Graham Hancock

Last updated

Graham Hancock
Graham-Hancock.jpg
Hancock in 2010
Born
Graham Bruce Hancock

(1950-08-02) 2 August 1950 (age 73) [1]
Edinburgh, Scotland
Alma mater Durham University
OccupationAuthor
Known for The Sign and the Seal
Fingerprints of the Gods
Magicians of the Gods
SpouseSantha Faiia
Website grahamhancock.com

Graham Bruce Hancock (born 2 August 1950) is a British writer who promotes pseudoscientific [2] [3] theories involving ancient civilizations and hypothetical lost lands. [4] Hancock speculates that an advanced ice age civilization was destroyed in a cataclysm, but that its survivors passed on their knowledge to hunter-gatherers, giving rise to the earliest known civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica. [5] [6]

Contents

Born in Edinburgh, Hancock studied sociology at Durham University before working as a journalist, writing for a number of British newspapers and magazines. His first three books dealt with international development, including Lords of Poverty (1989), a well-received critique of corruption in the aid system. Beginning with The Sign and the Seal in 1992, he shifted focus to speculative accounts of human prehistory and ancient civilisations, on which he has written a dozen books, most notably Fingerprints of the Gods and Magicians of the Gods . His ideas have been the subject of several films, as well as the Netflix series Ancient Apocalypse (2022), and Hancock makes regular appearances on the podcast The Joe Rogan Experience to discuss them. He has also written two fantasy novels and in 2013 delivered a controversial TEDx talk promoting the use of the psychoactive drink ayahuasca.

Reviews of Hancock's interpretations of archaeological evidence and historic documents have identified them as a form of pseudoarchaeology [7] [8] or pseudohistory [9] [10] containing confirmation bias supporting preconceived conclusions by ignoring context, cherry picking, or misinterpreting evidence, and withholding critical countervailing data. [11] [12] His writings have neither undergone scholarly peer review nor been published in academic journals. [13]

Early life and education

Graham Bruce Hancock was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He moved to India with his parents at the age of three, where his father worked as a surgeon. Having returned to the UK, he graduated from Durham University with a degree in sociology in 1973. [14] [15]

Career

As a journalist, Hancock worked for many British papers, such as The Times , The Sunday Times , The Independent , and The Guardian . He co-edited New Internationalist magazine from 1976 to 1979, and was the East Africa correspondent of The Economist from 1981 to 1983. [14]

Prior to 1990, Hancock's works dealt mainly with problems of economic and social development. Since 1990, his works have focused mainly on speculative connections he makes between various archaeological, historical, and cross-cultural phenomena.[ citation needed ] He has stated that from about 1987 he was "pretty much permanently stoned ... and I felt that it helped me with my work as a writer, and perhaps at some point it did". [16]

His books include Lords of Poverty, The Sign and the Seal , Fingerprints of the Gods , Keeper of Genesis (released in the US as Message of the Sphinx), The Mars Mystery, Heaven's Mirror (with wife Santha Faiia), Underworld: The Mysterious Origins of Civilization, and Talisman: Sacred Cities, Secret Faith (with co-author Robert Bauval). In 1996, he appeared in The Mysterious Origins of Man . [17] He also wrote and presented the documentaries Underworld: Flooded Kingdoms of the Ice Age (2002) and Quest for the Lost Civilisation (1998). [18] [ better source needed ]

In the 1997 book The Mars Mystery Hancock speculated based on the low-resolution Viking lander images, that the supposed face on the Cydonia region of Mars, along with a purported "five sided pyramid" may have been the work of an advanced civilisation on Mars that was later destroyed by a cataclysm. [19]

In Hancock's book Talisman: Sacred Cities, Secret Faith, [20] co-authored with Robert Bauval, the two put forward what sociologist of religion David V. Barrett called "a version of the old Jewish-Masonic plot so beloved by ultra-right-wing conspiracy theorists." [21] They suggest a connection between the pillars of Solomon's Temple and the Twin Towers, and between the Star of David and The Pentagon. [22] A contemporary review of Talisman by David V. Barrett for The Independent pointed to a lack of originality as well as basic factual errors, concluding that it was "a mish-mash of badly-connected, half-argued theories". [23] In a 2008 piece for The Telegraph referencing Talisman, Damian Thompson described Hancock and Bauval as fantasists. [22]

Hancock's Supernatural: Meetings With the Ancient Teachers of Mankind, was published in the UK in October 2005 and in the US in 2006. In it, Hancock examines paleolithic cave art in the light of David Lewis-Williams' neuropsychological model, exploring its relation to the development of the fully modern human mind. [24]

