Quackwatch

Last updated

Quackwatch
QuackWatch logo.png
Available inEnglish, French, Portuguese
Editor Stephen Barrett
URLEnglish: Quackwatch.org
French: www.sceptiques.qc.ca/quackwatch/
CommercialNo
RegistrationNo
Launched1996
Current statusActive
OCLC  number 855159830

Quackwatch is a United States-based website, self-described as a "network of people" [1] founded by Stephen Barrett, which aims to "combat health-related frauds, myths, fads, fallacies, and misconduct" and to focus on "quackery-related information that is difficult or impossible to get elsewhere". [2] [3] Since 1996 it has operated the alternative medicine watchdog website quackwatch.org, which advises the public on unproven or ineffective alternative medical remedies. [4] The site contains articles and other information criticizing many forms of alternative medicine. [5] [6] [7]

Contents

Quackwatch cites peer-reviewed journal articles and has received several awards. [8] The site has been developed with the assistance of a worldwide network of volunteers and expert advisors. It has received positive recognition and recommendations from mainstream organizations and sources, although at times it has also received criticism for perceived bias in its coverage. It has been recognized in the media, which cite quackwatch.org as a practical source for online consumer information. [9] The success of Quackwatch has generated the creation of additional affiliated websites; [10] as of 2019 there were 21 of them. [11]

Quackwatch files at Center for Inquiry Quackwatch files at Center for Inquiry.jpg
Quackwatch files at Center for Inquiry

History

Quackwatch
Formation1969 (as the LVCAHF)
1970 (incorporated)
2008 (network of people)
2020 (made a part of the Center for Inquiry)
Founder Stephen Barrett
Dissolved1970 (the original association)
2008 (the corporation)
2020 (the network of people)
TypeUnincorporated association (1969–1970)
Corporation (1970–2008)
Network of people (2008–2020)
Part of the Center for Inquiry (2020–present)
Purpose"Combat health-related frauds, myths, fads, fallacies, and misconduct" and focus on "quackery-related information that is difficult or impossible to get elsewhere"
Location
  • United States
Official language
English, French, Portuguese
Chairman
Stephen Barrett
Affiliations National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF)
Website www.quackwatch.org
Formerly called
Lehigh Valley Committee Against Health Fraud (LVCAHF; 1969–1997)
Quackwatch, Inc. (1997–2008)

Barrett founded the Lehigh Valley Committee Against Health Fraud (LVCAHF) in 1969, and it was incorporated in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1970. [1] In 1996, the corporation began the website quackwatch.org, and the organization itself was renamed Quackwatch, Inc. in 1997. The Pennsylvania nonprofit corporation was dissolved after Barrett moved to North Carolina in 2008, [1] but the network's activities continue. [3] Quackwatch co-founded, and was closely affiliated with, the National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF). [12] [5] The NCAHF was formally dissolved in 2011.

In February 2020, Quackwatch became part of the Center for Inquiry. CFI planned to maintain its various websites and to receive Barrett's library later in the year. [13]

Mission and scope

Quackwatch is overseen by Barrett, its owner, with input from advisors and help from volunteers, including a number of medical professionals. [14] In 2003, 150 scientific and technical advisors: 67 medical advisors, 12 dental advisors, 13 mental health advisors, 16 nutrition and food science advisors, three podiatry advisors, eight veterinary advisors, and 33 other "scientific and technical advisors" were listed by Quackwatch. [15] Many more have since volunteered, but advisor names are no longer listed. [16]

Quackwatch describes its mission as follows:

... investigating questionable claims, answering inquiries about products and services, advising quackery victims, distributing reliable publications, debunking pseudoscientific claims, reporting illegal marketing, improving the quality of health information on the internet, assisting or generating consumer-protection lawsuits, and attacking misleading advertising on the internet. [3]

Quackwatch has no salaried employees, and the total cost of operating all Quackwatch's sites is approximately $7,000 per year. It is funded mainly by small individual donations, commissions from sales on other sites to which they refer, profits from the sale of publications, and self-funding by Barrett. The stated income is also derived from the usage of sponsored links. [3]

Site content

The Quackwatch website contains essays and white papers, written by Barrett and other writers, intended for the non-specialist consumer. The articles discuss health-related products, treatments, enterprises, and providers that Quackwatch deems to be misleading, fraudulent, or ineffective. Also included are links to article sources and both internal and external resources for further study.

