Indigo children

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Indigo children, according to a pseudoscientific New Age concept, [1] [2] [3] [4] are children who are believed to possess special, unusual, and sometimes supernatural traits or abilities. [5] The idea is based on concepts developed in the 1970s by Nancy Ann Tappe, [6] who wrote that she had been noticing indigo children beginning in the late 1960s. [7] Her ideas were further developed by Lee Carroll and Jan Tober. The concept of indigo children gained popular interest with the publication of a series of books in the late 1990s and the release of several films in the following decade. A variety of books, conferences, and related materials have been created surrounding belief in the idea of indigo children and their nature and abilities. The interpretations of these beliefs range from their being the next stage in human evolution to the belief that they are more empathetic and creative than their peers.

Contents

No scientific studies give credibility to the existence of indigo children or their traits. Some parents choose to label their children who have been diagnosed with learning disabilities as an indigo child to alternatively diagnose them. Critics view this as a way for parents to avoid considering pediatric treatment or a psychiatric diagnosis. Some lists of traits used to describe indigo children have also been criticized for being vague enough to be applied to most people, a form of the Forer effect.

Origins

The term "indigo children" originated with parapsychologist and self-described synesthete and psychic Nancy Ann Tappe, who developed the concept in the 1970s. [8] In 1982 Tappe published a comb-bound [9] [10] [11] which she expanded and republished in paperback in 1986 as Understanding Your Life Thru Color. [9] [12] [13] In these works Tappe introduced the concept of "life colors", [9] [14] [15] defined in Understanding Your Life Thru Color as "the single color of the aura that remains constant in most people from the cradle to the grave". [16] [17] The concept of "life colors" was popularized nationally by Tappe's student Barbara Bowers, [18] [19] who published What Color Is Your Aura?: Personality Spectrums for Understanding and Growth in 1989, [20] [21] [22] and by Bowers' student Pamala Oslie, [23] [19] who published Life Colors: What the Colors in Your Aura Reveal in 1991. [24] [25]

Tappe stated that during the late 1960s and early 1970s she began noticing that many children were being born with indigo auras (or, in her terminology, with indigo as their "life color"). [10] [8] [26] The idea was later popularized by the 1998 book The Indigo Children: The New Kids Have Arrived, written by husband and wife self-help lecturers Lee Carroll and Jan Tober. [27] [28]

In 2002, the first international conference on indigo children was held in Hawaii, drawing 600 attendees, and there have been subsequent conferences in Florida, Oregon, and elsewhere. [29] Several films have been produced on the subject, including two films by New Age writer James Twyman: a 2003 feature film Indigo and a 2006 documentary The Indigo Evolution. [29]

Sarah W. Whedon suggests in a 2009 article in Nova Religio that the social construction of indigo children is a response to an "apparent crisis of American childhood" in the form of increased youth violence and diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Whedon believes parents label their children as "indigo" to provide an alternative explanation for their children's improper behavior, which is stemming from ADHD. [10]

Attributed characteristics

Descriptions of indigo children include that they:[ citation needed ]

Other attributed traits include: [8] [27]

According to Tober and Carroll, indigo children may function poorly in conventional schools due to their rejection of rigid authority, their being smarter or more spiritually mature than their teachers, and their lack of response to guilt-, fear- or manipulation-based discipline. [29]

According to research psychologist Russell Barkley, the New Age movement has yet to produce empirical evidence of the existence of indigo children, as the traits most commonly attributed to them are closely aligned with the Forer effect—so vague that they could describe nearly anyone. Many critics see the concept of indigo children as made up of extremely general traits, a sham diagnosis that is an alternative to a medical diagnosis, with a complete lack of science or studies to support it. [8] [30]