In 2015, his Magicians of the Gods: The Forgotten Wisdom of Earth's Lost Civilization was published by St. Martin's Press. [25]

His first novel, Entangled: The Eater of Souls, the first in a fantasy series, was published in the UK in April 2010 and in the US in October 2010. The novel makes use of Hancock's prior research interests and as he has noted, "What was there to lose, I asked myself, when my critics already described my factual books as fiction?"[ citation needed ]

Pseudoarchaeology

Hancock does not agree with archaeologists that the earliest known civilizations arose independently. He speculates that there was an advanced civilization, often identified as Atlantis, during the last ice age, that it was destroyed in a natural cataclysm during the Younger Dryas, and that its few survivors travelled the world introducing agriculture, monumental architecture, and astronomy to hunter-gatherers, giving rise to civilizations like ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica. [6] Hancock argues that evidence is found in ancient monuments, which he believes are much older than archaeologists say. [26] He recycles the ideas American congressman Ignatius Donnelly put forward in his book Atlantis: The Antediluvian World (1882), which have been long discredited. [6] Hancock has argued for the presence of indigenous "Caucasoids" and "Negroids" in the Americas prior to 1492, which he claims are depicted in indigenous American art and mythology, and stated in Fingerprints of the Gods that Atlanteans were "white [and] auburn-haired". Archaeologist Flint Dibble says Hancock's claims "reinforce white supremacist ideas, stripping Indigenous people of their rich heritage". [6] Hancock has rejected allegations that he is racist, and has expressed support for native rights. [27]

Hancock's claims and methods are regarded as pseudoarchaeology. In Archaeological Fantasies Garrett G. Fagan points out that pseudoarchaeologists cherry pick evidence and misrepresent known facts. When apparently factual claims in their works are investigated it turns out that "quotes are presented out of context, critical countervailing data is withheld, the state of understanding is misrepresented, or critical archaeological information about context is ignored". [28] Fagan gives two typical examples from Hancock's book Fingerprints of the Gods (1995): [29]

The Maya are portrayed by Hancock as only "semi-civilized" and their achievements as "generally unremarkable" to support the thesis that they inherited their calendar from a much older, far more advanced civilization. [35]

Orion correlation theory

Representation of the central tenet of the Orion Correlation Theory - the outline of the Giza pyramids superimposed over the stars in Orion's Belt. This alleged match has been rejected by astronomers. Orion Correlation 10,500 BC.png
Representation of the central tenet of the Orion Correlation Theory – the outline of the Giza pyramids superimposed over the stars in Orion's Belt. This alleged match has been rejected by astronomers.

One of the many recurring themes in several of Hancock's works has been an exposition on Robert Bauval's Orion correlation theory (OCT). OCT posits that the relative locations of the three largest pyramids of the Giza pyramid complex were chosen by the builders to reflect the three stars of Orion's Belt of the constellation Orion. The pyramids are aligned to the cardinal direction within a fraction of a degree, [36] however they are mismatched with Orion's Belt exceeding five degrees, noted astronomer Tony Fairall. [37]

The Message of the Sphinx (1996)

The Message of the Sphinx: A Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind (Keeper of Genesis in the United Kingdom) is a pseudoarchaeology [38] [39] book written by Hancock and Robert Bauval in 1996 which argues that the creation of the Sphinx and Pyramids occurred as far back as 10,500 BC using astronomical data. Working from the premise that the Giza pyramid complex encodes a message, the book begins with the fringe Sphinx water erosion hypothesis, evidence that the authors believe suggests that deep erosion patterns on the flanks of the Sphinx were caused by thousands of years of heavy rain. The authors go on to suggest, using computer simulations of the sky, that the pyramids, representing the three stars of Orion's Belt, along with associated causeways and alignments, constitute a record in stone of the celestial array at the vernal equinox in 10,500 BC. This moment, they contend, represents Zep Tepi, the "First Time", often referred to in the hieroglyphic record. They state that the initiation rites of the Egyptian pharaohs replicate on Earth the sun's journey through the stars in this remote era, and they suggest that the "Hall of Records" of a lost civilisation may be located by treating the Giza Plateau as a template of these same ancient skies. [40]

Atlantis Reborn (1999)

