Dance therapy

Last updated

Dance/movement therapy
MeSH D003614

Dance/movement therapy (DMT) in USA [1] and Australia [2] or dance movement psychotherapy (DMP) in the UK [3] is the psychotherapeutic use of movement and dance to support intellectual, emotional, and motor functions of the body. [4] As a modality of the creative arts therapies, DMT looks at the correlation between movement and emotion. [5]

Contents

Efficacy

Dance/movement therapy, alone and in conjunction with other forms of therapy, has been shown to be an effective form of treatment for anxiety and anxiety related disorders across age ranges and across a wide population of individuals. [6] [7] [8] [9] Certain studies show that dance movement therapy has been an effective form of anxiety treatment for those with and without intellectual disabilities [10] and musculoskeletal disorders. [11] It has also been shown to be effective at reducing aggression in young children. [12]

There are insufficient high quality trials to assess the effect of DMT on behavioral, social, cognitive and emotional symptoms in people with dementia. [13]

Principles

The theory of DMT is based mainly upon the belief that body and mind interact. Both conscious and unconscious movement of the person, based on the dualist mind body premise, affects total control, and also reflects the individual's personality. Therefore, the therapist-client relationship is partly based on non-verbal cues such as body language. Movement is believed to have a symbolic function and as such can aid in understanding the self. Movement improvisation allows the client to experiment with new ways of being and DMT provides a manner or channel in which the client can consciously understand early relationships with negative experiences through non-verbal mediation by the therapist. [14]

By integrating the body, mind, and spirit, DMT aims to foster a sense of wholeness among participants. The body refers to the "discharging of energy through muscular-skeletal responses to stimuli received by the brain." The mind refers to "mental activities...such as memory, imagery, perception, attention, evaluation, reasoning and decision making." The spirit refers to the "subjectively experienced feeling of engaging in or empathically observing dancing." [15]

Dance movement therapy works to improve the social skills, as well as relational dynamics among the clients that choose to participate in it to better improve their quality of life. This therapy seeks to deepen clients' self-awareness through a meditative process that involves movement, motion, and realization through exploration of one's body.

Methodology

DMT/P methodology is fairly heterogenous and practitioners draw on a variety of psychotherapeutic and kinetic principles. Most training in Dance Movement Therapy will have an established theoretical base which they work from – for example Psychodynamic theory, Humanistic psychology, Integrative therapy, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Existential therapy etc. Depending on the approach or combinations of approaches practitioners work from very different processes and aims will be worked towards.

Additionally to the psychotherapeutic basis of their work, different approaches to movement and dance may be employed.

Some dance therapists use codified dance styles, like ballet, folk dance, and contemporary dance. Majority of dance therapists work within a kinetic framework of creative and expressive movement practices, incorporating structured improvisation.

Commonly requirements of most DMT/P graduate programmes are Movement Analysis and Profiling, human development and Developmental psychology. [16]

Additionally since a variety of populations may be encountered in DMT/P, methods are adapted to meet the needs of the circumstances and clients and this further reduces standardisation.

Bonnie Meekums, a second wave dance therapist, described four stages of the therapy process, based on her experience in the field:

Preparation: the warm-up stage, a safe space is established without obstacles nor distractions, a supportive relationship with a witness is formed, comfort for participants to be familiar with moving with their eyes closed.
Incubation: leader verbally prompts participant to go into subconscious, open-ended imagery used to create an internal environment that is catered to the participant, relaxed atmosphere, symbolic movements.
Illumination: process which is integrated through conscious awareness via dialogue with witness, self-reflection in which the participant uncovers and resolves subconscious motivations, increased self awareness, can have positive and negative effects.
Evaluation: discuss insights and significance of the process, prepare to end therapy [17]

The use of props

Dance movement therapists frequently use props during sessions to support grounding skills and to increase clients' awareness of their bodies and personal boundaries. These props might include blankets, sensory balls, weighted blankets, colorful scarves, coloring pencils, and resistance bands. Clients also often can select the type of music they prefer for the session.