Indigo as an alternative to diagnosis

Retired professor of philosophy and skeptic Robert Todd Carroll notes that many of the commentators on the indigo phenomenon are of varying qualifications and expertise, and parents may prefer labeling their child an indigo as an alternative to a diagnosis that implies poor parenting, narcissistic parenting, damage, [31] or mental illness. [1] This is a belief echoed by academic psychologists. [30] Some mental health experts are concerned that labeling a disruptive child an "indigo" may delay proper diagnosis and treatment that could help the child or look into the parenting style that may be causing the behavior. [8] [29] [31] Others have stated that many of the traits of indigo children could be more prosaically interpreted as simple unruliness and alertness. [30]

Relationship to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Many children labeled indigo by their parents are diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [30] and Tober and Carroll's book The Indigo Children linked the concept with diagnosis of ADHD. [27] David Cohen points out that labeling a child an indigo is an alternative to a diagnosis that implies mental illness, which may appeal to many parents. [30] Cohen has stated, "The view in medicine is that ADHD is a defect. It's a disorder. If you're a parent, the idea of 'gifted' is much more appealing than the idea of a disorder." [30] Linking the concept of indigo children with the distaste for the use of Ritalin to control ADHD, Robert Todd Carroll states "The hype and near-hysteria surrounding the use of Ritalin has contributed to an atmosphere that makes it possible for a book like Indigo Children to be taken seriously. Given the choice, who wouldn't rather believe their children are special and chosen for some high mission rather than that they have a brain disorder?" [1] Stephen Hinshaw, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, states that concerns regarding the overmedicalization of children are legitimate but even gifted children with ADHD learn better with more structure rather than less, even if the structure initially causes difficulties. Many labeled as indigo children are or have been home schooled. [8] Many children labeled as indigo children have the same identifying criteria as those children who have experienced being raised by a narcissistic parent, and are considered to have been emotionally abused. [31]

A 2011 study suggested parents of children with ADHD who label their children as "indigos" may perceive problematic behaviors emblematic of ADHD to be more positive and experience less frustration and disappointment, though they still experience more negative emotions and conflicts than parents of children without a diagnosis. [32]

Commercialization

The concept of indigo children has been criticized for being less about children and their needs, and more about the profits to be made by self-styled experts in book and video sales as well as lucrative counseling sessions, summer camps, conferences and speaking engagements. [29] [33]

Discussion as a new religious movement

Nancy Ann Tappe originally noted that one type of Indigo child (the "interdimensional child"), despite being seen as a bully, was expected to lead new religious movements. [3]

One pagan author, Lorna Tedder, anecdotally notes that every pagan woman she knew who had or was going to have a child believed their child was an Indigo child. [34]

S. Zohreh Kermani states that "Despite their problems with authority, uncontrollable tempers, and overbearing egos, Indigo Children are many pagan parents' ideal offspring: sensitive, psychic, and strong willed", but also notes the concept is less about the child's psychic abilities than the parent's own hopes and desire for "distinction from the less-evolved masses." [34]

Daniel Kline, in an essay titled "The New Kids: Indigo Children and New Age Discourse", notes that the magical belief that the innocence of children equates to spiritual powers has existed for centuries, and that the indigo child movement is rooted in a religious rejection of science-based medicine. In particular, he wrote that Nancy Ann Tappe derived some of her ideas from Charles Webster Leadbeater (her main innovation being emphasizing the connection between children and the color indigo), and that the New Age adoption of the concept is a reaction against diagnoses of ADHD and autism. Kline also discusses how Carroll and Tober have tried to distance themselves from religious beliefs about indigo children in order to maintain control of the concept (even recanting their previous affirmations about auras), and how skeptics and New Agers alike both make rhetorical appeals to science (despite the latter's rejection of it) to legitimize their ideological beliefs regarding the existence of indigo children. [35]

At the 2014 University of Cambridge Festival of Ideas, anthropologist Beth Singler discussed how the term indigo children functioned as a new religious movement, along with Jediism. [36] [37] Singler's work focuses on the Indigo movement as a part of an overall discussion on "wider moral panics around children, parenting, the diagnosis of conditions such as ADHD and autism and conspiracy theories about Big Pharma and vaccinations." [38] [39] [40]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indigo</span> Color

Indigo is a term used for a number of hues in the region of blue. The word comes from the ancient dye of the same name. The term "indigo" can refer to the color of the dye, various colors of fabric dyed with indigo dye, a spectral color, one of the seven colors of the rainbow as described by Newton, or a region on the color wheel, and can include various shades of blue, ultramarine, and green-blue. Since the web era, the term has also been used for various purple and violet hues identified as "indigo", based on use of the term "indigo" in HTML web page specifications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</span> Neurodevelopmental disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by executive dysfunction occasioning symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and emotional dysregulation that are excessive and pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, and developmentally-inappropriate.

