Cupping therapy

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Cupping therapy
Cupping set, London, England Wellcome L0057395.jpg
Cupping and bloodletting set, from London, dating from 1860–1875
Alternative therapy

Dry cupping

Dry cupping involves the application of a heated cup on the skin of the back, chest, abdomen, or buttocks. [1] The cooling of the air is then thought to create a suction effect. Bamboo and other materials are sometimes used as alternatives to glass cups. [1]

Fire cupping

A person receiving fire cupping Fire Cupping.jpg
A person receiving fire cupping

Fire cupping involves soaking a cotton ball in almost pure alcohol. The cotton is clamped by a pair of forceps and lit via match or lighter, and, in one motion, placed into the cup and quickly removed, while the cup is placed on the skin. The fire heats up the air in the cup which, after cooling reduces in volume creating a negative pressure inside the cup. The cup is then quickly placed onto the body and the negative pressure "sucks" the skin up. Massage oil may be applied to create a better seal as well as allow the cups to glide over muscle groups (e.g. trapezius, erectors, latissimus dorsi, etc.) in an act called "gliding cupping" or "sliding cupping". Dark circles may appear where the cups were placed because of capillary rupture just under the skin. There are documented cases of burns caused by fire cupping. [27] [28]

Wet cupping

Wet cupping is also known as Hijama (Arabic : حجامة lit. "sucking") or medicinal bleeding, where blood is drawn by local suction from a small skin incision. [29]

The first reported usages are found in the Islamic hadith, sayings attributed to or describing the actions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. [30] [31] Hadith from Muhammad al-Bukhari, Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Nishapuri and Ahmad ibn Hanbal support its recommendation and use by Muhammad. [32] As a result, wet cupping has remained a popular remedy practiced in many parts of the Muslim world. [33]

In Finland, wet cupping has been done at least since the 15th century, and it is done traditionally in saunas. The cups were made of cattle horns with a valve mechanism in it to create a partial vacuum by sucking the air out. [34] Cupping is still practiced in Finland as part of relaxing and/or health regimens. [35]

The points used in wet and dry cupping are varied and intended to correspond to areas of pain and blockage. Over the years treatment plans have been created but, due to its holistic nature, points used may vary depending on the individual. [36] [37]

Traditional Chinese medicine

Woman receiving fire cupping at a roadside business in Haikou, Hainan, China Fire cupping in Haikou - 02.JPG
Woman receiving fire cupping at a roadside business in Haikou, Hainan, China

In Chinese, cupping is known as "pulling-up jars" (Chinese :拔罐; pinyin :báguàn). According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), cupping is done to dispel stagnation (stagnant blood and lymph), thereby improving qi flow, [38] in order to treat respiratory diseases such as the common cold, pneumonia and bronchitis. Cupping also is used on back, neck, shoulder and other musculoskeletal conditions. Its advocates claim it has other applications as well. [38] Cupping is not advised, in TCM, over skin ulcers or to the abdominal or sacral regions of pregnant women. [39]

Society and culture

Cupping has gained publicity in modern times due to its use by American sport celebrities including National Football League player DeMarcus Ware and Olympians Alexander Naddour, Natalie Coughlin, and Michael Phelps. [40] Medical doctor Brad McKay wrote that Team USA was doing a great disservice to their fans who might "follow their lead", calling cupping an "ancient (but useless) traditional therapy." [41] Steven Novella noted "It is unfortunate that elite athletics, including the Olympics, is such a hot bed for pseudoscience." [42]

There is a description of cupping in George Orwell's essay "How the Poor Die", where he was surprised to find the antiquated practice applied to another patient in a Paris hospital. [43] In the 1964 Hollywood film, Zorba the Greek cupping is depicted with the character Zorba, played by Anthony Quinn, performing it on the character played by Lila Kedrova.[ citation needed ]

Perceived benefits of cupping have often been perpetuated by celebrities and athletes who use these therapeutic interventions in their daily lives. Professional swimmer Michael Phelps received publicity during the 2016 Olympics for the purple bruises evident on his back resulting from cupping. He has been known to "do it before every meet he goes to" in order to "speed up recovery". [44] Celebrity endorsements such as these may bias individuals to feel benefits from the practice.

History

An illustration from the medical textbook Exercitationes practicae, published in 1694, shows a man undergoing cupping on his buttocks. F. Dekkers, Exercitationes practicae, Wellcome L0002320.jpg
An illustration from the medical textbook Exercitationes practicae, published in 1694, shows a man undergoing cupping on his buttocks.

The origin of cupping is unclear. Iranian traditional medicine uses wet-cupping practices, with the belief that cupping with scarification may eliminate scar tissue, and cupping without scarification would cleanse the body through the organs. [45]

In ancient Greece, Hippocrates (c.460 – c.370 BC) used cupping for internal disease and structural problems, and Roman surgeons used it for bloodletting. [46] [47] The method was highly recommended by Islamic Prophet Muhammad [31] and hence well-practiced by Muslim scientists who elaborated and developed the method further. Consequently, this method in its multiple forms spread into medicine throughout Asian and European civilizations. In China, the earliest use of cupping that is recorded is from the Taoist alchemist and herbalist Ge Hong (281–341 AD). [48] Cupping was also mentioned in Maimonides' book on health and was used within the Eastern European Jewish community. [49] William Osler recommended its use for pneumonia and acute myelitis in the early twentieth century. [2]

The practice has been used in hospitals in China since the 1950s as a traditional Chinese medicine modality. [50]

See also

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Cupping therapy
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 拔罐
Simplified Chinese 拔罐
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin bá guàn
Bopomofo ㄅㄚˊㄍㄨㄢˋ
Wade–Giles pa2 kuan4
Wu
Romanization baq8 kuoe5 (bʌʔ12 kuø34)
Hakka
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ Phat-kon
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization baht gun
Jyutping bat6 gun3
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ 摑風kok-hong / 吊杯tiàu-poe
Tâi-lô 摑風kok-hong / 吊杯tiàu-pue