Steven C. Hayes | |
---|---|
Born | August 12, 1948 |
Nationality | American |
Known for |
|
Academic background | |
Education | |
Academic work | |
Institutions |
Steven C. Hayes (born August 12,1948) [1] is an American clinical psychologist and Nevada Foundation Professor at the University of Nevada,Reno Department of Psychology,where he is a faculty member in their Ph.D. program in behavior analysis [2] . He is known for developing relational frame theory,an account of human higher cognition. He is the co-developer of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT),a popular evidence-based form of psychotherapy that uses mindfulness,acceptance,and values-based methods,and is the co-developer of process-based therapy (PBT),a new approach to evidence-based therapies more generally. He also coined the term clinical behavior analysis .
Hayes is the author of 47 books and 675 articles. His books have been published in 20 languages. [3] As of January 2022 [update] ,Google Scholar data ranks Hayes among the top 1,000 most cited living scholars in all areas of study worldwide. [4] As of December 2021 [update] ,Research.com data ranks Hayes as the #63 Top Scientist in Psychology in the world and the #39 Top Scientist in Psychology in the United States. [5] He was listed in 1992 by the Institute for Scientific Information as the 30th "highest impact" psychologist. According to Time columnist John Cloud,"Steven Hayes is at the top of his field. A past president of the distinguished Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies,he has written or co-written some 300 peer-reviewed articles and 27 books. Few psychologists are so well published". [1]
Hayes received his B.A. in psychology from Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles and his M.A. and Ph.D. in clinical psychology from West Virginia University. After completing his clinical internship under David Barlow at the Brown University School of Medicine,he joined the Department of Psychology faculty at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. In 1986,he became a Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Nevada,Reno. [6]
Hayes has been president of the American Psychological Association Division 25,the president of the American Association of Applied and Preventive Psychology,the president of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, [7] and the president of the Association for Contextual Behavioral Science, [8] and the first secretary-treasurer of the Association for Psychological Science. He served a 5-year term on the National Advisory Council for Drug Abuse in the National Institutes of Health. [2] He is on the advisory board of USERN [9] and is president of the Institute for Better Health. [2] [10] [11]
In 2022,Hayes was involved in a controversy over two papers he published with David Barlow and Kelly Brownell in 1977 and 1983 about the practice of covert sensitization in homosexual and transgender individuals with the intent of changing their sexual arousal and gender identity. [12] [13] The controversy emerged following a letter Hayes,along with 36 other past presidents of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies,signed regarding the organization's role in the practice of conversion therapy. [14] Although the letter did not name Barlow,Brownwell,or Hayes as individuals who engaged in these research practices, [15] Hayes created a personal apology and requested that his research be retracted. [16]
Hayes developed a widely used and evidence-based psychological intervention often used in counseling called acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), [17] [18] [19] There are currently over 900 randomized trials of acceptance and commitment therapy [20] and as the result of multiple randomized trials of ACT by the World Health Organization,WHO now distributes ACT-based self-help for “anyone who experiences stress,wherever they live,and whatever their circumstances.” [21] Organizations that have stated that acceptance and commitment therapy is empirically supported in certain areas or as a whole according to their standards include:Society of Clinical Psychology (American Psychological Association Division 12),World Health Organization,National Institute for Health and Care Excellence,Australian Psychological Society,Netherlands Institute of Psychologists:Sections of Neuropsychology and Rehabilitation,Sweden Association of Physiotherapists,SAMHSA's National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices,the California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare,and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense. [22]
Hayes developed relational frame theory (RFT),an account of human higher cognition. [23] Approximately 300 studies have tested RFT ideas. [24]
In collaboration with Stefan Hofmann,David Sloan Wilson,Joseph Ciarrochi,and others,Hayes has been developing process-based therapy (PBT),an idiographic treatment approach based on cognitive behavioral therapy that combines insights from evolution theory and complex network theory to target processes that underlie effective psychological treatments. [25]
Behaviour therapy or behavioural psychotherapy is a broad term referring to clinical psychotherapy that uses techniques derived from behaviourism and/or cognitive psychology. It looks at specific, learned behaviours and how the environment, or other people's mental states, influences those behaviours, and consists of techniques based on behaviorism's theory of learning: respondent or operant conditioning. Behaviourists who practice these techniques are either behaviour analysts or cognitive-behavioural therapists. They tend to look for treatment outcomes that are objectively measurable. Behaviour therapy does not involve one specific method, but it has a wide range of techniques that can be used to treat a person's psychological problems.
Relational frame theory (RFT) is a psychological theory of human language, cognition, and behaviour. It was developed originally by Steven C. Hayes of University of Nevada, Reno and has been extended in research, notably by Dermot Barnes-Holmes and colleagues of Ghent University.
Acceptance and commitment therapy is a form of psychotherapy, as well as a branch of clinical behavior analysis. It is an empirically based psychological intervention that uses acceptance and mindfulness strategies along with commitment and behavior-change strategies to increase psychological flexibility.
Functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP) is a psychotherapeutic approach based on clinical behavior analysis (CBA) that focuses on the therapeutic relationship as a means to maximize client change. Specifically, FAP suggests that in-session contingent responding to client target behaviors leads to significant therapeutic improvements.
The Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT) was founded in 1966. Its headquarters are in New York City and its membership includes researchers, psychologists, psychiatrists, physicians, social workers, marriage and family therapists, nurses, and other mental-health practitioners and students. These members support, use, and/or disseminate behavioral and cognitive approaches. Notable past presidents of the association include Joseph Wolpe, Steven C. Hayes, Michelle Craske, Jonathan Abramowitz, Marsha M. Linehan, Linda C. Sobell, Kelly D. Brownell, Gerald Davison, and Alan E. Kazdin.
