Simon Singh

Last updated

Simon Singh
MBE
Simon Singh at the Merseyside Skeptics Society (cropped).jpg
Singh in 2013 at the Merseyside Skeptics Society
Born
Simon Lehna Singh

(1964-09-19) 19 September 1964 (age 60)
Wellington, Somerset, England
NationalityBritish
Education Wellington School, Somerset
Alma mater
Known for
Spouse
​
(m. 2007)​
Children2
Awards
Scientific career
Institutions CERN
BBC
Thesis Heavy flavour physics at the CERN PP̄ collider  (1991)
Simon Singh's voice
recorded August 2014
Website simonsingh.net
Notes
Tom Singh (brother)

Simon Lehna Singh, MBE (born 19 September 1964) is a British popular science author, theoretical and particle physicist. His written works include Fermat's Last Theorem (in the United States titled Fermat's Enigma: The Epic Quest to Solve the World's Greatest Mathematical Problem), [6] [7] The Code Book [8] (about cryptography and its history), Big Bang [9] (about the Big Bang theory and the origins of the universe), Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial [10] (about complementary and alternative medicine, co-written by Edzard Ernst) and The Simpsons and Their Mathematical Secrets (about mathematical ideas and theorems hidden in episodes of The Simpsons and Futurama ). [11] In 2012 Singh founded the Good Thinking Society, [12] through which he created the website "Parallel" to help students learn mathematics.

Contents

Singh has also produced documentaries and works for television to accompany his books, is a trustee of the National Museum of Science and Industry, a patron of Humanists UK, founder of the Good Thinking Society, and co-founder of the Undergraduate Ambassadors Scheme.

Early life and education

Singh was born in a Sikh family [13] to parents who emigrated from Punjab, India to Britain in 1950. He is the youngest of three brothers, his eldest brother being Tom Singh, the founder of the UK New Look chain of stores. Singh grew up in Wellington, Somerset, attending Wellington School, and went on to Imperial College London, where he studied physics. He was active in the student union, becoming President of the Royal College of Science Union. [14] Later he completed a PhD in particle physics at the University of Cambridge as a postgraduate student of Emmanuel College, Cambridge while working at CERN, Geneva. [15]

Career

In 1983, he was part of the UA2 experiment in CERN. [16] In 1987, Singh taught science at The Doon School, an independent all-boys' boarding school in India. [17] In 1990 Singh returned to England and joined the BBC's Science and Features Department, where he was a producer and director working on programmes such as Tomorrow's World and Horizon . Singh was introduced to Richard Wiseman through their collaboration on Tomorrow's World . At Wiseman's suggestion, Singh directed a segment about politicians lying in different mediums, and getting the public's opinion on whether the person was lying or not.

Simon Singh signing a book for a fan, Brisbane, 23 May 2005 Simon Singh.jpg
Simon Singh signing a book for a fan, Brisbane, 23 May 2005

After attending some of Wiseman's lectures, Singh came up with the idea to create a show together, and Theatre of Science was born. It was a way to deliver science to normal people in an entertaining manner. Richard Wiseman has influenced Singh in such a way that Singh states:

My writing initially was about pure science but a lot of my research now has been inspired by his desire to debunk things such as the paranormal – we both hate psychics, mediums, pseudoscience in general. [18]

Singh directed his BAFTA award-winning documentary about the world's most notorious mathematical problem entitled Fermat's Last Theorem in 1996. The film was memorable for its opening shot of a middle-aged mathematician, Andrew Wiles, holding back tears as he recalled the moment when he finally realised how to resolve the fundamental error in his proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. The documentary was originally transmitted in January 1996 as an edition of the BBC Horizon series. It was also aired in America as part of the NOVA series. The Proof, as it was re-titled, was nominated for an Emmy Award.

The story of this celebrated mathematical problem was also the subject of Singh's first book, Fermat's Last Theorem . In 1997, he began working on his second book, The Code Book, a history of codes and codebreaking. As well as explaining the science of codes and describing the impact of cryptography on history, the book also contends that cryptography is more important today than ever before. The Code Book has resulted in a return to television for him. He presented The Science of Secrecy, a five-part series for Channel 4. The stories in the series range from the cipher that sealed the fate of Mary, Queen of Scots, to the coded Zimmermann Telegram that changed the course of the First World War. Other programmes discuss how two great 19th-century geniuses raced to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs and how modern encryption can guarantee privacy on the Internet.

