span> Scientific study of plant diseases

Plant pathology is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens and environmental conditions. Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not included are ectoparasites like insects, mites, vertebrate, or other pests that affect plant health by eating plant tissues. Plant pathology also involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases.

<i>Tobacco mosaic virus</i> Infects tomato family, beans, flowers...

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus species in the genus Tobamovirus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae. The infection causes characteristic patterns, such as "mosaic"-like mottling and discoloration on the leaves. TMV was the first virus to be discovered. Although it was known from the late 19th century that a non-bacterial infectious disease was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was determined to be a virus. It is the first pathogen identified as a virus. The virus was crystallised by W.M. Stanley. It has a similar size to the largest synthetic molecule, known as PG5.

<i>Phytophthora infestans</i> Species of single-celled organism

Phytophthora infestans is an oomycete or water mold, a fungus-like microorganism that causes the serious potato and tomato disease known as late blight or potato blight. Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is also often called "potato blight". Late blight was a major culprit in the 1840s European, the 1845–1852 Irish, and the 1846 Highland potato famines. The organism can also infect some other members of the Solanaceae. The pathogen is favored by moist, cool environments: sporulation is optimal at 12–18 °C (54–64 °F) in water-saturated or nearly saturated environments, and zoospore production is favored at temperatures below 15 °C (59 °F). Lesion growth rates are typically optimal at a slightly warmer temperature range of 20 to 24 °C.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martinus Beijerinck</span> Dutch microbiologist

Martinus Willem Beijerinck was a Dutch microbiologist and botanist who was one of the founders of virology and environmental microbiology. He is credited with the discovery of viruses, which he called "contagium vivum fluidum".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Theodor Otto Diener</span> American plant pathologist

Theodor Otto Diener is a Swiss-American plant pathologist. In 1971, he discovered that the causative agent of the potato spindle tuber disease is not a virus, but a novel agent, which consists solely of a short strand of single-stranded RNA without a protein capsid, eighty times smaller than the smallest viruses. He proposed to name it, and similar agents yet to be discovered, viroids. Viroids displaced viruses as the smallest known infectious agents.

<i>Phytophthora palmivora</i> Species of single-celled organism

Phytophthora palmivora is an oomycete that causes bud-rot of palms, fruit-rot or kole-roga of coconut and areca nut. These are among the most serious diseases caused by fungi and moulds in South India. It occurs almost every year in Malnad, Mysore, North & South Kanara, Malabar and other areas. Similar diseases of palms are also known to occur in Sri Lanka, Mauritius, and Sumatra. The causative organism was first identified as P. palmivora by Edwin John Butler in 1917.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ug99</span> Worst wheat disease. Race of stem rust.

Ug99 is a lineage of wheat stem rust, which is present in wheat fields in several countries in Africa and the Middle East and is predicted to spread rapidly through these regions and possibly further afield, potentially causing a wheat production disaster that would affect food security worldwide. In 2005 the noted green revolution pioneer Norman Borlaug brought great attention to the problem, and most subsequent efforts can be traced to his advocacy. It can cause up to 100% crop losses and is virulent against many resistance genes which have previously protected wheat against stem rust.

<i>Tilletia caries</i> Species of fungus

Tilletia caries is a basidiomycete that causes common bunt of wheat. The common names of this disease are stinking bunt of wheat and stinking smut of wheat. This pathogen infects wheat, rye, and various other grasses. T. caries is economically and agriculturally important because it reduces both the wheat yield and grain quality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Phytopathological Society</span> American scientific learned society

The American Phytopathological Society (APS) is an international scientific organization devoted to the study of plant diseases (phytopathology). APS promotes the advancement of modern concepts in the science of plant pathology and in plant health management in agricultural, urban and forest settings.

Cassava brown streak virus disease (CBSD) is a damaging disease of cassava plants, and is especially troublesome in East Africa. It was first identified in 1936 in Tanzania, and has spread to other coastal areas of East Africa, from Kenya to Mozambique. Recently, it was found that two distinct viruses are responsible for the disease: cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV). Both have (+)ss RNA genomes, belong to the genus Ipomovirus in the family Potyviridae, and produce generally similar symptoms in infected plants. Root rot renders the cassava tuber inedible, resulting in severe loss of economic value; therefore, current research focuses on achieving cultivars that do not develop the necrotic rot. This disease is considered to be the biggest threat to food security in coastal East Africa and around the eastern lakes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lopinavir/ritonavir</span> Combination medication for HIV/AIDS

Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), sold under the brand name Kaletra among others, is a fixed-dose combination antiretroviral medication for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS. It combines lopinavir with a low dose of ritonavir. It is generally recommended for use with other antiretrovirals. It may be used for prevention after a needlestick injury or other potential exposure. It is taken by mouth as a tablet, capsule, or solution.

In biology, a pathogen in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ.

Milton Zaitlin was an American virologist who spent most of his academic career as a professor of plant pathology at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maryland cultivation of strawberry</span>

The state's crops include strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa.

References

  1. Afedraru, Lominda (2019-01-31). "Uganda to launch innovative gene-edited cassava research". Alliance for Science . Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  2. McGrath, Matt (2011-11-17). "UN warns of staple crop virus 'epidemic'". BBC News. Retrieved Jun 29, 2019.
  3. Di Feo, L.; Zanini, A.; Rodríguez Pardina, P.; Cuervo, M.; Carvajal-Yepes, M.; Cuellar, W. J. (2015). "First Report of Cassava common mosaic virus and Cassava frogskin-associated virus Infecting Cassava in Argentina". Plant Disease . American Phytopathological Society (APS). 99 (5): 733. doi:10.1094/PDIS-10-14-1088-PDN. hdl: 10568/66634 .
  4. "Cassava green mottle" . Retrieved Jun 29, 2019.
  5. Scott SW, MacFarlane SA, McGavin WJ, Fargette D. (May 17, 2014). "Cassava Ivorian bacilliform virus is a member of the genus Anulavirus". Arch. Virol. 159 (10): 2791–3. doi:10.1007/s00705-014-2086-3. PMID   24838850.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)