The site is developed with the assistance from volunteers and expert advisors. [17] Many of its articles cite peer-reviewed research [10] and are footnoted with several links to references. [18] A review in Running & FitNews stated the site "also provides links to hundreds of trusted health sites." [19]

Naturowatch is a subsidiary site of Quackwatch [20] which aims to provide information about naturopathy that is "difficult or impossible to find elsewhere". [21] The site is operated by Barrett and Kimball C. Atwood IV, an anesthesiologist by profession, who has become a vocal critic of alternative medicine. [22]

The site is available in French [23] and formerly in German [24] and Portuguese, [25] as well as via several mirrors.

Influence

Sources that mention Stephen Barrett's Quackwatch as a useful source for consumer information include website reviews, [6] [10] [26] [27] [28] government agencies, and various journals [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] including The Lancet . [34]

Mention in media, books, and journals

Quackwatch has been mentioned in the media, books and various journals, as well as receiving several awards and honors. [8] The Journal of the American Medical Association mentioned Quackwatch as one of nine "select sites that provide reliable health information and resources" in 1998. [33] It was also listed as one of three medical sites in U.S. News & World Report's "Best of the Web" in 1999. [28] Thomas R. Eng, director of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Science Panel on Interactive Communication and Health, stated in 1999 that while "the government doesn't endorse Web sites ...[Quackwatch] is the only site I know of right now looking at issues of fraud and health on the Internet." [35]

Sources that mention quackwatch.org as a resource for consumer information include the United States Department of Agriculture, the U.S. National Institutes of Health, the Skeptic's Dictionary , the Diet Channel, and articles published in The Lancet , the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education , the Journal of Marketing Education , the Medical Journal of Australia , and the Journal of the American Dietetic Association . [36] In addition, several nutrition associations link to Quackwatch. [37] An article in PC World listed it as one of three websites for finding the truth about Internet rumors. [38] A Washington Post review of alternative medicine websites noted that "skeptics may find Quackwatch offers better truth-squadding than the Food and Drug Administration or the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine." [39]

The books Low-Carb Dieting for Dummies (2003), [40] The Arthritis Helpbook (2006), [41] The Rough Guide to the Internet (2007), [42] Navigating the Medical Maze: A Practical Guide (2008), [43] Chronic Pain For Dummies (2008), [44] and The 2009 Internet Directory (2008) [45] mention or use content from Quackwatch.

Citations by journalists

Quackwatch and Barrett have also been cited by journalists in reports on therapeutic touch,[ citation needed ] Vitamin O, Almon Glenn Braswell's baldness treatments, Robert Barefoot's coral calcium claims, William C. Rader's "stem cell" therapy, noni juice, shark cartilage and saturated fat. [46]

Recommendations and endorsements

The American Cancer Society lists Quackwatch as one of ten reputable sources of information about alternative and complementary therapies in their book Cancer Medicine . [47] In a long series of articles on various alternative medicine methods, it uses Quackwatch as a reference and includes criticisms of the methods. [48]

The Health On the Net Foundation, which confers the HONcode "Code of Conduct" certification to reliable sources of health information in cyberspace, recommends Quackwatch. [49] It also advises Internet users to alert Quackwatch when they encounter "possibly or blatantly fraudulent" healthcare websites. [50]

In a 2007 feasibility study on a method for identifying web pages that make unproven claims, the authors wrote:

Our gold standard relied on selected unproven cancer treatments identified by experts at http://www.quackwatch.org ... By using unproven treatments identified by an oversight organization, we capitalized on an existing high quality review. [51]

Site reviews

Writing in the trade-journal The Consultant Pharmacist in 1999, pharmacist Bao-Anh Nguyen-Khoa characterized Quackwatch as "relevant for both consumers and professionals" and containing articles that would be of interest to pharmacists, but that a peer review process would improve the site's legitimacy. Nguyen-Khoa said the presence of so many articles written by Barrett gave an impression of lack of balance but that the site was taking steps to correct this by recruiting expert contributors. He also noted that