Singh speaking at TAM London in October 2009 Simon Singh TAM London 2009.jpg
Singh speaking at TAM London in October 2009

On his activities as author he said in an interview to Imperial College London:

When I finished my PhD, I knew I wasn't exceptionally good and would never get the Nobel prize. As a kid, I wanted to be a footballer then a commentator. If I couldn't be a physicist, I'd write about it. [19]

In October 2004, Singh published a book entitled Big Bang, which tells the history of the universe. It is told in his trademark style, by following the remarkable stories of the people who put the pieces together.

Simon Singh speaks to Richard Wiseman on the Edinburgh International Science Festival (2014) Singh and Wiseman - EdSciFest 2014 (1).JPG
Simon Singh speaks to Richard Wiseman on the Edinburgh International Science Festival (2014)

He made headlines in 2005 when he criticised the Katie Melua song "Nine Million Bicycles" for inaccurate lyrics referring to the size of the observable universe. Singh proposed corrected lyrics, though he used the value of 13.7 billion light years; accounting for expansion of the universe, the comoving distance to the edge of the observable universe is 46.5 billion light years. [20] [21] BBC Radio 4's Today programme brought Melua and Singh together in a radio studio where Melua recorded a tongue-in-cheek version of the song that had been written by Singh. [22]

Singh was part of an investigation about homeopathy in 2006. This investigation was made by the organization Sense about Science. [16] [23] In the investigation, a student asked ten homeopaths for an alternative to her preventive malaria medication. All ten homeopaths recommended homeopathy as a substitute. [24] This investigation was reported by the BBC. [25]

Singh is a member of the Advisory Council for the Campaign for Science and Engineering. [26]

Singh has been involved in television and radio programmes, including Five Numbers (BBC Radio 4, 11 March 2002 to 20 September 2005). [27]

Honorary degrees

In 2003 Singh was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (honoris causa) by Loughborough University, and in 2005 was given an honorary degree in mathematics by the University of Southampton.

In 2006, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Design degree by the University of the West of England "in recognition of Simon Singh's outstanding contribution to the public understanding of science, in particular in the promotion of science, engineering and mathematics in schools and in the building of links between universities and schools". [28] This was followed up by his receipt of the Kelvin Medal from the Institute of Physics in 2008, for his achievements in promoting Physics to the general public. [29] In July 2008, he was also awarded a degree of Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) by Royal Holloway, University of London. [30]

In July 2011, he was awarded another degree of Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) by the University of Kent at Canterbury for services to Science. In June 2012, Singh was awarded the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science (honoris causa) for his contribution to science communication, education and academic freedom by The University of St Andrews. [31]

Other awards and honours

In 2003, Singh was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to science, technology and engineering in education and science communication. [32]

In 2010 he became the inaugural recipient of the Lilavati Award. [33]

In February 2011 he was elected as a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. [34]

Singh was awarded the 2022 IMA-LMS Christopher Zeeman Medal in recognition of his "excellence in the communication of mathematics". The award citation mentioned his work in television, his published books, and his work in mathematics education [35] .

Chiropractic lawsuit

Simon Singh at the Royal Courts of Justice8.jpg
Protest before the Royal Courts of Justice on the Strand, central London
Simon Singh at the Royal Courts of Justice11.jpg
Simon Singh approaches The Royal Courts of Justice

On 19 April 2008, The Guardian published Singh's column "Beware the Spinal Trap", [36] [37] an article that was critical of the practice of chiropractic and which resulted in Singh being sued for libel by the British Chiropractic Association (BCA). [38] The article developed the theme of the book that Singh and Edzard Ernst had published, Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial , and made various statements about the lack of usefulness of chiropractic "for such problems as ear infections and infant colic":

You might think that modern chiropractors restrict themselves to treating back problems, but in fact they still possess some quite wacky ideas. The fundamentalists argue that they can cure anything. And even the more moderate chiropractors have ideas above their station. The British Chiropractic Association claims that their members can help treat children with colic, sleeping and feeding problems, frequent ear infections, asthma and prolonged crying, even though there is not a jot of evidence. This organisation is the respectable face of the chiropractic profession and yet it happily promotes bogus treatments. [36]

When the case was brought against him, The Guardian supported him and funded his legal advice, as well as offering to pay the BCA's legal costs in an out-of-court settlement if Singh chose to settle. [39] A "furious backlash" [40] to the lawsuit resulted in the filing of formal complaints of false advertising against more than 500 individual chiropractors within one 24-hour period, with one national chiropractic organisation ordering its members to take down their websites, [41] [42] and Nature Medicine noting that the case had gathered wide support for Singh, as well as prompting calls for the reform of English libel laws. [43] On 1 April 2010, Simon Singh won his court appeal for the right to rely on the defence of fair comment. [44] On 15 April 2010, the BCA officially withdrew its lawsuit, ending the case. [45]

