Cupping therapy | |
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Alternative therapy |
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Alternative medicine |
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Cupping therapy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 拔罐 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 拔罐 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vietnamese alphabet | Giác hơi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ChữHán | 覺有 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hangul | 부항 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hanja | 附缸 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cupping therapy is a form of pseudoscience in which a local suction is created on the skin with the application of heated cups. As alternative medicine it is practiced primarily in Asia but also in Eastern Europe,the Middle East,and Latin America. [1] [2] The practice of cupping has been characterized as quackery. [3] [4]
Cupping practitioners attempt to use cupping therapy for a wide array of medical conditions including fevers,chronic low back pain,poor appetite,indigestion,high blood pressure,acne,atopic dermatitis,psoriasis,anemia,stroke rehabilitation,nasal congestion,infertility,and menstrual period cramping. [1] [2]
Despite the numerous ailments for which practitioners claim cupping therapy is useful,there is insufficient evidence demonstrating it has any health benefits,and there are some risks of harm,especially from wet cupping and fire cupping. [1] Bruising and skin discoloration are among the adverse effects of cupping and are sometimes mistaken for child abuse. [2] In rare instances,the presence of these marks on children has led to legal action against parents who had their children receive cupping therapy. [2]
The American Cancer Society notes that "available scientific evidence does not support claims that cupping has any health benefits" and also that the treatment carries a small risk of burns. [5] A review of literature in 2011 determined that "the effectiveness of cupping is currently not well-documented for most conditions",and that systematic reviews showing efficacy for the treatment of pain "were based mostly on poor quality primary studies." [6] This was further supported by a review in 2014 which demonstrated that previous evidence supporting cupping has resulted from "unreasonable design and poor research quality". [7] There is a lack of evidence to support the use of cupping therapy for acne. [8] Additionally,cupping is often practiced along with other acupuncture therapies [2] [9] and therefore cannot exclusively account for resultant positive benefits. Many reviews suggest that there is insufficient scientific evidence to support the use of cupping techniques to combat relevant diseases and chronic pain. [10] Cupping has been characterized as quackery. [4]
The lack of apparent benefits of cupping treatments are discussed by Simon Singh and Edzard Ernst in their 2008 book Trick or Treatment . [11]
As a pseudoscientific detoxification ritual,proponents of cupping falsely claim that it can remove unspecified toxins from the body. [12] [13] Proponents also falsely claim that cupping "improves blood flow" to help sore muscles. [14] James Hamblin notes that a bruise caused by cupping "is a blood clot,though,and clotted blood is definitionally not flowing." [15]
Critics of alternative medicine have spoken out against cupping therapy. Harriet Hall and Mark Crislip have characterized cupping as "pseudoscience nonsense","a celebrity fad",and "gibberish",and observed that there is no evidence that cupping works any better than a placebo. [16] [17] Pharmacologist David Colquhoun writes that cupping is "laughable... and utterly implausible." [18] Practicing surgeon David Gorski observes that "it's all risk for no benefit. It has no place in modern medicine,or at least shouldn't." [19]
In 2016,the Cambodian Ministry of Health warned that cupping could be a health risk and particularly dangerous for people with high blood pressure or heart problems. [20] According to the NCCIH "Cupping can cause side effects such as persistent skin discoloration,scars,burns,and infections,and may worsen eczema or psoriasis". [21]
Cupping causes breaks in the capillaries (small blood vessels) in the papillary dermis layer of the skin,resulting in the appearance of petechiae and purpura. [1] These marks are sometimes mistaken for signs of child abuse when cupping is performed on children. [1]
Cupping therapy adverse events can be divided into local and systemic adverse events. The local adverse events may include scar formation,burns,linear bruising or streaks (wet cupping),skin ulcers,undesired darkening of the skin,panniculitis,erythema ab igne,induction of the Koebner phenomenon in susceptible individuals with psoriasis,and pain at the cupping site. [1] [2] A theoretical risk of infection exists but there are no reports of this as of 2012. [2]
Cupping practitioners use cupping therapy for a wide array of medical conditions including fevers,pain,poor appetite,indigestion,high blood pressure,acne,atopic dermatitis,psoriasis,anemia,stroke rehabilitation,nasal congestion,infertility,and dysmenorrhea. [1]
There is low to moderate evidence that cupping can reduce pain associated with musculoskeletal pain and myofascial pain syndrome, [22] [23] [24] although the benefits may be indistinguishable from those of a placebo. [24]
Proponents claim cupping has a therapeutic effect and removes unspecified "toxins",stagnant blood,or "vital energy" when used over acupuncture points with the goal of improving blood circulation. [1] [2]
Modern suction devices are sometimes used instead of the traditional cups. [2]
While details vary between practitioners,societies,and cultures,the practice consists of drawing tissue into a cup placed on the targeted area by creating a partial vacuum –either by the heating and subsequent cooling of the air in the cup,or via a mechanical pump. [25] The cup is usually left in place for somewhere between five and fifteen minutes.