Barrett often inserts his strong opinions directly into sections of an article already well supported by the literature. Although entertaining, this direct commentary may be viewed by some as less than professional medical writing and may be better reserved for its own section. [10]

Donna Ladd, a journalist with The Village Voice , in 1999 described Barrett as "a full-time journalist and book author", "never a medical researcher", and one who "depends heavily on negative research ... in which alternative therapies do not work" but "says that most case studies that show positive results of alternative therapies are unreliable". She quoted Barrett as saying that "a lot of things don't need to be tested [because] they simply don't make any sense". [35]

Writing in The Lancet , Mona Okasha wrote that Quackwatch provides an "entertaining read", but described it as only appropriate for limited use as it fails to provide a balanced view of alternative cancer treatments. [52] Jane Cuzzell viewed Quackwatch similarly, arguing that it was entertaining but that the "resource value of this site depends on what the visitor is seeking" and had concerns about the appearance of bias in the selection of the material. [53] However, while Lillian Brazin also found it to be biased, she described Quackwatch as credible, and noted both the credentials of the contributors and the thoroughness of the content. [54]

In a 2002 book, Ned Vankevitch, associate professor of communications at Trinity Western University, [55] places Barrett in a historical tradition of anti-quackery, embracing such figures as Morris Fishbein and Abraham Flexner, which has been part of American medical culture since the early-twentieth century. Although acknowledging that Quackwatch's "exposé of dangerous and fraudulent health products represents an important social and ethical response to deception and exploitation", Vankevitch criticizes Barrett for attempting to limit "medical diversity", employing "denigrating terminology", categorizing all complementary and alternative medicine as a species of medical hucksterism, failing to condemn shortcomings within conventional biomedicine, and for promoting an exclusionary model of medical scientism and health that serves hegemonic interests and does not fully address patient needs. [56]

Waltraud Ernst, professor of the history of medicine at Oxford Brookes University, [57] commenting on Vankevitch's observations in 2002, agrees that attempts to police the "medical cyber-market with a view to preventing fraudulent and potentially harmful practices may well be justified". She commends "Barrett's concern for unsubstantiated promotion and hype," and says that "Barrett's concern for fraudulent and potentially dangerous medical practices is important," but she sees Barrett's use of "an antiquarian term such as 'quack'" as part of a "dichotomising discourse that aims to discredit the "'old-fashioned', 'traditional', 'folksy' and heterodox by contrasting it with the 'modern', 'scientific' and orthodox." Ernst also interprets Barrett's attempt to "reject and label as 'quackery' each and every approach that is not part of science-based medicine" as one which minimizes the patient's role in the healing process and is inimical to medical pluralism. [58]

A 2003 website review by Forbes magazine stated:

Dr. Stephen Barrett, a psychiatrist, seeks to expose unproven medical treatments and possible unsafe practices through his homegrown but well-organized site. Mostly attacking alternative medicines, homeopathy and chiropractors, the tone here can be rather harsh. However, the lists of sources of health advice to avoid, including books, specific doctors and organizations, are great for the uninformed. Barrett received an FDA Commissioner's Special Citation Award for fighting nutrition quackery in 1984. BEST: Frequently updated, but also archives of relevant articles that date back at least four years. WORST: Lists some specific doctors and organizations without explaining the reason for their selection. [26]

A 2004 review paper by Katja Schmidt and Edzard Ernst in the Annals of Oncology identified Quackwatch as an outstanding complementary medicine information source for cancer patients. [59] [60]

The Good Web Guide said in 2006 that Quackwatch "is without doubt an important and useful information resource and injects a healthy dose of scepticism into reviewing popular health information", but "tends to define what is possible or true only in terms of what science has managed to 'prove' to date". [61]

The organization has often been challenged by supporters and practitioners of the various forms of alternative medicine that are criticized on the website. [35] [62]