To defend himself for the libel suit, Singh's out-of-pocket legal costs were tens of thousands of pounds. The trial acted as a catalyst. The outrage over the initial ruling[ clarification needed ] brought together several groups to support Singh [46] and acted as a focus for libel reform campaigners, resulting in all major parties in the 2010 general election making manifesto commitments to libel reform. [1]

On 25 April 2013 the Defamation Act 2013 received Royal Assent and became law. The purpose of the reformed law of defamation is to 'ensure that a fair balance is struck between the right to freedom of expression and the protection of reputation'. Under the new law, claimants must show that they suffer serious harm before the court will accept the case. Additional protection for website operators, defence of 'responsible publication on matters of public interest' and new statutory defences of truth and honest opinion are also part of the key areas of the new law. [47]

Publications

Personal life

Singh married journalist and broadcaster Anita Anand in 2007. The couple have two sons and live in Richmond, London. [48] [49]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrew Wiles</span> British mathematician who proved Fermats Last Theorem

Sir Andrew John Wiles is an English mathematician and a Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Oxford, specialising in number theory. He is best known for proving Fermat's Last Theorem, for which he was awarded the 2016 Abel Prize and the 2017 Copley Medal and for which he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2000. In 2018, Wiles was appointed the first Regius Professor of Mathematics at Oxford. Wiles is also a 1997 MacArthur Fellow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chiropractic</span> Form of pseudoscientific alternative medicine

Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially of the spine. It is based on several pseudoscientific ideas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gerhard Frey</span> German mathematician (born 1944)

Gerhard Frey is a German mathematician, known for his work in number theory. Following an original idea of Hellegouarch, he developed the notion of Frey–Hellegouarch curves, a construction of an elliptic curve from a purported solution to the Fermat equation, that is central to Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Wiseman</span> British psychologist (born 1966)

Richard J. Wiseman is a professor of the public understanding of psychology at the University of Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. He has written several psychology books. He has given keynote addresses to The Royal Society, The Swiss Economic Forum, Google and Amazon. He is a fellow for the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry and a patron of Humanists UK. Wiseman is also the creator of the YouTube channels Quirkology and In59Seconds.

Volney G. Mathison, also known by the pseudonym Dex Volney, was an American chiropractor, writer, and inventor of the first E-meter used by the Church of Scientology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edzard Ernst</span> German academic physician and researcher (born 1948)

Edzard Ernst is a retired British-German academic physician and researcher specializing in the study of complementary and alternative medicine. He was Professor of Complementary Medicine at the University of Exeter, the world's first such academic position in complementary and alternative medicine.

<i>The Last Theorem</i> 2008 novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Frederik Pohl

The Last Theorem is a 2008 science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Frederik Pohl. It was first published in the United Kingdom by HarperVoyager in July 2008, and in the United States by Del Rey Books in August 2008. The book is about a young Sri Lankan mathematician who finds a short proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, while an alien invasion of Earth is in progress.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of chiropractic</span>

The history of chiropractic began in 1895 when Daniel David Palmer of Iowa performed the first chiropractic adjustment on a partially deaf janitor, Harvey Lillard. While Lillard was working without his shirt on in Palmer's office, Lillard bent over to empty the trash can. Palmer noticed that Lillard had a vertebra out of position. He asked Lillard what happened, and Lillard replied, "I moved the wrong way, and I heard a 'pop' in my back, and that's when I lost my hearing." Palmer, who was also involved in many other natural healing philosophies, had Lillard lie face down on the floor and proceeded with the adjustment. The next day, Lillard told Palmer, "I can hear that rackets on the streets." This experience led Palmer to open a school of chiropractic two years later. Rev. Samuel H. Weed coined the word "chiropractic" by combining the Greek words cheiro (hand) and praktikos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Wolfskehl</span> German physician and mathematician

Paul Friedrich Wolfskehl, was a physician with an interest in mathematics. He bequeathed 100,000 marks to the first person to prove Fermat's Last Theorem.

The problem in number theory known as "Fermat's Last Theorem" has repeatedly received attention in fiction and popular culture. It was proved by Andrew Wiles in 1994.