In psychology, temperament broadly refers to consistent individual differences in behavior that are biologically based and are relatively independent of learning, system of values and attitudes.

Developmental disorders comprise a group of psychiatric conditions originating in childhood that involve serious impairment in different areas. There are several ways of using this term. The most narrow concept is used in the category "Specific Disorders of Psychological Development" in the ICD-10. These disorders comprise developmental language disorder, learning disorders, developmental coordination disorders, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In broader definitions, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is included, and the term used is neurodevelopmental disorders. Yet others include antisocial behavior and schizophrenia that begins in childhood and continues through life. However, these two latter conditions are not as stable as the other developmental disorders, and there is not the same evidence of a shared genetic liability.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to autism:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aura (paranormal)</span> Parapsychological and spiritual concept

According to spiritual beliefs, an aura or energy field is a colored emanation said to enclose a human body or any animal or object. In some esoteric positions, the aura is described as a subtle body. Psychics and holistic medicine practitioners often claim to have the ability to see the size, color and type of vibration of an aura.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies</span> Controversies surrounding the topic of ADHDs nature, diagnosis, and treatment

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lee Carroll</span> American channeller, speaker and author

Lee Carroll is an American channeller, speaker, and author. Carroll has authored thirteen books on channellings from an entity he calls "Kryon", and has co-authored three books on what he terms indigo children, a new generation of children he claims represents an evolution in human consciousness.