Hancock and Bauval's Orion correlation theory was the subject of Atlantis Reborn, an episode of the BBC documentary series Horizon broadcast in 1999. The programme was critical of the theory, demonstrating that the constellation Leo could be found amongst famous landmarks in New York, and alleging that Hancock had selectively moved or ignored the locations of temples to support his argument. [4] It concluded that "as long as you have enough points and you don't need to make every point fit, you can find virtually any pattern you want." [41]

Following the broadcast, Hancock and Bauval complained to the Broadcasting Standards Commission, but the commission found that "the programme makers acted in good faith in their examination of the theories". [42] One complaint was upheld: that the programme unfairly omitted one of their arguments in rebuttal of astronomer Edwin Krupp. [43] [44] The following year the BBC broadcast a revised version of the episode, Atlantis Reborn Again, in which Hancock and Bauval provided further rebuttals to Krupp. [4] [44]

Ancient Apocalypse (2022)

Hancock's theories are the basis of Ancient Apocalypse, a 2022 documentary series produced by Netflix, where Hancock's son Sean is "senior manager of unscripted originals". [45] In the series, Hancock argues that an advanced ice age civilization was destroyed in a cataclysm, but that its survivors introduced agriculture, monumental architecture and astronomy to hunter-gatherers around the world. [6] He attempts to show how several ancient monuments are evidence of this, and claims that archaeologists are ignoring or covering-up this alleged evidence. [46] It incorporates ideas from the Comet Research Group (CRG), including the controversial Younger Dryas impact hypothesis. [47]

Archaeologists and other experts have described the theories presented in the series as lacking in evidence and easily disproven. [6] [48] It has been criticised for failing to present alternative hypotheses or contradicting evidence, and for unfounded accusations that "mainstream archaeology" conspires against Hancock's ideas. [46] [49] Archaeologists have linked Hancock's claims to "racist" and "white supremacist" ideologies from the 19th century, which they say are insulting to the ancestors of indigenous peoples who built the monuments. [50] A Maltese archaeologist who appeared in the episode said that her interview had been manipulated. [51] The Society for American Archaeology (SAA) objected to the classification of the series as a documentary and requested that Netflix reclassify it as science fiction. The SAA also stated that the series

repeatedly and vigorously dismisses archaeologists and the practice of archaeology with aggressive rhetoric, willfully seeking to cause harm to our membership and our profession in the public eye; ... the theory it presents has a long-standing association with racist, white supremacist ideologies; does injustice to Indigenous peoples; and emboldens extremists. [52] [53]

Other media appearances

Hancock gave a TEDx lecture titled "The War on Consciousness", in which he described his use of ayahuasca, an Amazonian brew containing a hallucinogenic compound DMT, and argued that adults should be allowed to responsibly use it for self-improvement and spiritual growth. He stated that for 24 years he was "pretty much permanently stoned" on cannabis, and that in 2011, six years after his first use of ayahuasca, it enabled him to stop using cannabis. [16] At the recommendation of TED's Science Board, the lecture was removed from the TEDx YouTube channel and moved to TED's main website where it "can be framed to highlight both [Hancock's] provocative ideas and the factual problems with [his] arguments". [54]

Hancock has appeared on The Joe Rogan Experience podcast several times.

In 2009, Roland Emmerich released his blockbuster disaster movie 2012 , citing Fingerprints of the Gods in the credits as an inspiration for the film, [55] stating: "I always wanted to do a biblical flood movie, but I never felt I had the hook. I first read about the Earth's Crust Displacement Theory in Graham Hancock's Fingerprints of the Gods." [56]

Works

Books

Video

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erich von Däniken</span> Swiss writer (born 1935)

Erich Anton Paul von Däniken is a Swiss author of several books which make claims about extraterrestrial influences on early human culture, including the best-selling Chariots of the Gods?, published in 1968. Von Däniken is one of the main figures responsible for popularizing the "paleo-contact" and ancient astronauts hypotheses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Sphinx of Giza</span> Limestone statue of a reclining sphinx

The Great Sphinx of Giza is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creature with the head of a human and the body of a lion. Facing directly from west to east, it stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza, Egypt. The face of the Sphinx appears to represent the pharaoh Khafre. The original shape of the Sphinx was cut from the bedrock, and has since been restored with layers of limestone blocks. It measures 73 m (240 ft) long from paw to tail, 20 m (66 ft) high from the base to the top of the head and 19 m (62 ft) wide at its rear haunches.