Proposed mechanisms

Various hypothesis have been proposed for mechanisms by which dance therapy may benefit participants. There is a social component to dance therapy, which can be valuable for psychological functioning through human interaction. Another possible mechanism is the music that is used during the session, which may be able to reduce pain, decrease anxiety, and increase relaxation. Since dance requires learning and involves becoming active and discovering capacities for movement, there is also the physical training that could provide benefits as well. Dancing may be considered more uplifting and enjoyable than other types of exercise. Dance therapy can also involve nonverbal communication, "which enables participants to express their feelings without words. This might be helpful when normal communication is absent or has broken down (eg, for patients with dementia)." [18]

Locations

DMT is practiced in a large variety of locations. Such locations include: [19]

Organizations

Organizations such as the American Dance Therapy Association were created in order to uphold high standards in the field of DMT. Such organizations help connect individuals to therapists and DMT. [20]

American Dance Therapy Association

American Dance Therapy Association (ADTA) was founded in 1966 in order to uphold high standards throughout dance therapy. The ADTA was created by Marian Chace, the first president of the ADTA, Elissa Queyquep White, Claire Schmais, and other pioneers in dance movement. [21] [22] Along with setting standards for which therapists must attain to become licensed therapists, ADTA keeps an updated registry of all movement/dance therapists who have met ADTA's standards. In addition, ADTA also publishes the American Journal of Dance Therapy and sponsors annual professional conferences. [20] According to the ADTA, movement is considered to be a language which allows our body. mind, and spirit to communicate. [23] There are recorded webinars that you can watch at any point in time that can educate and give you more knowledge about the dance therapy field. [24] Along with this, there are also live webinars that you can purchase which allow you to receive a deeper education about how you can use dance therapy in your daily life. [24]

Association for Dance Movement Psychotherapy, United Kingdom

The Association for Dance Movement Psychotherapy, United Kingdom (ADMP UK) was one of the first organizations established to regulate the field of dance therapy. ADMP UK accredits therapists and oversees that all regulations are followed. [25] The association actively promotes dance in the UK and other countries, and collaborates with other art therapy organizations. [26] The ADMP UK is providing dance therapy to the community which can be done individually or in group sessions. [27] They use Dance Movement Psychotherapy (DMP), which explains how body movement is a key instrument of expression and communication, throughout these sessions. [28] DMP can support trust within the relationships in your life, the potential for you to physically and spiritually grow within yourself, and the discovery of who you truly are. [28]

European Association Dance Movement Therapy

The European Association of Dance Movement Therapy is an umbrella association which represents national professional bodies for Dance Movement Therapy in Europe. It represents members in Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Spain and the UK; with partial members in Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Switzerland, Ukraine and associate members in Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Israel, Portugal, Romania and Sweden. Their mission statement is to work extremely hard to continue the development of dance therapy and the legal recognition of this practice. [29] This association aims to exchange ideas and collaborate with other countries about dance therapy. [29]

NVDAT (Nederlandse Vereniging voor Danstherapie-Dutch Dance Movement Therapy Association) The Nederlandse Vereniging voor Danstherapie supports the interests of dance movement therapists based in The Netherlands.

Korean Dance Therapy Association

The Korean Dance Therapy Association was established in 1993 by Dr. Ryu Boon Soon as the first dance therapy association in South Korea. It was modeled after the structure of the ADTA [30] and provides education, credentialing, and professional development opportunities to dance therapists in Korea. [31]

Allied professions

Allied professions are areas that a person could do, special studies, short courses, or eventually become trained in the area of DMT. [32]