Throughout its history, chiropractic has been the subject of internal and external controversy and criticism. According to magnetic healer Daniel D. Palmer, the founder of chiropractic, "vertebral subluxation" was the sole cause of all diseases and manipulation was the cure for all disease. Internal divisions between "straights," who adhere strictly to Palmer’s original philosophy, and "mixers," who incorporate broader medical practices, have further complicated the profession’s identity. A 2003 profession-wide survey found "most chiropractors still hold views of Innate Intelligence and of the cause and cure of disease consistent with those of the Palmers". A critical evaluation stated "Chiropractic is rooted in mystical concepts. This led to an internal conflict within the chiropractic profession, which continues today." Chiropractors, including D.D. Palmer, were jailed for practicing medicine without a license. D.D. Palmer considered establishing chiropractic as a religion to resolve this problem. For most of its existence, chiropractic has battled with mainstream medicine, sustained by antiscientific and pseudoscientific ideas such as vertebral subluxation.

The Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics is a medical journal of chiropractic, the alternative medicine practice based in pseudoscientific ideas. It is published by Mosby on behalf of the American Chiropractic Association, of which it is an official journal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fermat's Last Theorem</span> 17th-century conjecture proved by Andrew Wiles in 1994

In number theory, Fermat's Last Theorem states that no three positive integers a, b, and c satisfy the equation an + bn = cn for any integer value of n greater than 2. The cases n = 1 and n = 2 have been known since antiquity to have infinitely many solutions.

<i>Trick or Treatment?</i> 2008 book by Singh and Ernst

Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial is a 2008 book by Simon Singh and Edzard Ernst. The book evaluates the scientific evidence for alternative medicines such as acupuncture, homeopathy, herbal medicine, and chiropractic, and briefly covers 36 other treatments. It finds that the scientific evidence for these alternative treatments is generally lacking. The authors concluded that homeopathy is merely a placebo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Chiropractic Association</span>

The British Chiropractic Association (BCA) was founded in 1925 and represents over 50% of UK chiropractors. It is the largest and longest established association for chiropractors in the United Kingdom. The BCA have implemented campaigns regarding awareness of many modern technologies and the injuries that can result from them, such as RSI from smartphone and laptop use.

<i>Fermats Last Theorem</i> (book) Non-fiction book by Simon Singh

Fermat's Last Theorem is a popular science book (1997) by Simon Singh. It tells the story of the search for a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, first conjectured by Pierre de Fermat in 1637, and explores how many mathematicians such as Évariste Galois had tried and failed to provide a proof for the theorem. Despite the efforts of many mathematicians, the proof would remain incomplete until 1995, with the publication of Andrew Wiles' proof of the Theorem. The book is the first mathematics book to become a Number One seller in the United Kingdom, whilst Singh's documentary The Proof, on which the book was based, won a BAFTA in 1997.

British Chiropractic Association (BCA) v Singh was an influential libel action in England and Wales, widely credited as a catalytic event in the libel reform campaign which saw all parties at the 2010 general election making manifesto commitments to libel reform, and passage of the Defamation Act 2013 by the British Parliament in April 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian Chiropractors Association</span>

The Australian Chiropractors Association (ACA), founded in 1990 as the Chiropractors' Association of Australia (CAA), is the largest association of chiropractors and chiropractic students in Australia.

Various organizations of practicing chiropractors have outlined formal codes of professional ethics. Actual practice has revealed a wide range of behaviors which may or may not conform to these standards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Good Thinking Society</span> Organization

The Good Thinking Society is a nonprofit organisation promoting scientific scepticism established by Simon Singh in September 2012.