Pseudoarchaeology—also known as alternative archaeology, fringe archaeology, fantastic archaeology, cult archaeology, and spooky archaeology—is the interpretation of the past by people who are not professional archaeologists and who reject or ignore the accepted data gathering and analytical methods of the discipline. These pseudoscientific interpretations involve the use of artifacts, sites or materials to construct scientifically insubstantial theories to strengthen the pseudoarchaeologists' claims. Methods include exaggeration of evidence, dramatic or romanticized conclusions, use of fallacious arguments, and fabrication of evidence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ancient astronauts</span> Pseudoscientific claims of past alien contact

Ancient astronauts refer to a pseudoscientific set of beliefs that hold that intelligent extraterrestrial beings visited Earth and made contact with humans in antiquity and prehistoric times. Proponents suggest that this contact influenced the development of modern cultures, technologies, religions, and human biology. A common position is that deities from most, if not all, religions are extraterrestrial in origin, and that advanced technologies brought to Earth by ancient astronauts were interpreted as evidence of divine status by early humans.

<i>Atlantis: The Antediluvian World</i> 1882 pseudoarchaeological book by Ignatius L. Donnelly

Atlantis: The Antediluvian World is a pseudoarchaeological book published in 1882 by Minnesota populist politician Ignatius L. Donnelly. Donnelly considered Plato's account of Atlantis as largely factual and suggested that all known ancient civilizations were descended from this lost land through a process of hyperdiffusionism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyramidology</span> Various pseudoscientific speculations regarding pyramids

Pyramidology refers to various religious or pseudoscientific speculations regarding pyramids, most often the Giza pyramid complex and the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. Some "pyramidologists" also concern themselves with the monumental structures of pre-Columbian America, and the temples of Southeast Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Bauval</span> Egyptian writer

Robert Bauval is an Egyptian writer and lecturer, perhaps best known for the fringe Orion Correlation Theory regarding the Giza pyramid complex.

<i>Fingerprints of the Gods</i> 1995 book by Graham Hancock

Fingerprints of the Gods: The Evidence of Earth's Lost Civilization is a 1995 pseudoarcheology book by British writer Graham Hancock, which contends that an advanced civilization existed in prehistory, one which served as the common progenitor civilization to all subsequent known ancient historical ones. The author proposes that sometime around the end of the last ice age this civilization ended in cataclysm, but passed on to its inheritors profound knowledge of such things as astronomy, architecture and mathematics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert M. Schoch</span> American geologist

Robert Milton Schoch is an American associate professor of Natural Sciences at the College of General Studies, Boston University. Following initial work as a vertebrate paleontologist, Schoch co-authored and expanded the fringe Sphinx water erosion hypothesis since 1990, and is the author of several pseudohistorical and pseudoscientific books.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hall of Records</span> Mythical library under the Great Sphinx of Giza

The Hall of Records is a purported ancient library that is claimed to exist underground near the Great Sphinx of Giza in Egypt. The concept originated with claims made by Edgar Cayce, an American who claimed to be clairvoyant and was a forerunner of the New Age movement. He said in the 1930s that refugees from Atlantis built the Hall of Records at Giza to preserve their knowledge. Cayce's assertions had many precursors, particularly the pseudohistorical theories about Atlantis that Ignatius Donnelly promulgated in the late 19th century, as well as claims about hidden passages at Giza that date back to medieval times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yonaguni Monument</span> Submerged rock formation off the coast of Japan

The Yonaguni Monument, also known as "Yonaguni (Island) Submarine Ruins", is a submerged rock formation off the coast of Yonaguni, the southernmost of the Ryukyu Islands, in Japan. It lies approximately 100 kilometres east of Taiwan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nazi archaeology</span> Aryan-nationalist pseudoarchaeology of the Nazy Party and Ahnenerbe

Nazi archaeology was a field of pseudoarcheology led and encouraged by various Nazi leaders and Ahnenerbe figures, such as Adolf Hitler and Heinrich Himmler, which directed archaeologists and other scholars to search Germany's archeological past in order to find material evidence supporting an advanced, Aryan ancestry as alleged and espoused by the ultranationalist Nazi Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orion correlation theory</span> Fringe hypothesis in alternative Egyptology

The Orion correlation theory is a fringe theory in Egyptology attempting to explain the arrangement of the Giza pyramid complex.

