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Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method. Pseudoscience is often characterized by contradictory, exaggerated or unfalsifiable claims; reliance on confirmation bias rather than rigorous attempts at refutation; lack of openness to evaluation by other experts; absence of systematic practices when developing hypotheses; and continued adherence long after the pseudoscientific hypotheses have been experimentally discredited. It is not the same as junk science.
Phrenology or craniology is a pseudoscience that involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits. It is based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules. It was said that the brain was composed of different muscles, so those that were used more often were bigger, resulting in the different skull shapes. This provided reasoning for the common presence of bumps on the skull in different locations. The brain "muscles" not being used as frequently remained small and were therefore not present on the exterior of the skull. Although both of those ideas have a basis in reality, phrenology generalizes beyond empirical knowledge in a way that departs from science. The central phrenological notion that measuring the contour of the skull can predict personality traits is discredited by empirical research. Developed by German physician Franz Joseph Gall in 1796, the discipline was influential in the 19th century, especially from about 1810 until 1840. The principal British centre for phrenology was Edinburgh, where the Edinburgh Phrenological Society was established in 1820.
The cosmos is an alternative name for the universe or its nature or order. Usage of the word cosmos implies viewing the universe as a complex and orderly system or entity.
Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer review and reproducibility of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances.
The Fourth International Posadist is a Trotskyist international organisation. It was founded in 1962 by J. Posadas, who had been the leader of the Latin America Bureau of the Fourth International in the 1950s, and of the Fourth International's section in Argentina. Between their split from the International Secretariat of the Fourth International in 1962 and Posadas' death in 1981, Posadists developed a strain of communism that included several fringe ideas, which brought them into conflict with more mainstream left-wing groups.
The history of pseudoscience is the study of pseudoscientific theories over time. A pseudoscience is a set of ideas that presents itself as science, while it does not meet the criteria to properly be called such.
Michael D. Swords is a retired professor of Natural Science at Western Michigan University, who writes about general sciences and anomalous phenomena, particularly parapsychology, cryptozoology, and ufology, editing the academic publication The Journal of UFO Studies. He is a board member of the J. Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies.
Islamic cosmology is the cosmology of Islamic societies. Islamic cosmology is not a single unitary system, but is inclusive of a number of cosmological systems, including Quranic cosmology, the cosmology of the Hadith collections, as well as those of Islamic astronomy and astrology. Broadly, cosmological conceptions themselves can be divided into thought concerning the physical structure of the cosmos (cosmography) and the origins of the cosmos (cosmogony).
The branches of science, also referred to as sciences, scientificfields or scientific disciplines, are commonly divided into three major groups:
A fringe theory is an idea or a viewpoint that differs significantly from the accepted scholarship of the time within its field. Fringe theories include the models and proposals of fringe science, as well as similar ideas in other areas of scholarship, such as the humanities. In a narrower sense, the term fringe theory is commonly used as a pejorative, roughly synonymous with the term pseudo-scholarship. Precise definitions that make distinctions between widely held viewpoints, fringe theories, and pseudo-scholarship are difficult to construct because of the demarcation problem. Issues of false balance or false equivalence can occur when fringe theories are presented as being equal to widely accepted theories.
The Society for Scientific Exploration (SSE) is a group committed to studying fringe science. The opinions of the organization in regard to what are the proper limits of scientific exploration are often at odds with those of mainstream science. Critics argue that the SSE is devoted to disreputable ideas far outside the scientific mainstream.
A geologist is a scientist who studies the structure, composition, and history of Earth. Geologists incorporate techniques from physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and geography to perform research in the field and the laboratory. Geologists work in the energy and mining sectors to exploit natural resources. They monitor environmental hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis and landslides. Geologists are also important contributors to climate change discussions.
Morgellons is the informal name of a self-diagnosed, scientifically unsubstantiated skin condition in which individuals have sores that they believe contain fibrous material. Morgellons is not well understood, but the general medical consensus is that it is a form of delusional parasitosis, on the psychiatric spectrum. The sores are typically the result of compulsive scratching, and the fibers, when analysed, are consistently found to have originated from cotton and other textiles.
The International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society is a non-profit advocacy group which advocates for greater acceptance of the controversial and unrecognized diagnosis "chronic Lyme disease". ILADS was formed by advocates for the recognition of "chronic Lyme disease" including physicians, patients and laboratory personnel, and has published alternative treatment guidelines and diagnostic criteria due to the disagreement with mainstream consensus medical views on Lyme disease.