Therapist qualifications

American Association of Dance Therapy

ADTA is the main regulator of the required education and training in order to become a dance/movement therapist in the USA. [20] A master's degree is required to become a dance/movement therapist. "Registered Dance/Movement Therapist" (R-DMT) is the title given to entry-level dance/movement therapists who have completed requisite education and a minimum 700-hour supervised clinical internship. Those who have completed over 2400 hours of supervised professional clinical work may apply for the advanced credential "Board Certified Dance/Movement Therapist (BC-DMT). [33]

Association for Dance Movement Psychotherapy, United Kingdom

ADMP UK is the main regulator of the required education and training in order to become a dance/movement therapist in the UK. The ADMP is also a member of the European Association Dance Movement Therapy (EADMT). To become a licensed dance/movement therapist, a Master’s Degree in Dance Movement Psychotherapy (DMP) is required. There are three DMP training programs in the UK – at the Goldsmiths University of London, University of Roehampton in London, and University of Derby. [34]

European Association of Dance Movement Therapy

EADMT is the main regulator of the required education and training in order to become a dance/movement therapist in the EU.  DMT training is taught in private and university settings across the EU in countries that include Austria, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Introductory course training in DMT ranges from 10–120 hours. These hours vary based on country. Full university accreditation courses at the bachelor’s and postgraduate levels range from 2–4 years. [35]

The EADMT training standard criteria were adopted by the EADMT General Assembly in Barcelona, Spain in 2017. These criteria help DMT programs meet best practice and achieve high quality DMT practitioners across Europe. [36]

Education

Typically becoming a dance therapist requires a graduate degree of at least a Master's level. There is no specific undergraduate degree, however many practitioners hold undergraduate degrees fields in, or related to, psychology or dance. [37]

All master's degrees in the UK and the USA require clinical placements, personal therapy and supervision, as well as experiential and theoretical learning, and typically require between 2 and 3 years to complete. Upon completion of a Masters graduates are eligible to register as Dance Movement Therapists/Psychotherapists with their professional associations. In the UK graduates may also register with the UK Council of Psychotherapists(UKCP).

It is also possible to register as a Dance Movement Therapist/Psychotherapist without a DMT/DMP Masters. This usually requires equilvilant psychotherapeutic training and substantial experience of applying dance into therapeutic settings.

History

The American Dance Therapy Association was founded in 1966 as an organization to support the emerging profession of dance/movement therapy and is the only U.S. organization dedicated to the profession of dance/movement therapy. [21]

Dance has been used therapeutically for thousands of years. It has been used as a healing ritual in the influence of fertility, birth, sickness, and death since early human history. Over the period from 1840 to 1930, a new philosophy of dance developed in Europe and the United States, defined by the idea that movement could have an effect on the mover vis-a-vis that dance was not simply an expressive art. [38] There is a general opinion that Dance/movement as active imagination was originated by Jung in 1916, [39] developed in the 1960s by dance therapy pioneer Mary Starks Whitehouse. Tina Keller-Jenny and other therapists started practicing the therapy in 1940. [40] The actual establishment of dance as a therapy and as a profession occurred in the 1950s, beginning with future American Dance Therapy Association founder Marian Chace. [19]

First wave

Marian Chace spearheaded the movement of dance in the medical community as a form of therapy. She is considered the principal founder of what is now dance therapy in the United States. [41] In 1942, through her work, dance was first introduced to western medicine. Chace was originally a dancer, choreographer, and performer. After opening her own dance school in Washington, D.C., Chace began to realize the effects dance and movement had on her students. [14] The reported feelings of wellbeing from her students began to attract the attention of the medical community, and some local doctors began sending patients to her classes. She was soon asked to work at St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, D.C. once psychiatrists too realized the benefits their patients were receiving from attending Chace's dance classes. In 1966 Chace became the first president of the American Dance Therapy Association, an organization which she and several other DMT pioneers founded. [14] According to the ADTA, dance is "the psychotherapeutic use of movement as a process which furthers the emotional, social, cognitive, and physical integration of the individual."