<i>Ancient Aliens</i> American extraterrestrial visitation television series

Ancient Aliens is an American television series produced by Prometheus Entertainment that explores the pseudoscientific hypothesis of ancient astronauts in a non-critical, documentary format. Episodes also explore related pseudoscientific and pseudohistoric topics, such as: Atlantis and other lost ancient civilizations, extraterrestrial contact and ufology, and popular conspiracy theories. The series, which has aired on History since 2010, has been a target for criticism of History's channel drift, as well as criticism for promoting unorthodox or unproven hypotheses as fact. According to Smithsonian, episodes of the series overwhelm the viewer with "fictions and distortions" by using a Gish gallop.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sphinx water erosion hypothesis</span> Fringe theory on the age of the Great Sphinx of Giza

The Sphinx water erosion hypothesis is a fringe claim, contending that the Great Sphinx of Giza and its enclosing walls eroded primarily due to ancient floods or rainfalls, attributing their creation to Plato's lost civilization of Atlantis over 11,500 years ago.

John Anthony West was an American author and lecturer and a proponent of the Sphinx water erosion hypothesis. His early career was as a copywriter in Manhattan and science fiction writer. He received a Hugo Award Honorable Mention in 1962. After recovering from cancer, West died from pneumonia at the age of 85.

Queen Moo is a mythical Mayan queen written about by Augustus Le Plongeon and his wife, Alice Dixon Le Plongeon. The Plongeons undertook the first excavation of Chichen Itza in 1875, and based their theories about Queen Moo on the murals and inscriptions that they found there. It is generally accepted that Plongeon's theories are not supported by the archaeological evidence.

Rand Flem-Ath is a Canadian librarian and author known for his numerous books about the lost continent of Atlantis and the theory of Earth Crustal Displacement. His views are influenced by Charles Hapgood and in turn influenced Graham Hancock's Fingerprints of the Gods.

<i>Magicians of the Gods</i> Book by Graham Hancock

Magicians of the Gods: The Forgotten Wisdom of Earth's Lost Civilisation is a 2015 book by British pseudoarchaeology writer Graham Hancock, published by Thomas Dunne Books in the United States and by Coronet in the United Kingdom. Macmillan Publishers released an "updated and expanded" paperback edition in 2017.

<i>Ancient Apocalypse</i> 2022 documentary series

Ancient Apocalypse is a 2022 Netflix series, where the British writer Graham Hancock presents his pseudoarchaeological theories about the alleged existence of an advanced civilization active during the last ice age. Academic archeologists describe many of the claims made as easily disproven.