Cupping therapy types can be classified using four distinct methods of categorization. The first system of categorization relates to "technical types" including:dry,wet,massage,and flash cupping therapy. The second categorization relates to "the power of suction related types" including:light,medium,and strong cupping therapy. The third categorization relates to "the method of suction related types" including:fire,manual suction,and electrical suction cupping therapy. The fourth categorization relates to "materials inside cups" including:herbal products,water,ozone,moxa,needle,and magnetic cupping therapy. [26]
Further categories of cupping were developed later. The fifth relates to area treated including:facial,abdominal,female,male,and orthopedic cupping therapy. The sixth relates to "other cupping types" that include sports and aquatic cupping.[ citation needed ]
Dry cupping involves the application of a heated cup on the skin of the back, chest, abdomen, or buttocks. [1] The cooling of the air is then thought to create a suction effect. Bamboo and other materials are sometimes used as alternatives to glass cups. [1]
Fire cupping involves soaking a cotton ball in almost pure alcohol. The cotton is clamped by a pair of forceps and lit via match or lighter, and, in one motion, placed into the cup and quickly removed, while the cup is placed on the skin. The fire heats up the air in the cup which, after cooling reduces in volume creating a negative pressure inside the cup. The cup is then quickly placed onto the body and the negative pressure "sucks" the skin up. Massage oil may be applied to create a better seal as well as allow the cups to glide over muscle groups (e.g. trapezius, erectors, latissimus dorsi, etc.) in an act called "gliding cupping" or "sliding cupping". Dark circles may appear where the cups were placed because of capillary rupture just under the skin. There are documented cases of burns caused by fire cupping. [27] [28]
Wet cupping is also known as Hijama (Arabic : حجامة lit. "sucking") or medicinal bleeding, where blood is drawn by local suction from a small skin incision. [29]
The first reported usages are found in the Islamic hadith, sayings attributed to or describing the actions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. [30] [31] Hadith from Muhammad al-Bukhari, Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Nishapuri and Ahmad ibn Hanbal support its recommendation and use by Muhammad. [32] As a result, wet cupping has remained a popular remedy practiced in many parts of the Muslim world. [33]
In Finland, wet cupping has been done at least since the 15th century, and it is done traditionally in saunas. The cups were made of cattle horns with a valve mechanism in it to create a partial vacuum by sucking the air out. [34] Cupping is still practiced in Finland as part of relaxing and/or health regimens. [35]
The points used in wet and dry cupping are varied and intended to correspond to areas of pain and blockage. Over the years treatment plans have been created but, due to its holistic nature, points used may vary depending on the individual. [36] [37]
In Chinese, cupping is known as "pulling-up jars" (Chinese :拔罐; pinyin :báguàn). According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), cupping is done to dispel stagnation (stagnant blood and lymph), thereby improving qi flow, [38] in order to treat respiratory diseases such as the common cold, pneumonia and bronchitis. Cupping also is used on back, neck, shoulder and other musculoskeletal conditions. Its advocates claim it has other applications as well. [38] Cupping is not advised, in TCM, over skin ulcers or to the abdominal or sacral regions of pregnant women. [39]
Cupping has gained publicity in modern times due to its use by American sport celebrities including National Football League player DeMarcus Ware and Olympians Alexander Naddour, Natalie Coughlin, and Michael Phelps. [40] Medical doctor Brad McKay wrote that Team USA was doing a great disservice to their fans who might "follow their lead", calling cupping an "ancient (but useless) traditional therapy." [41] Steven Novella noted "It is unfortunate that elite athletics, including the Olympics, is such a hot bed for pseudoscience." [42]
There is a description of cupping in George Orwell's essay "How the Poor Die", where he was surprised to find the antiquated practice applied to another patient in a Paris hospital. [43] In the 1964 Hollywood film, Zorba the Greek cupping is depicted with the character Zorba, played by Anthony Quinn, performing it on the character played by Lila Kedrova.[ citation needed ]
Perceived benefits of cupping have often been perpetuated by celebrities and athletes who use these therapeutic interventions in their daily lives. Professional swimmer Michael Phelps received publicity during the 2016 Olympics for the purple bruises evident on his back resulting from cupping. He has been known to "do it before every meet he goes to" in order to "speed up recovery". [44] Celebrity endorsements such as these may bias individuals to feel benefits from the practice.