Second wave

The second wave of Dance Movement Therapy came around the 1970s to the 1980s and it sparked much interest from American therapists. During this time, therapists began to experiment with the psychotherapeutic applications of dance and movement. As a result of the therapists' experiments, DMT was then categorized as a form of psychotherapy. It was from this second wave that today's Dance Movement Therapy evolved. [14]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cognitive behavioral therapy</span> Type of therapy to improve mental health

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions, primarily depression, PTSD and anxiety disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on challenging and changing cognitive distortions and their associated behaviors to improve emotional regulation and develop personal coping strategies that target solving current problems. Though it was originally designed to treat depression, its uses have been expanded to include many issues and the treatment of many mental health and other conditions, including anxiety, substance use disorders, marital problems, ADHD, and eating disorders. CBT includes a number of cognitive or behavioral psychotherapies that treat defined psychopathologies using evidence-based techniques and strategies.

Psychotherapy is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems. Psychotherapy aims to improve an individual's well-being and mental health, to resolve or mitigate troublesome behaviors, beliefs, compulsions, thoughts, or emotions, and to improve relationships and social skills. Numerous types of psychotherapy have been designed either for individual adults, families, or children and adolescents. Certain types of psychotherapy are considered evidence-based for treating some diagnosed mental disorders; other types have been criticized as pseudoscience.

Group psychotherapy or group therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which one or more therapists treat a small group of clients together as a group. The term can legitimately refer to any form of psychotherapy when delivered in a group format, including art therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy or interpersonal therapy, but it is usually applied to psychodynamic group therapy where the group context and group process is explicitly utilized as a mechanism of change by developing, exploring and examining interpersonal relationships within the group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Music therapy</span> Health profession

Music therapy, an allied health profession, "is the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program." It is also a vocation, involving a deep commitment to music and the desire to use it as a medium to help others. Although music therapy has only been established as a profession relatively recently, the connection between music and therapy is not new.

Clinical psychology is an integration of human science, behavioral science, theory, and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development. Central to its practice are psychological assessment, clinical formulation, and psychotherapy, although clinical psychologists also engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration. In many countries, clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession.

Counseling psychology is a psychological specialty that began with a focus on vocational counseling, but later moved its emphasis to adjustment counseling, and then expanded to cover all normal psychology and psychotherapy. There are many subcategories for counseling psychology, such as marriage and family counseling, rehabilitation counseling, clinical mental health counseling, educational counseling, etc. In each setting, they are all required to follow the same guidelines.

Joseph Wolpe was a South African psychiatrist and one of the most influential figures in behavior therapy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expressive therapies</span> Use of creative arts as a form of therapy

The expressive therapies are the use of the creative arts as a form of therapy, including the distinct disciplines expressive arts therapy and the creative arts therapies. The expressive therapies are based on the assumption that people can heal through the various forms of creative expression. Expressive therapists share the belief that through creative expression and the tapping of the imagination, people can examine their body, feelings, emotions, and thought process.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Art therapy</span> Creation of art to improve mental health

Art therapy is a distinct discipline that incorporates creative methods of expression through visual art media. Art therapy, as a creative arts therapy profession, originated in the fields of art and psychotherapy and may vary in definition. Art therapy encourages creative expression through painting, drawing, or modelling. It may work by providing a person with a safe space to express their feelings and allow them to feel more in control over their life.

The Dodo bird verdict is a controversial topic in psychotherapy, referring to the claim that all empirically validated psychotherapies, regardless of their specific components, produce equivalent outcomes. It is named after the Dodo character in Alice in Wonderland. The conjecture was introduced by Saul Rosenzweig in 1936, drawing on imagery from Lewis Carroll's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, but only came into prominence with the emergence of new research evidence in the 1970s.