See also

Related Research Articles

Alternative medicine is any practice that aims to achieve the healing effects of medicine despite lacking biological plausibility, testability, repeatability or evidence of effectiveness. Unlike modern medicine, which employs the scientific method to test plausible therapies by way of responsible and ethical clinical trials, producing repeatable evidence of either effect or of no effect, alternative therapies reside outside of medical science and do not originate from using the scientific method, but instead rely on testimonials, anecdotes, religion, tradition, superstition, belief in supernatural "energies", pseudoscience, errors in reasoning, propaganda, fraud, or other unscientific sources. Frequently used terms for relevant practices are New Age medicine, pseudo-medicine, unorthodox medicine, holistic medicine, fringe medicine, and unconventional medicine, with little distinction from quackery.

Magnetic therapy is a pseudoscientific alternative medicine practice involving the weak static magnetic field produced by a permanent magnet which is placed on the body. It is similar to the alternative medicine practice of electromagnetic therapy, which uses a magnetic field generated by an electrically powered device. Magnet therapy products may include wristbands, jewelry, blankets, and wraps that have magnets incorporated into them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reiki</span> Pseudoscientific healing technique

Reiki is a Japanese form of energy healing, a type of alternative medicine. Reiki practitioners use a technique called palm healing or hands-on healing through which, according to practitioners, a "universal energy" is transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the patient, to encourage emotional or physical healing.

The National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF) was a not-for-profit, US-based organization, that described itself as a "private nonprofit, voluntary health agency that focuses upon health misinformation, fraud, and quackery as public health problems."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quackery</span> Promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices

Quackery, often synonymous with health fraud, is the promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices. A quack is a "fraudulent or ignorant pretender to medical skill" or "a person who pretends, professionally or publicly, to have skill, knowledge, qualification or credentials they do not possess; a charlatan or snake oil salesman". The term quack is a clipped form of the archaic term quacksalver, from Dutch: kwakzalver a "hawker of salve". In the Middle Ages the term quack meant "shouting". The quacksalvers sold their wares at markets by shouting to gain attention.

The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) is a United States government agency which explores complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). It was initially created in 1991 as the Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM), and renamed the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) before receiving its current name in 2014. NCCIH is one of the 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH) within the United States Department of Health and Human Services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ozone therapy</span> Unproven alternative medicine

Ozone therapy is an alternative medical treatment that introduces ozone or ozonides to the body. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prohibits all medical uses of ozone "in any medical condition for which there is no proof of safety and effectiveness", stating "ozone is a toxic gas with no known useful medical application in specific, adjunctive, or preventive therapy. In order for ozone to be effective as a germicide, it must be present in a concentration far greater than that which can be safely tolerated by man and animals."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Craniosacral therapy</span> Pseudoscientific alternative medicine technique

Craniosacral therapy (CST) or cranial osteopathy is a form of alternative medicine that uses gentle touch to feel non-existent rhythmic movements of the skull's bones and supposedly adjust the immovable joints of the skull to achieve a therapeutic result. CST is a pseudoscience and its practice has been characterized as quackery. It is based on fundamental misconceptions about the anatomy and physiology of the human skull and is promoted as a cure-all for a variety of health conditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stephen Barrett</span> American psychiatrist (born 1933)

Stephen Joel Barrett is an American retired psychiatrist, author, co-founder of the National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF), and the webmaster of Quackwatch. He runs a number of websites dealing with quackery and health fraud. He focuses on consumer protection, medical ethics, and scientific skepticism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Max Gerson</span> American physician

Max Gerson was a German-born American physician who developed the Gerson Therapy, a dietary-based alternative cancer treatment that he claimed could cure cancer and most chronic, degenerative diseases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Applied kinesiology</span> Alternative medicine technique

Applied kinesiology (AK) is a pseudoscience-based technique in alternative medicine claimed to be able to diagnose illness or choose treatment by testing muscles for strength and weakness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alternative cancer treatments</span> Alternative or complementary treatments for cancer that have not demonstrated efficacy

Alternative cancer treatment describes any cancer treatment or practice that is not part of the conventional standard of cancer care. These include special diets and exercises, chemicals, herbs, devices, and manual procedures. Most alternative cancer treatments do not have high-quality evidence supporting their use and many have been described as fundamentally pseudoscientific. Concerns have been raised about the safety of some purported treatments and some have been found unsafe in clinical trials. Despite this, many untested and disproven treatments are used around the world.