The origin of cupping is unclear. Iranian traditional medicine uses wet-cupping practices, with the belief that cupping with scarification may eliminate scar tissue, and cupping without scarification would cleanse the body through the organs. [45]
In ancient Greece, Hippocrates (c. 460 – c. 370 BC) used cupping for internal disease and structural problems, and Roman surgeons used it for bloodletting. [46] [47] The method was highly recommended by Islamic Prophet Muhammad [31] and hence well-practiced by Muslim scientists who elaborated and developed the method further. Consequently, this method in its multiple forms spread into medicine throughout Asian and European civilizations. In China, the earliest use of cupping that is recorded is from the Taoist alchemist and herbalist Ge Hong (281–341 AD). [48] Cupping was also mentioned in Maimonides' book on health and was used within the Eastern European Jewish community. [49] William Osler recommended its use for pneumonia and acute myelitis in the early twentieth century. [2]
The practice has been used in hospitals in China since the 1950s as a traditional Chinese medicine modality. [50]
Acupuncture is a form of alternative medicine and a component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in which thin needles are inserted into the body. Acupuncture is a pseudoscience; the theories and practices of TCM are not based on scientific knowledge, and it has been characterized as quackery.
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an alternative medical practice drawn from traditional medicine in China. A large share of its claims are pseudoscientific, with the majority of treatments having no robust evidence of effectiveness or logical mechanism of action.
Acupressure is an alternative medicine technique often used in conjunction with acupuncture or reflexology. It is based on the concept of life energy (qi), which purportedly flows through "meridians" in the body. In treatment, physical pressure is applied to acupuncture points, or ashi trigger points, with the aim of clearing blockages in these meridians. Pressure may be applied by hand, by elbow, or with various devices. There is no scientific evidence for the existence of acupuncture points, meridians, or qi.
Massage is the rubbing or kneading of the body's soft tissues. Massage techniques are commonly applied with hands, fingers, elbows, knees, forearms, feet, or a device. The purpose of massage is generally for the treatment of body stress or pain. In European countries, a person professionally trained to give massages is traditionally known as a masseur (male) or masseuse (female). In the United States, these individuals are often referred to as "massage therapists". In some provinces of Canada, they are called "registered massage therapists."
Apitherapy is a branch of alternative medicine that uses honey bee products, including honey, pollen, propolis, royal jelly and bee venom. There has been no scientific or clinical evidence for the efficacy or safety of apitherapy treatments. Bee venom can cause minor or major reactions, including allergic responses, anaphylaxis or death.
Moxibustion is a traditional Chinese medicine therapy which consists of burning dried mugwort on particular points on the body. It plays an important role in the traditional medical systems of China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Mongolia. Suppliers usually age the mugwort and grind it up to a fluff; practitioners burn the fluff or process it further into a cigar-shaped stick. They can use it indirectly, with acupuncture needles, or burn it on the patient's skin.
Pain management is an aspect of medicine and health care involving relief of pain in various dimensions, from acute and simple to chronic and challenging. Most physicians and other health professionals provide some pain control in the normal course of their practice, and for the more complex instances of pain, they also call on additional help from a specific medical specialty devoted to pain, which is called pain medicine.
Gua sha, or kerokan, is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practice in which a tool is used to scrape people's skin in order to produce light petechiae. Practitioners believe that gua sha releases unhealthy bodily matter from blood stasis within sore, tired, stiff, or injured muscle areas to stimulate new oxygenated blood flow to the areas, thus promoting metabolic cell repair, regeneration, healing, and recovery.
Auriculotherapy is a form of alternative medicine based on the idea that the ear is a micro system and an external organ, which reflects the entire body, represented on the auricle, the outer portion of the ear. Conditions affecting the physical, mental or emotional health of the patient are assumed to be treatable by stimulation of the surface of the ear exclusively. Similar mappings are used by several modalities, including the practices of reflexology and iridology. These mappings are not based on or supported by any medical or scientific evidence, and are therefore considered to be pseudoscience.
Peripheral neuropathy, often shortened to neuropathy, refers to damage or disease affecting the nerves. Damage to nerves may impair sensation, movement, gland function, and/or organ function depending on which nerve fibers are affected. Neuropathies affecting motor, sensory, or autonomic nerve fibers result in different symptoms. More than one type of fiber may be affected simultaneously. Peripheral neuropathy may be acute or chronic, and may be reversible or permanent.
Low back pain or lumbago is a common disorder involving the muscles, nerves, and bones of the back, in between the lower edge of the ribs and the lower fold of the buttocks. Pain can vary from a dull constant ache to a sudden sharp feeling. Low back pain may be classified by duration as acute, sub-chronic, or chronic. The condition may be further classified by the underlying cause as either mechanical, non-mechanical, or referred pain. The symptoms of low back pain usually improve within a few weeks from the time they start, with 40–90% of people recovered by six weeks.