Somatic Experiencing (SE) is a form of alternative therapy aimed at treating trauma and stress-related disorders, such as PTSD. The primary goal of SE is to modify the trauma-related stress response through bottom-up processing. The client's attention is directed toward internal sensations,, rather than to cognitive or emotional experiences. The method was developed by Peter A. Levine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Play therapy</span> Childrens mental health therapy method

Play therapy refers to a range of methods of capitalising on children's natural urge to explore and harnessing it to meet and respond to the developmental and later also their mental health needs. It is also used for forensic or psychological assessment purposes where the individual is too young or too traumatised to give a verbal account of adverse, abusive or potentially criminal circumstances in their life.

Child psychotherapy, or mental health interventions for children refers to the psychological treatment of various mental disorders diagnosed in children and adolescents. The therapeutic techniques developed for younger age ranges specialize in prioritizing the relationship between the child and the therapist. The goal of maintaining positive therapist-client relationships is typically achieved using therapeutic conversations and can take place with the client alone, or through engagement with family members.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Equine-assisted therapy</span> Physical or mental therapy using horses

Equine-assisted therapy (EAT) encompasses a range of treatments that involve activities with horses and other equines to promote human physical and mental health. Modern use of horses for mental health treatment dates to the 1990s. Systematic review of studies of EAT as applied to physical health date only to about 2007, and a lack of common terminology and standardization has caused problems with meta-analysis. Due to a lack of high-quality studies assessing the efficacy of equine-assisted therapies for mental health treatment, concerns have been raised that these therapies should not replace or divert resources from other evidence-based mental health therapies. The existing body of evidence does not justify the promotion and use of equine-related treatments for mental disorders.

American Dance Therapy Association is the only organization solely dedicated to the growth and enhancement of the profession of dance/movement therapy (DMT). It was founded in 1966 by Marian Chace, Elissa Queyquep White, Claire Schmais, and several practitioners from across the United States.

Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) is a system of psychotherapy developed by Professor Paul Gilbert (OBE) that integrates techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy with concepts from evolutionary psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology, Buddhist psychology, and neuroscience. According to Gilbert, "One of its key concerns is to use compassionate mind training to help people develop and work with experiences of inner warmth, safeness and soothing, via compassion and self-compassion."

Mary O'Donnell Fulkerson (1946–2020) was an American dance teacher and choreographer. Born in the United States, she developed an approach to expressive human movement called 'Anatomical Release Technique' in the US and UK, which has influenced the practice of dance movement therapy, as seen in the clinical work of Bonnie Meekums, postmodern dance, as exemplified by the choreography of Kevin Finnan, and the application of guided meditation and guided imagery, as seen in the psychotherapeutic work of Paul Newham.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Newham</span> British psychotherapist (born 1962)

Paul Newham is a retired British psychotherapist known for developing techniques used in psychology and psychotherapy that make extensive use of the arts to facilitate and examine two forms of human communication: the interpersonal communication through which people speak aloud and listen to others, and the intrapersonal communication that enables individuals to converse silently with themselves. His methods emphasise the examination of traumatic experiences through literary and vocal mediums of expression, including creative writing, storytelling, and song. He is cited by peers as a pioneer in recognition of his original contribution to the expressive therapies.

Trauma-sensitive yoga is yoga as exercise, adapted from 2002 onwards for work with individuals affected by psychological trauma. Its goal is to help trauma survivors to develop a greater sense of mind-body connection, to ease their physiological experiences of trauma, to gain a greater sense of ownership over their bodies, and to augment their overall well-being. However, a 2019 systematic review found that the studies to date were not sufficiently robustly designed to provide strong evidence of yoga's effectiveness as a therapy; it called for further research.

Brainspotting is a psychotherapy technique that attempts to help people process psychological trauma or other problems via eye movements. Practitioners of this technique use a pointer to direct a client’s eye gaze in order to send signals to the brain to resolve psychological or physical concerns. Brainspotting has not been rigorously studied and has frequently been characterized as a pseudoscience or fringe medicine.