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Carroll, RT (2009-02-23). "Indigo child". The Skeptic's Dictionary . Retrieved 2009-04-13.
  2. ↑ David V. Barrett (26 May 2011). A Brief Guide to Secret Religions: A Complete Guide to Hermetic, Pagan and Esoteric Beliefs. Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 129–. ISBN   978-1-84901-811-1.
  3. 1 2 Witts, Benjamin (July 2009). "Seeing the Indigo Children". Skeptical Inquirer. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  4. ↑ Tony Monchinski (28 June 2008). Critical Pedagogy and the Everyday Classroom. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 100–. ISBN   978-1-4020-8463-8.
  5. ↑ Stenger, Victor J. (June 1998). "Reality Check: the energy fields of life". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.
  6. ↑ "Who was Nancy Tappe?" Archived 2019-08-24 at the Wayback Machine NancyAnnTappe.com. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  7. ↑ "All About Indigos". NancyAnnTappe.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-23.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Leland, J (2006-01-12). "Are They Here to Save the World?". The New York Times . Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  9. 1 2 3 Thomas Arrigo, Savannah. "Indigo glow". Today's Local News . July 2, 2006.
  10. 1 2 3 Whedon, Sarah W. (February 2009). "The Wisdom of Indigo Children: An Emphatic Restatement of the Value of American Children". Nova Religio. 12 (3): 60–76. doi:10.1525/nr.2009.12.3.60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-02. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
  11. ↑
  12. ↑ Vojtíšek, Zdeněk. "Děti Nového věku". Dingir . No. 4 (2010). p. 146. (Online: .)
  13. ↑ [Tappe], Nancy Ann (1986). Understanding Your Life Thru Color: Metaphysical Concepts in Color and Aura. Starling Publishers. ISBN   0-940399-00-8.
  14. ↑ Mayer, Gerhard; Brutler, Anita."Indigo-Kinder: Wunscherfüllung oder Wahn? Unerwartete Folgen eines Pathologisierungsprozesses". Zeitschrif für Anomalistik . Volume 16 (2016), p. 118. (Link at Academia.edu: .)
  15. ↑ Kline, Daniel. "The New Kids: Indigo Children and New Age Discourse". In: Asprem, Egil; Granholm, Kennet (eds). Contemporary Esotericism. Routledge, 2014. pp. 351–371.
  16. ↑ Elinwood, Ellae. "Understanding Your Life Through Color By Nancy Ann Tappe". Sentient Times. February/March 2004.
  17. ↑ Carroll, Lee; Tober, Jan. The Indigo Children: The New Kids Have Arrived. Hay House, 1999. p. 6.
  18. ↑ Carroll, Lee; Tober, Jan. An Indigo Celebration. Hay House, 2001. p. 117.
  19. 1 2 "Excerpts from 'The Indigo’s Reality' by Barbara Bowers". Indigo Life Center. January 12, 2008.
  20. ↑ "Aura Colors". MetaphysicalZone.com. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
  21. ↑ "What Color is Your Aura?: Personality Spectrums for Understanding and Growth". Publishers Weekly . January 1, 1989.
  22. ↑ Bowers, Barbara. What Color is Your Aura?: Personality Spectrums for Understanding and Growth. Pocket Books, 1989. ISBN   978-0-671-66084-0
  23. ↑ "Pam’s Story". AuraColors.com. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
  24. ↑ Oslie, Pamela. Life Colors: What the Colors in Your Aura Reveal. New World Library, 1991. ISBN   0931432812
  25. ↑ Priyal, V Vaidehi; Ramkumar, N (2014). "Comparative study on individual's performance orientation and their aura life color". International Journal of Yoga: Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology. 2 (2): 35–41. doi: 10.4103/2347-5633.159126 .
  26. ↑ Tappe, NA. "All About Indigos - A Nancy Tappe Website". Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  27. 1 2 3 Tober J & Carroll LA (1999). The Indigo Children: The New Kids Have Arrived. Light Technology Publishing. ISBN   1-56170-608-6.
  28. ↑ Asprem, Egil; Granholm, Kennet (2014). Contemporary Esotericism. Routledge. p. 361. ISBN   9781317543572 . Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 Hyde, J (2006-03-09). "Little Boy Blue". Dallas Observer . Archived from the original on 2014-10-31. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jayson, S (2005-05-31). "Indigo kids: Does the science fly?". USA Today . Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  31. 1 2 3 Namka, Lynne (2005). "Selfishness And Narcissism in Family Relationships". AngriesOut.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2002. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  32. ↑ Lench, H. C.; Levine, L. J.; Whalen, C. K. (2011). "Exasperating or Exceptional? Parents' Interpretations of Their Child's ADHD Behavior". Journal of Attention Disorders. 17 (2): 141–51. doi:10.1177/1087054711427401. PMID   22166469. S2CID   945004.
  33. ↑ Anderson, L (2003-12-01). "Indigo: the color of money". Selectsmart.com. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
  34. 1 2 Kermani, S. Zohreh (2013). Pagan Family Values: Childhood and the Religious Imagination in Contemporary American Paganism. NYU Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN   978-0814769744.
  35. ↑ "The New Kids: Indigo Children and New Age Discourse" by Daniel Kline, in Asprem, Egil; Granholm, Kennet (2014). Contemporary Esotericism. Routledge. pp. 351–372. ISBN   978-1317543565.
  36. ↑ Have Jedi created a new 'religion'?, By Tom de Castella, BBC News Magazine, 24 October 2014
  37. ↑ "Jedi and witches and indigo children! Oh my!". www.festivalofideas.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2015-05-01.
  38. ↑ "Cambridge Faculty of Divinity: Beth Singler". Archived from the original on December 5, 2014.
  39. ↑ Singler, Beth (November 2015). "Big Bad Pharma: The Indigo Child Concept and Biomedical Conspiracy Theorie". Nova Religio. 19 (2): 17–29. doi:10.1525/nr.2015.19.2.17.
  40. ↑ "The Indigo Children New Age Experimentation with Self and Science".

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