Energy medicine is a branch of alternative medicine based on a pseudo-scientific belief that healers can channel "healing energy" into a patient and effect positive results. The field is defined by shared beliefs and practices relating to mysticism and esotericism in the wider alternative medicine sphere rather than any sort of unified terminology, leading to terms such as energy healing or vibrational medicine being used as synonymous or alternative names. In most cases there is no empirically measurable energy involved: the term refers instead to so-called subtle energy. Practitioners may classify the practice as hands-on, hands-off, and distant where the patient and healer are in different locations. Many schools of energy healing exist using many names: for example, biofield energy healing, spiritual healing, contact healing, distant healing, therapeutic touch, Reiki or Qigong.

The National Health Federation (NHF) is a lobbying group which promotes natural medicine. The NHF is based in California and describes its mission as protecting individuals' rights to use dietary supplements and alternative therapies without government restriction. The NHF also opposes mainstream public-health measures such as water fluoridation and compulsory childhood vaccines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radionics</span> Form of alternative medicine

Radionics—also called electromagnetic therapy (EMT) and the Abrams Method—is a form of alternative medicine that claims that disease can be diagnosed and treated by applying electromagnetic radiation (EMR), such as radio waves, to the body from an electrically powered device. It is similar to magnet therapy, which also applies EMR to the body but uses a magnet that generates a static electromagnetic field.

The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health (FIH) was a charity run by King Charles III founded in 1993. The foundation promoted complementary and alternative medicine, preferring to use the term "integrated health", and lobbied for its inclusion in the National Health Service. The charity closed in 2010 after allegations of fraud and money laundering led to the arrest of a former official.

Nicholas James Gonzalez was a New York–based physician known for developing the Gonzalez regimen, an alternative cancer treatment. Gonzalez's treatments are based on the belief that pancreatic enzymes are the body's main defense against cancer and can be used as a cancer treatment. His methods have been generally rejected by the medical community. and he has been characterized as a quack and fraud by other doctors and health fraud watchdog groups. In 1994 Gonzalez was reprimanded and placed on two years' probation by the New York state medical board for "departing from accepted practice".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hans Alfred Nieper</span>

Hans Alfred Herbert Eugen Nieper was a controversial German alternative medicine practitioner who devised "Nieper Therapy". He is best known for his claims to be able to treat cancer, multiple sclerosis, and other serious diseases. His therapy has been discredited as ineffective and unsafe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William M. London</span> American professor of public health and consumer advocate