References

  1. ↑ "American Dance Therapy Association". ADTA.org. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  2. ↑ "Dance Movement Therapy Association of Australasia". DTAA.org.au. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  3. ↑ "Association for Dance Movement Psychotherapy". ADMP.org.uk. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  4. ↑ Ekman, S.-L.; Palo Bengtsson, L. and Winblad, B.; Ekman, S.-L. (1998). "Social Dancing: A Way to Support Intellectual, Emotional and Motor Functions in Persons with Dementia". Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 6. 5 (6): 545–554. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2850.1998.560545.x. PMID   10076285.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ Schore, A. (1994). "affect regulation and the origin of the self: the neurobiology of emotional development". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 35 (11): 1561–1562. doi:10.1097/00004583-199611000-00028.
  6. ↑ Morais, N. S.; Viana, R. B.; Silva, W. F.; Santos, D. A.; Costa, T. G.; Campos, M. H.; Vieira, C. A.; Vancini, R. L.; Andrade, M. S.; Gentil, P.; De Lira, C. A. (2022). "Effect of both dance exergame and a traditional exercise on state anxiety and enjoyment in women - The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 2022 April;62(4):560-7". The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 62 (4): 560–567. doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12237-6. PMID   33721985. S2CID   232243454 . Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  7. ↑ Lin, Yanru; Gao, Wei (2023). "The effects of physical exercise on anxiety symptoms of college students: A meta-analysis". Frontiers in Psychology. 14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1136900 . ISSN   1664-1078. PMC   10100500 . PMID   37063553.
  8. ↑ Ko, Kyung Soon; Lee, Woo Kyeong (September 2023). "A preliminary study using a mobile app as a dance/movement therapy intervention to reduce anxiety and enhance the mindfulness of adolescents in South Korea". The Arts in Psychotherapy. 85: 102062. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2023.102062. S2CID   260215204.
  9. ↑ Erwin-Grabner, Tracy; Goodill, Sherry W.; Hill, Ellen Schelly; Von Neida, Kristen (1 March 1999). "Effectiveness of Dance/Movement Therapy on Reducing Test Anxiety". American Journal of Dance Therapy. 21 (1): 19–34. doi:10.1023/A:1022882327573. ISSN   1573-3262. S2CID   141210763.
  10. ↑ Takahashi, Hideki; An, Mi; Matsumura, Tamako; Seki, Mihoko; Ogawa, Yuuya; Sasai, Takehiro; Matsushima, Kanae; Tabata, Ami; Kato, Toshihiro (1 June 2023). "Effectiveness of Dance/Movement Therapy Intervention for Children with Intellectual Disability at an Early Childhood Special Education Preschool". American Journal of Dance Therapy. 45 (1): 20–40. doi:10.1007/s10465-022-09356-3. hdl: 2433/283233 . ISSN   1573-3262. S2CID   248843244.
  11. ↑ Salihu, Dauda; Kwan, Rick Yiu Cho; Wong, Eliza Mi Ling (1 November 2021). "The effect of dancing interventions on depression symptoms, anxiety, and stress in adults without musculoskeletal disorders: An integrative review and meta-analysis". Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 45: 101467. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101467. ISSN   1744-3881. PMID   34358998.
  12. ↑ Koolaee, Anahita Khodabakhshi; Sabzian, Mehrnoosh; Tagvaee, Davood (November 2014). "Moving toward Integration : Group Dance / Movement Therapy with Children in Anger and Anxiety". Middle East Journal of Nursing. 101 (1505): 3–7. doi:10.5742/MEJN.2014.92586.
  13. ↑ Karkou, Vicky; Aithal, Supritha; Richards, Michael; Hiley, Ellean; Meekums, Bonnie (7 August 2023). "Dance movement therapy for dementia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (8): CD011022. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011022.pub3. ISSN   1469-493X. PMC   10405778 . PMID   37549216.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Levy, Fran J. (1988) Dance Movement Therapy: A Healing Art. Reston, VA: The American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance.