Temperature play is a form of BDSM sensual play where objects and substances are used to stimulate the body's neuroreceptors for heat and cold for sensual effect.
Traditional Korean medicine refers to the forms of traditional medicine practiced in Korea.
Alternative cancer treatment describes any cancer treatment or practice that is not part of the conventional standard of cancer care. These include special diets and exercises, chemicals, herbs, devices, and manual procedures. Most alternative cancer treatments do not have high-quality evidence supporting their use and many have been described as fundamentally pseudoscientific. Concerns have been raised about the safety of some purported treatments and some have been found unsafe in clinical trials. Despite this, many untested and disproven treatments are used around the world.
Dry needling, also known as trigger point dry needling and intramuscular stimulation, is a treatment technique used by various healthcare practitioners, including physical therapists, physicians, and chiropractors, among others. Acupuncturists usually maintain that dry needling is adapted from acupuncture, but others consider dry needling as a variation of trigger point injections. It involves the use of either solid filiform needles or hollow-core hypodermic needles for therapy of muscle pain, including pain related to myofascial pain syndrome. Dry needling is mainly used to treat myofascial trigger points, but it is also used to target connective tissue, neural ailments, and muscular ailments. The American Physical Therapy Association defines dry needling as a technique used to treat dysfunction of skeletal muscle and connective tissue, minimize pain, and improve or regulate structural or functional damage.
Veterinary acupuncture is a form of traditional Chinese medicine and a pseudoscientific practice of performing acupuncture on animals. The best studies of the effects of animal acupuncture have produced consistently negative results.
Blood stasis (BS) is a concept in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), described as a slowing or pooling of the blood due to a disruption of heart qi. Blood stasis is also described by practitioners of TCM in terms of yin deficiency, qi deficiency and qi stagnation. For non-practitioners of TCM it is sometimes explained in terms of hematological disorders such as hemorrhage, congestion, thrombosis or local ischemia, and in terms of tissue changes. TCM practitioners believe it is an important underlying pathology of many disease processes despite the fact that objective, consistent methods for measuring the presence of blood stasis syndrome are not readily available. Blood stasis is associated with justifications for acupuncture and herbal treatments.
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), cold laser therapy, photobiomodulation (PBM) or red light therapy is a form of medicine that applies low-level (low-power) lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to the surface of the body. Whereas high-power lasers are used in laser medicine to cut or destroy tissue, it is claimed that application of low-power lasers relieves pain or stimulates and enhances cell function. The effects appear to be limited to a specified set of wavelengths and new research has demonstrated effectiveness at myopia control. Several such devices are cleared by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and research shows potential for treating a range of medical problems including rheumatoid arthritis and oral mucositis.
Bian stones are pointed stones that were historically used in traditional Chinese medicine. They are generally considered to be a precursor to acupuncture, utilizing heated pointed stones rather than acupuncture needles in the treatment of back and neck pain. The stones are made from a variety of materials found along the river Si region of Shandong, China.
Psychosensory therapy is a form of therapeutic treatment that uses sensory stimuli to affect psychological and emotional health. In addition, psychosensory therapy is a group of therapeutic techniques that involves applying sensory inputs to treat various behaviors, mood, thoughts, symptoms, and pain. Psychosensory therapy has its roots in traditional Chinese medicine in addition to energy psychology. Some important figures in psychosensory therapy include chiropractor George Goodheart, psychiatrist John Diamond, clinical psychologist Roger Callahan, and Ronald Ruden.
The Cambodian Health Ministry does not advocate cupping, and warns that it could be a health risk. Health Ministry spokesman Ly Sovann told me that the practice is not known to cure any illnesses, and in fact can be dangerous for people with high blood pressure or heart problems. Still, the practice is not banned in the country because it is almost a way of life for Cambodians, he said.
Indeed, the best of remedies you have is hijama , and if there was something excellent to be used as a remedy then it is hijama.
...a cupping session – a recently revived, if archaic procedure, during which a therapist uses a cupping hatchet to make small cuts in your back and places glass cups fitted with bulb syringes over the cuts to draw out 'bad blood' and release 'feel-good' endorphins. Cupping is considered perfectly safe and aficionados say the procedure energizes them, but it's definitely not for germophobes or the squeamish.
As I lay down I saw on a bed nearly opposite me a small, round-shouldered, sandy-haired man sitting half naked while a doctor and a student performed some strange operation on him. First the doctor produced from his black bag a dozen small glasses like wine glasses, then the student burned a match inside each glass to exhaust the air, then the glass was popped on to the man's back or chest and the vacuum drew up a huge yellow blister. Only after some moments did I realize what they were doing to him. It was something called cupping, a treatment which you can read about in old medical text-books but which till then I had vaguely thought of as one of those things they do to horses.