William M. London is an American professor of public health and a consumer advocate. He is the editor of the Quackwatch network's weekly electronic newsletter Consumer Health Digest and has written for both professional and general audiences. Health fraud figures prominently among his writing and research interests.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Barrett, SJ (April 18, 2016). "Who Funds Quackwatch?". Quackwatch. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
  2. ↑ Barret, SJ (December 21, 2016). "Stephen Barrett, M.D., Biographical Sketch". Quackwatch. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Barret, SJ (May 2, 2007). "Quackwatch Mission Statement". Quackwatch. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
  4. ↑ Baldwin, FD (July 19, 2004). "If It Quacks Like a Duck. ..." MedHunters. Archived from the original on February 6, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
  5. 1 2 Barret, SJ. "Quackwatch.org main page". Quackwatch. Retrieved February 12, 2007.
  6. 1 2 Arabella Dymoke (2004). The Good Web Guide. The Good Web Guide Ltd. p. 35. ISBN   978-1-903282-46-5 . Retrieved September 4, 2013. Quackwatch is without doubt an important and useful information resource and injects a healthy dose of scepticism into reviewing popular health information. Its aim is to investigate questionable claims made in some sectors of what is now a multi-million pound healthcare industry.
  7. ↑ Politzer, M (September 14, 2007). "Eastern Medicine Goes West". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 14, 2007.
  8. 1 2 "Awards Received by Quackwatch". Quackwatch. November 7, 2005.
  9. ↑ Jaroff, L (April 22, 2001). "The Man Who Loves To Bust Quacks". Time . Archived from the original on April 6, 2005. Retrieved August 16, 2007.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Nguyen-Khoa, Bao-Anh (July 1999). "Selected Web Site Reviews — Quackwatch.com". The Consultant Pharmacist. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  11. ↑ "Recent Additions to Quackwatch" . Retrieved April 4, 2019.
  12. ↑ "NCAHF's History" . Retrieved October 29, 2007.
  13. ↑ Fidalgo, Paul (February 26, 2020). "Quackwatch Joins the Center for Inquiry". Center for Inquiry. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  14. ↑ Rosen, M. (October 1998). "Biography Magazine Interviews: Stephen Barrett, M.D." Quackwatch. Retrieved January 13, 2017. Original published in Biography Magazine .
  15. ↑ Barrett, SJ (January 28, 2003). "Scientific and technical advisors". Quackwatch. Archived from the original on April 16, 2003. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
  16. ↑ Barrett, SJ (March 20, 2011). "How to Become a Quackwatch Advisor". Quackwatch. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
  17. ↑ "Let's check in with the skeptics! (They're way more fun than the credulous)". Los Angeles Times. February 5, 2010.
  18. ↑ "Quackwatch". FactCheckED.org. Archived from the original on September 21, 2007.
  19. ↑ "Cutting through the haze of health marketing claims". Thomson Gale . Running & FitNews. September–October 2007. Archived from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
  20. ↑ Atwood IV, Kimball C. (2004). "Bacteria, ulcers, and ostracism? H. pylori and the making of a myth". Skeptical Inquirer. 28 (6): 27.
  21. ↑ "NaturowatchSM" . Retrieved April 28, 2017.
  22. ↑ Parascandola, Mark (2008). "Alternative medicine trial suspends recruitment". Research Practitioner. 9 (6): 193.
  23. ↑ Quackwatch en Français
  24. ↑ Quackwatch auf Deutsch (archived)
  25. ↑ Quackwatch em Português
  26. 1 2 "Best of the Web website reviews: Quackwatch". Forbes . Archived from the original on January 14, 2008.
  27. ↑ "Diet Channel Award Review Of Quackwatch" . Retrieved September 18, 2007. Quackwatch is a very informative site which informs you about health fraud and gives you advice on many decisions.
  28. 1 2 "U.S. News & World Report: The Best of The Web Gets Better". US News. November 7, 1999. Archived from the original on May 24, 2006.
  29. ↑ Pray, W. S. (2006). "Ethical, Scientific, and Educational Concerns with Unproven Medications". American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 70 (6): 141. doi:10.5688/aj7006141. PMC   1803699 . PMID   17332867.
  30. ↑ Chonko, Lawrence B. (2004). "If it Walks Like a Duck ...: Concerns about Quackery in Marketing Education". Journal of Marketing Education. 26: 4–16. doi:10.1177/0273475303257763. S2CID   167338734. ERIC   EJ807197.
  31. ↑ Sampson, Wallace; Atwood IV, Kimball (2005). "Propagation of the absurd: Demarcation of the absurd revisited". The Medical Journal of Australia. 183 (11–12): 580–1. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb00040.x. PMID   16336135. S2CID   43272637.
  32. ↑ Cunningham, Eleese; Marcason, Wendy (2001). "Internet hoaxes: How to spot them and how to debunk them". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 101 (4): 460. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00117-1.
  33. 1 2 "Click here: How to find reliable online health information and resources". JAMA. 280 (15): 1380. 1998. doi:10.1001/jama.280.15.1380. PMID   9794323.