References

  1. ↑ "Netflix series Ancient Apocalypse: All you need to know about presenter Graham Hancock". The Economic Times (English ed.). India Times. 13 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  2. ↑ Fagan 2006, pp. xvi, 27–28.
  3. ↑ Defant 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 "Atlantis Reborn Again {programme synopsis}". Science & Nature: Horizon. BBC. 2000. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  5. ↑ "...the belief of Hancock and other writers in a lost civilisation that passed its wisdom on to ancient Egypt or the Maya repeats the theme of Atlantis: the antediluvian world popularised by Ignatius Donnelly from 1882." Kevin Greene, Tom Moore, Archaeology: An Introduction, page 252 (Routledge, 2010 edition). ISBN   978-0-203-83597-5
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dibble, Flint (18 November 2022). "With Netflix's Ancient Apocalypse, Graham Hancock has declared war on archaeologists". The Conversation .
  7. ↑ Fagan 2006, pp. xvi.
  8. ↑ Costopoulos, André (8 December 2022). "Consider This: Taking a closer look at pseudoarchaeology". University of Alberta. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  9. ↑ Fritze 2009, pp. 214–218.
  10. ↑ Hodge, Hugo (6 December 2022). "Netflix's Ancient Apocalypse series uses 'racist ideologies' to rewrite Indo-Pacific history, experts say". ABC News. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  11. ↑ Fagan 2006, pp. 27–28.
  12. ↑ Fritze 2009, pp. 218.
  13. ↑ Regal 2009.
  14. 1 2 "Biography" . Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  15. ↑ "Durham University gazette, XX". reed.dur.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  16. 1 2 "Graham Hancock - the War on Consciousness BANNED TED TALK". YouTube .
  17. ↑ Thomas, Dave (March 1996). "NBC's Origins Show". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Archived from the original on 3 February 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
  18. ↑ "Quest for the Lost Civilization" – via www.imdb.com.
  19. ↑ "CNN - Review - 'The Mars Mystery' - August 11, 1998". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  20. ↑ London: Michael Joseph, 2004. ISBN   0-7181-4315-9
  21. ↑ Barrett, David V (19 August 2004). "Talisman: Sacred Cities, Secret Faith". The Independent.
  22. 1 2 Thompson, Damian (12 January 2008). "How Da Vinci Code tapped pseudo-fact hunger". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  23. ↑ Barrett, David V (18 August 2004). "Talisman: sacred cities, secret faith, by Graham Hancock & Robert Bauval". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  24. ↑ Wolfsblume, Jack (2011). Paranormal. Glasgow: Waverley Books. p. 150. ISBN   9781849340861.
  25. ↑ "MAGICIANS OF THE GODS". Kirkus Reviews . Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  26. ↑ Kriss, Sam (15 November 2022). "Why Graham Hancock thinks everything we know about human prehistory is wrong". telegraph.co.uk. The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  27. ↑ "The Strange and Dangerous Right-Wing Freakout Over Ancient Apocalypse". The New Republic. ISSN   0028-6583 . Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  28. ↑ Fagan 2006, p. 36.
  29. ↑ Fagan 2006, p. 35–36.
  30. ↑ Hancock 1995, p. 14.
  31. ↑ Denton (1981). The Last Great Ice Sheets. ISBN   978-0471060062.
  32. ↑ Fagan 2006, p. 35.
  33. 1 2 Hancock & Faiia 2001, p. xxii.
  34. ↑ Fagan 2006, p. 35-36.
  35. ↑ Feder 2008, p. 256.
  36. ↑ Dash, Glen (2012). "New Angles on the Great Pyramid" (PDF). Aeragram. 13 (2): 10–19.
  37. ↑ Fagan 2006, p. 252-256.
  38. ↑ Derricourt, Robin M. (2015). Antiquity Imagined: The Remarkable Legacy of Egypt and the Ancient Near East. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 37. ISBN   9780857726995.
  39. ↑ Henty, Liz (2022). Exploring Archaeoastronomy: A History of its Relationship with Archaeology and Esotericism. Oxbow Books. pp. 159–160. ISBN   9781789257885.
  40. ↑ Hancock, Graham; Bauval, Robert (1996). The Message of the Sphinx: A Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN   9780614968170. OCLC   34887732.
  41. ↑ "Atlantis Reborn Again". BBC. 14 December 2000. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  42. ↑ Broadcasting Standards Commission (30 November 2000). "Fairness Complaints" (PDF online reproduction). The Bulletin. 37. London: Broadcasting Standards Commission: 1–3. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  43. ↑ "Broadcasting Standards Commission - Synopsis of adjudication. Horizon: Atlantis Reborn (November 4th 1999)". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  44. 1 2 "Horizon: Atlantis Reborn and the Broadcasting Standards Commission". Science & Nature: Horizon. BBC. 2000. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  45. ↑ Moore, Kasey (17 October 2022). "Ancient Apocalypse: Graham Hancock to Present Netflix Original Docuseries". What's on Netflix. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  46. 1 2 Onion, Rebecca (18 November 2022). "The Ancient Absurdities of Ancient Apocalypse". Slate .
  47. ↑ Ogden, Leslie Evans (1 April 2018). "Hot Theory About Cool Event". Natural History. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  48. ↑ Riel-Salvatore, Julien (22 November 2022). "Netflix, l'archéologie et l'obscurantisme". Le Devoir . Montréal. p. A7. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  49. ↑ "Netflix. "À l'aube de notre histoire" : faut-il croire ce que raconte Graham Hancock ?". Courrier International (in French). 16 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  50. ↑ Hodge, Hugo (7 December 2022) Netflix's Ancient Apocalypse series uses 'racist ideologies' to rewrite Indo-Pacific history, experts say ABC News , Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  51. ↑ Arena, Jessica (20 November 2022). "Maltese archaeologists push back against Netflix show's temple claims". Times of Malta . Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  52. ↑ Sandweiss, Daniel H. (30 November 2022). "Dear Ms. Bajaria and Ms. Corp" (PDF). Society for American Archaeology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  53. ↑ Benzine, Vittoria (2 December 2022). "Archaeologists Ask Netflix to Reclassify Graham Hancock's 'Unfounded' Netflix Docuseries 'Ancient Apocalypse' as Fiction". Artnet News .
  54. ↑ "News TEDx – Open for discussion: Graham Hancock and Rupert Sheldrake from TEDx Whitechapel", TED Blog, 14 March 2013, retrieved 28 December 2016
  55. ↑ "2012 (2009) – Credit List" (PDF). chicagoscifi.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
  56. ↑ Jenkins, David (16 November 2009). "Roland Emmerich's guide to disaster movies". Time Out . Archived from the original on 16 November 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2009.

Works cited

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.