List of investigational panic disorder drugs

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This is a list of investigational panic disorder drugs, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical use for the treatment of panic disorder (PD) but are not yet approved.

Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses. The format of list items is "Name (Synonyms) – Mechanism of Action [Reference]".

This list was last comprehensively updated in September 2025. It is likely to become outdated with time.

Under development

Phase 2

• Darigabat (CVL-865; PF-06372865; PF-6372865) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator
• HB-1 (HB-01) – undefined mechanism of action

Phase unknown

• Oxybutynin controlled release – muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist
• Venlafaxine controlled release – serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)

Not under development

No development reported

• ADX-71149 (JNJ-1813; JNJ-40411813; JNJ-mGluR2-PAM) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₂ receptor positive allosteric modulator
• JNJ-61393215 (JNJ-3215) – orexin OX₁ receptor antagonist

Discontinued

• Alprazolam inhalation (AZ-002; FNP-002; Staccato® alprazolam; STAP-001; UCB-7538) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and benzodiazepine
• Alprazolam intranasal (Panistat) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and benzodiazepine
• BTG-1640 (ABIO-08/01; ABIO-0801) – undefined mechanism of action
• Eglumetad (Eglumegad; LY-354740) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₂ and mGlu₃ receptor agonist
• JNJ-19567470 (CRA-5626; R-317573) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF₁R) antagonist
• Nefazodone (BMY-13754; Dutonin; MJ-13754; MS-13754; Nefadar; Serzone) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor ligand, serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist, α₁- and α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist, weak serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI), and other actions
• Xenon (NBTX-001) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist

Clinically used drugs

Approved drugs

• Escitalopram (Cipralex; Entact; Lexapro; LU-26054; MLD-55; (S)-citalopram; Seroplex; Sipralex; Sipralexa) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
• Fluoxetine (LY-110140; Prozac; Reneuron; Sarafem) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
• Fluoxetine (Fluoxetine Tablets) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
• Paroxetine (Aropax; BRL-29060; Deroxat; Divarius; FG-7051; Frosinor; Motivan; NNC-207051; Paxil; Seroxat; SI-211103; Tagonis) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
• Paroxetine (Dropax; Dropaxin; Serestill) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
• Sertraline (Aremis; Besitran; CP-51974; Gladem; Lustral; Serad; Serlain; Tatig; Zoloft) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
• Venlafaxine (Dobupal; Efexor XR; Effexor; Effexor XR; Elafax; WY-45030; WY-45651; WY-45655) – serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)

Off-label drugs

• Anticonvulsants (e.g., valproic acid) ^[1]
• Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., quetiapine) ^[1]
• Azapirones (serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonists) (e.g., buspirone) ^{[1] [2] [3]}
• Benzodiazepines (GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulators) (e.g., alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam) ^{[1] [2] [4]}
• Beta blockers (e.g., propranolol) ^{[1] [2]}
• Gabapentinoids (α₂δ subunit-containing voltage-gated calcium channel ligands) (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin) ^[1]
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (e.g., isocarboxazid, moclobemide, phenelzine, tranylcypromine) ^{[1] [2]}
• NMDA receptor antagonists (e.g., ketamine, esketamine) ^[1]
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (e.g., citalopram, fluvoxamine) ^{[1] [2]}
• Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (e.g., desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, levomilnacipran, milnacipran) ^{[1] [2]}
• Serotonin modulators and stimulators (SMSs) (e.g., vilazodone, vortioxetine) ^[1]
• Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine) ^{[1] [2]}
• Tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs) (e.g., mirtazapine) ^{[1] [2]}
• Others (e.g., hydroxyzine) ^[1]

See also

• List of investigational drugs
• List of investigational anxiolytics
• Anxiolytic

References

1. Ziffra M (May 2021). "Panic disorder: A review of treatment options" (PDF). Ann Clin Psychiatry. 33 (2): 124–133. doi:10.12788/acp.0014. PMID   33529291. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2023.
2. Chawla N, Anothaisintawee T, Charoenrungrueangchai K, Thaipisuttikul P, McKay GJ, Attia J, Thakkinstian A (January 2022). "Drug treatment for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". BMJ. 376: e066084. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-066084. PMC   8767458 . PMID   35045991.
3. Imai H, Tajika A, Chen P, Pompoli A, Guaiana G, Castellazzi M, Bighelli I, Girlanda F, Barbui C, Koesters M, Cipriani A, Furukawa TA (September 2014). "Azapirones versus placebo for panic disorder in adults". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 (9): CD010828. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010828.pub2. PMC   10590499 . PMID   25268297.
4. Breilmann J, Girlanda F, Guaiana G, Barbui C, Cipriani A, Castellazzi M, Bighelli I, Davies SJ, Furukawa TA, Koesters M (March 2019). "Benzodiazepines versus placebo for panic disorder in adults". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 3 (3): CD010677. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010677.pub2. PMC   6438660 . PMID   30921478.

External links

• AdisInsight - Springer