References

  1. 1 2 Singh, Simon (2011). "How English libel law has a global chill on free speech". Cortex. 47 (6): 643–644. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.03.007. PMID   21458790. S2CID   20001290. Closed Access logo transparent.svg
  2. ↑ "Simon Singh: "The Simpsons and Their Mathematical Secrets" – Talks at Google". 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  3. ↑ "Book awards: Science Writing Award". Library Thing. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  4. ↑ "Simon Singh wins Maiden Leelavati Award" (PDF). Math Union. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  5. ↑ "Author Simon Singh Will Receive First-Ever Lilavati Award at ICM 2010". Mathematical Association of America. 9 August 2010. Archived from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  6. ↑ Singh, Simon (1997). Fermat's Last Theorem. Fourth Estate. ISBN   1857026691.
  7. ↑ Singh, Simon (1998). Fermat's Enigma: The Epic Quest to Solve the World's Greatest Mathematical Problem. Anchor. ISBN   0385493622.
  8. ↑ Singh, Simon (2000). The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography. Anchor. ISBN   0385495323.
  9. ↑ Singh, Simon (2005). Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe. Fourth Estate. ISBN   0007162200.
  10. ↑ Singh, Simon; Ernst, Edzard (2008). Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial. Transworld. ISBN   978-0593061299.
  11. ↑ Singh, Simon (2013). The Simpsons and Their Mathematical Secrets. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   978-1620402771.
  12. ↑ Simon Singh (2 September 2012). "About". GTS website. Good Thinking Society. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  13. ↑ "a life in architecture: simon singh". Architects' Journal . 8 June 2000. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  14. ↑ "The Simon Singh Interview". Imperial College London. October 1999. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
  15. ↑ Singh, Simon Lehna (1991). Heavy flavour physics at the CERN PP̄ collider. lib.cam.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. OCLC   59965980. EThOS   uk.bl.ethos.385498.
  16. 1 2 "Meet Simon Singh". 20 July 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  17. ↑ "There's math in Simpsons, Simon says". Hindustan Times. 12 January 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014.
  18. ↑ Jacques, Adam (29 September 2014). "Richard Wiseman and Simon Singh: How we met". The Independent . Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  19. ↑ The Simon Singh interview Imperial College, 1999
  20. ↑ Singh, Simon (30 September 2005). "Katie Melua's bad science". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  21. ↑ Lineweaver, Charles; Davis, Tamara M. (2005). "Misconceptions about the Big Bang". Scientific American . Retrieved 6 November 2008.
  22. ↑ "Listen Again". Today Programme. BBC Radio 4. 15 October 2005. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
  23. ↑ "Malaria and homeopathy" . Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  24. ↑ Fraser Cain (24 October 2006). "Dodgy Homeopathy" (Podcast). Skeptic. Event occurs at 8:50. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  25. ↑ "Malaria advice 'risks lives'". BBC News. 13 July 2006. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  26. ↑ "Advisory Council of the Campaign for Science and Engineering". Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
  27. ↑ Singh, Simon. "Simon Singh's Numbers". BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  28. ↑ "UWE awards honorary degree to Dr Simon Singh MBE". News 2006. University of the West of England. 28 November 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  29. ↑ "The Kelvin Medal and Prize: 2008 Medallist". Subject Awards. Institute of Physics . Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  30. ↑ "2008 Honorary Graduates and Fellows become part of a prestigious network". Media & Events. Royal Holloway, University of London . Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  31. ↑ Tobin, Alyson (22 June 2012). "Laureation Address – Dr Simon Singh". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
  32. ↑ "No. 56963". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 June 2003. p. 22.
  33. ↑ "Simon Singh wins maiden Leelavati Award" (PDF). ICM 2010 webpage. 27 September 2010.
  34. ↑ "CSI announces new Fellows". 7 February 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  35. ↑ Kidwell, Eugene (20 July 2022). "Simon Singh is awarded 2022 Christopher Zeeman Medal". IMA. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  36. 1 2 Singh, Simon (19 April 2008). "Beware the spinal trap". The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on 13 November 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2009. Alt URL Archived 22 July 2012 at archive.today reinstated on 15 April 2010
  37. ↑ Comment is Free, The Guardian
  38. ↑ Eden, R (16 August 2008). "Doctors take Simon Singh to court". The Daily Telegraph . London. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  39. ↑ Boseley, Sarah (14 May 2009). "Science writer accused of libel may take fight to European court". The Guardian . London. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  40. ↑ Martin Robbins. Furious backlash from Simon Singh libel case puts chiropractors on ropes. "One in four chiropractors in Britain are under investigation as a result of campaign by Singh supporters." The Guardian , 1 March 2010
  41. ↑ Lucas Laursen. "The Great Beyond: Chiropractic group advises members to 'withdraw from the battleground'". Nature.com. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
  42. ↑ "The Skeptic Zone episode 273". 13 January 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  43. ↑ Willyard, C. (2009). "Lawsuit sparks calls for libel law reform". Nature Medicine. 15 (723): 723. doi: 10.1038/nm0709-723b .
  44. ↑ "Simon Singh wins libel court battle". The Guardian. London. 1 April 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  45. ↑ "British Chiropractic Association v Singh — BCA admits defeat". Ely Place. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  46. ↑ Grossman, Wendy (8 October 2021). "Minding the Gaps: Simon Singh". Skeptical Inquirer. Center for Inquiry. Archived from the original on 12 October 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  47. ↑ British Parliament (25 April 2013). "Defamation Act 2013".
  48. ↑ Levin, Angela (7 August 2012). "My perfect weekend: Anita Anand, radio and TV presenter". The Daily Telegraph . London. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
  49. ↑ "New Richmond Society Patron: Anita Anand" (PDF). Twickenham and Richmond Tribune. No. 248. 7 August 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.