Chronic Lyme disease (CLD) is the name used by some people with non-specific symptoms, such as fatigue, muscle pain, and cognitive dysfunction to refer to their condition, even if there is no evidence that they had Lyme disease. Both the label and the belief that these people's symptoms are caused by this particular infection are generally rejected by medical professionals. Chronic Lyme disease is distinct from post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, a set of lingering symptoms which may persist after successful antibiotic treatment of infection with Lyme-causing Borrelia bacteria, and which may have similar symptoms to those associated with CLD.
Pierre Kory is an American critical care physician who gained attention during the COVID-19 pandemic for advocating widespread off-label use of certain drugs as treatments for COVID-19, as president and co-founder of the Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance (FLCCC). Kory testified twice to the U.S. Senate regarding COVID-19. During his testimony in December 2020, Kory erroneously claimed that the antiparasitic medication ivermectin was a "wonder drug" with "miraculous effectiveness" against COVID-19.
References
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- ↑ "Flat Earth Society". howstuffworks.com. 2008-03-14. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
- ↑ David Adam (February 23, 2010). "The Earth is flat? What planet is he on?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ↑ Gillis, Justin (May 1, 2012). "Clouds' Effect on Climate Change Is Last Bastion for Dissenters". New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
...the Heartland Institute, the primary American organization pushing climate change skepticism...
- ↑ "Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
- ↑ Dorio Mark (2005) "Ufology: A Very Short Introduction", Trafford Publishing, ISBN 1412064732
- ↑ Mercer, Brandon M. "The UFO Hunters – Scientists at the National Institute for Discovery Science study anomalous phenomena". UFO Evidence. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
- ↑ Margaret Wertheim (2011). Physics on the Fringe: Smoke Rings, Circlons, and Alternative Theories of Everything. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0802778727. "Aside from the unorthodox titles of many papers, a high number of titles take issue with relativity theory", "In many ways there has never been a better time to be a fringe theorist. [...] for they effectively have their own union. Established by "discoverers" themselves, the Natural Philosophy Alliance serves as a publicly open forum in which outsiders can publish their ideas...", and "In rejecting mathematics as the universe's tongue, the Natural Philosophy Alliance insists on a "scientific line of reasoning" that corresponds to "everyday experience."
- ↑ Walter Noll (2006). "On the past and future of natural philosophy". Journal of Elasticity. 84 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1007/s10659-006-9068-y. S2CID 121957320."There is now an organization called The Natural Philosophy Alliance with the following description: [quote from web site] This "Alliance" is to genuine physics or natural philosophy as "Creation Science" is to genuine biology."
- ↑ "Natural Philosophy Alliance". Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) (Archived version as of 13 April 2014) - ↑ Alba, Davey (2021-08-10). "Virus Misinformation Spikes as Delta Cases Surge". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2023-02-05.
- ↑ "How 'America's Frontline Doctors' Sold Access to Ivermectin". Time. 26 August 2021. Retrieved 2023-02-05.
- ↑ Mielczarek, E., Engler, B. 2012. Measuring Mythology: Startling Concepts in NCCAM Grants. Skeptical Inquirer 36(1) (January/February):35–43, 2012.
- ↑ "Body & Soul with Gail Harris". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
- ↑ WIRED Staff. "The Truth Is Out There, and the Nation's Maddest Scientists Are After It". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028 . Retrieved 2023-07-30.
- ↑ Pira, Frank La; Gillin, Murray (2006). "Non-local intuition and the performance of serial entrepreneurs". International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. 3 (1): 17. doi:10.1504/IJESB.2006.008660. ISSN 1476-1297.
- ↑ NHS Lanarkshire. "Should NHS Lanarkshire refer patients to the Centre for Integrative Care" (PDF).
- ↑ "The HeartMath Program for the Treatment of Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders: Clinical Effectiveness | CADTH". www.cadth.ca. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
- ↑ kreidler, Marc (2022-02-05). "Questionable Organizations: An Overview | Quackwatch" . Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ↑ Sepetyi, Dmytro (2018). "Quantum Mechanics and Consciousness: No Evidence for Idealism". Filosofska Dumka (4): 95–105.