  15. ↑ Hanna, Judith (2007). "The Power of Dance: Health and Healing". The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 1 (4): 323–331. doi:10.1089/acm.1995.1.323. PMID   9395627.
  16. ↑ European Association for Dance Movement Therapy. "Membership Requirements". eadmt.com. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  17. ↑ Meekums, Bonnie, Dance Movement Therapy, (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Inc.).
  18. ↑ Strassel, JK; Cherkin, DC; Steuten, L; Sherman, KJ; Vrijhoef, HJ (May–June 2011). "A systematic review of the evidence for the effectiveness of dance therapy". Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 17 (3): 50–9. PMID   22164813.
  19. 1 2 Strassel, Juliane; Daniel Cherkin; Lotte Steuten; Karen Sherman; Hubertus Vrijhoef (May–June 2011). "A Systematic Review of the Evidence for the Effectiveness of Dance Therapy". Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 17 (3): 50–9. PMID   22164813.
  20. 1 2 3 "Who We Are" Archived 1 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . American Dance Therapy Association.
  21. 1 2 Devereaux, Christina; Kleinman, Susan; Johnson, Grace Marie Mangino; Witzling, Kelsey (7 November 2016). "American Dance Therapy Association Historical Timeline: 1966-2016". American Journal of Dance Therapy. 38 (2): 437–454. doi:10.1007/s10465-016-9239-8. S2CID   254234326.
  22. ↑ "Elissa Queyquep White, visiting professor of dance/movement therapy and an originator of the field, shares the fundamental, transformative power of dance across generations". Pratt News . Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  23. ↑ "What is Dance/Movement Therapy?". adta.memberclicks.net. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  24. 1 2 "Webinars". adta.memberclicks.net. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  25. ↑ Payne, Helen (2006) Dance Movement Therapy: Theory, Research, and Practice. Hove, East Sussex: Routledge.
  26. ↑ "Values, Aims & Objectives". Association for Dance Movement Psychotherapy. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  27. ↑ "Homepage". Association for Dance Movement Psychotherapy. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  28. 1 2 "What is Dance Movement Psychotherapy?". Association for Dance Movement Psychotherapy. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  29. 1 2 "mission statement and statutes". EADMT. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  30. ↑ Dunphy, K., Federman, D., Fischman, D., Gray, A., Puxeddu, V., Zhou, T. Y., & Dumaresq, E. (2022). Dance therapy Today: An overview of the profession and its practice around the world. Creative Arts in Education and Therapy, 7(2), 158–186. https://doi.org/10.15212/caet/2021/7/13
  31. ↑ About KDTA. Korean Dance Therapy Association. (n.d.). http://www.kdmta.org/en/kdta/introduce01.php Retrieved 8 June 2024
  32. ↑ Payne, Helen (2004). Dance Movement Therapy: Theory and Practice. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   9780203359266.
  33. ↑ "Dance Therapy" [ permanent dead link ]. American Cancer Society.
  34. ↑ "Trainings Overview". The Association for Dance Movement Psychotherapy UK. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  35. ↑ "education". EADMT. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  36. ↑ "training standards criteria". EADMT. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  37. ↑ "Undergraduate Coursework". Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  38. ↑ Schwartz, H. (1992) "Torque: The new kinaesthetic of the twentieth century". In Crary, J. and S. Kwinter (Ed.) Zone 6: Incorporations. New York: Urzone ISBN   9780942299298
  39. ↑ Chodorow, Joan (1991). "Dance Therapy and Depth Psychology: The Moving Imagination (Paperback) - Routledge". Routledge.com. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  40. ↑ Pallaro, Patrizia (15 January 2007). Authentic Movement: Moving the Body, Moving the Self, Being Moved: A Collection of Essays - Volume Two. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 33. ISBN   978-1846425868.
  41. ↑ "Who was Marian Chace?" Archived 30 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine American Dance Therapy Association.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.