  34. ↑ Larkin, Marilynn (1998). "Medical quackery squashers on the web". The Lancet. 351 (9114): 1520. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78918-2. S2CID   54300255.
  35. 1 2 3 Ladd, Donna (June 22, 1999). "Dr. Who? Diagnosing Medical Fraud May Require a Second Opinion". The Village Voice . Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  36. ↑ Sources that mention quackwatch.org as a resource for consumer information:
  37. ↑ "Links". Greater New York Dietetic Association. Archived from the original on April 21, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2019.
     • "Professional Resources — Health Quackery". American Dietetic Association . Diabetes Care and Education. 2007. Retrieved April 21, 2019.
  38. ↑ Robert Luhn, "Best Free Stuff on the Web Archived September 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ," PC World June 30, 2003 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  39. ↑ Leslie Walker. Alternative Medicine Sites. Washington Post , March 26, 1999
  40. ↑ Katherine B. Chauncey (2003). Low-Carb Dieting For Dummies. For Dummies. p. 292. ISBN   978-0-7645-2566-7.
  41. ↑ Kate Lorig; James Fries (2006). The Arthritis Helpbook. Da Capo Press. pp.  335. ISBN   978-0-7382-1070-4.
  42. ↑ Peter Buckley; Duncan Clark (2007). "Thing to do online". The Rough Guide To The Internet (13th ed.). Rough Guides. p. 273. ISBN   978-1-84353-839-4.
  43. ↑ Steven L. Brown (2008). "How Can I Tell If The Evidence Is Any Good?". Navigating the Medical Maze: A Practical Guide (2nd ed.). Brazos Press. pp.  191. ISBN   978-1-58743-207-1.
  44. ↑ "Ten or So Web Sources for People with Chronic Pain". Chronic Pain For Dummies. For Dummies. 2008. p. 327. ISBN   978-0-471-75140-3.
  45. ↑ Vince Averello; Mikal E. Belicove; Nancy Conner; Adrienne Crew; Sherry Kinkoph Gunter; Faithe Wempen (2008). The 2009 Internet Directory: Web 2.0 Edition (1st ed.). Que. pp.  236. ISBN   978-0-7897-3816-5.
  46. ↑ Journalist mentions of Quackwatch criticisms of:
  47. ↑ Cassileth, Barrie R.; Vickers, Andrew (2003). "Chapter 76. Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies". In Kufe, Donald W; Pollock, Raphael E; Weichselbaum, Ralph R; Bast Jr., Robert C; Gansler, Ted S; Holland, James F; Frei III, Emil (eds.). Holland – Frei Cancer Medicine (6 ed.). American Cancer Society. Table 76-4, Reputable Sources of Information about Alternative and Complementary Therapies. ISBN   978-1-55009-213-4.
  48. ↑ A list of articles on many forms of alternative medicine on the American Cancer Society website that use Quackwatch as a source. Oxygen Therapy Archived August 25, 2003, at the Wayback Machine , "Metabolic Therapy". Archived from the original on June 28, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2016. Metabolic Therapy, Kirlian Photography Archived January 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine , Crystals Archived June 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine , Psychic Surgery Archived January 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine , Folic Acid Archived April 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine , Craniosacral Therapy Archived February 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine , Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Archived June 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine , Neuro-Linguistic Programming Archived April 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine , Questionable Practices In Tijuana Archived June 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine , Breathwork Archived December 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine , Moxibustion Archived June 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine , Faith Healing Archived February 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine , Cancer Salves Archived June 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine , Qigong Archived June 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine , Osteopathy Archived August 6, 2003, at the Wayback Machine , Imagery Archived April 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine , Qigong Archived May 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine , Magnetic Therapy Archived June 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine .
  49. ↑ Can you give some examples of charlatans and fraud on the health Internet? Archived September 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Health On the Net Foundation
  50. ↑ How to be a vigilant user. Archived May 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Health On the Net Foundation
  51. ↑ Aphinyanaphongs, Y.; Aliferis, C. (2007). "Text categorization models for identifying unproven cancer treatments on the web" (PDF). Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. 129 (Pt 2): 968–72. PMID   17911859. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
  52. ↑ Okasha, Mona (2000). "Quackery on the web – questionable cancer therapies". The Lancet Oncology. 1 (4): 251. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(00)00162-5.
  53. ↑ Cuzzell, Jane. (2000). "Quackwatch: Your Guide to Health Fraud, Quackery, and Intelligent Decisions", Dermatology Nursing, Apr. 2000, p. 134. Accessed 6 November 2019.
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