Functional contextualism is a modern philosophy of science rooted in philosophical pragmatism and contextualism. It is most actively developed in behavioral science in general and the field of behavior analysis and contextual behavioral science in particular. Functional contextualism serves as the basis of a theory of language known as relational frame theory and its most prominent application, acceptance and commitment therapy. It is an extension and contextualistic interpretation of B.F. Skinner's radical behaviorism first delineated by Steven C. Hayes which emphasizes the importance of predicting and influencing psychological events with precision, scope, and depth, by focusing on manipulable variables in their context.
New Harbinger Publications, Inc. is an employee-owned, Oakland-based American publisher of self-help books.
A clinical formulation, also known as case formulation and problem formulation, is a theoretically-based explanation or conceptualisation of the information obtained from a clinical assessment. It offers a hypothesis about the cause and nature of the presenting problems and is considered an adjunct or alternative approach to the more categorical approach of psychiatric diagnosis. In clinical practice, formulations are used to communicate a hypothesis and provide framework for developing the most suitable treatment approach. It is most commonly used by clinical psychologists and is deemed to be a core component of that profession. Mental health nurses, social workers, and some psychiatrists may also use formulations.
Jack A. Apsche was an American psychologist who has focused his work on adolescents with behavior problems. Apsche was also an author, artist, presenter, consultant and lecturer.
Flexibility is a personality trait that describes the extent to which a person can cope with changes in circumstances and think about problems and tasks in novel, creative ways. This trait comes into play when stressors or unexpected events occur, requiring that a person change their stance, outlook, or commitment.
Dermot Barnes-Holmes is a Professor of psychology at the School of Psychology, Ulster University and was Foundation Professor at the Department of Psychology at National University of Ireland, Maynooth. He is known for an analysis of human language and cognition through the development of Relational Frame Theory with Steven C. Hayes, and its application in various psychological settings. He was the world's most prolific author in the experimental analysis of human behaviour between the years 1980 and 1999. He was awarded the Don Hake Basic/Applied Research Award at the 2012 American Psychological Association Conference in Orlando, Florida. He is a past president and fellow of the Association for Contextual Behavioral Science, is a recipient of the Quad-L Lecture Award from the University of New Mexico and most recently became an Odysseus laureate of the Flemish Science Foundation and a fellow of the Association for Behavior Analysis International. In 2015 he accepted a life-time senior professorship at Ghent University in Belgium. He originally conceptualized and programmed the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP).
Clinical behavior analysis is the clinical application of behavior analysis (ABA). CBA represents a movement in behavior therapy away from methodological behaviorism and back toward radical behaviorism and the use of functional analytic models of verbal behavior—particularly, relational frame theory (RFT).
Experiential avoidance (EA) has been broadly defined as attempts to avoid thoughts, feelings, memories, physical sensations, and other internal experiences — even when doing so creates harm in the long run. The process of EA is thought to be maintained through negative reinforcement — that is, short-term relief of discomfort is achieved through avoidance, thereby increasing the likelihood that the avoidance behavior will persist. Importantly, the current conceptualization of EA suggests that it is not negative thoughts, emotions, and sensations that are problematic, but how one responds to them that can cause difficulties. In particular, a habitual and persistent unwillingness to experience uncomfortable thoughts and feelings is thought to be linked to a wide range of problems, as opposed to deliberately choosing discomfort, which only results in discomfort.
The Association for Contextual Behavioral Science (ACBS) is a worldwide nonprofit professional membership organization associated with acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and relational frame theory (RFT) among other topics. The term "contextual behavioral science" refers to the application of functional contextualism to human behavior, including contextual forms of applied behavior analysis, cognitive behavioral therapy, and evolution science. In the applied area Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is perhaps the best known wing of contextual behavioral science, and is an emphasis of ACBS, along with other types of contextual CBT, and efforts in education, organizational behavior, and other areas. ACT is considered an empirically validated treatment by the American Psychological Association, with the status of "Modest Research Support" in depression, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, mixed anxiety disorders, and psychosis, and "Strong Research Support" in chronic pain. ACT is also listed as evidence-based by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration of the United States federal government which has examined randomized trials for ACT in the areas of psychosis, work site stress, and obsessive compulsive disorder, including depression outcomes. In the basic area, Relational Frame Theory is a research program in language and cognition that is considered part of contextual behavioral science, and is a focus of ACBS. Unlike the better known behavioral approach proposed by B.F. Skinner in his book Verbal Behavior, experimental RFT research has emerged in a number of areas traditionally thought to be beyond behavioral perspectives, such as grammar, metaphor, perspective taking, implicit cognition and reasoning.
Jonathan Stuart Abramowitz is an American clinical psychologist and Professor in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH). He is an expert on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and anxiety disorders whose work is highly cited. He maintains a research lab and currently serves as the Director of the UNC-CH Clinical Psychology PhD Program. Abramowitz approaches the understanding and treatment of psychological problems from a cognitive-behavioral perspective.
Stefan G. Hofmann is a German-born clinical psychologist. He is the Alexander von Humboldt Professor and recipient of the LOEWE Spitzenprofessur for Translational Clinical Psychology at the Philipps University of Marburg in Germany, examining Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, especially for anxiety disorders.
David H. Barlow is an American psychologist and Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Psychiatry at Boston University. He is board certified by the American Board of Professional Psychology. Barlow is known for his research and publications on the etiology, nature, and treatment of anxiety disorders. The models and treatment methods that he developed for anxiety and related disorders are widely used in clinical training and practice. Barlow is one of the most frequently cited psychologists in the world.
Antonette M. Zeiss is an American clinical psychologist. Zeiss was chief consultant for mental health services at the Central Office of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs – the first woman and the first psychologist and nonphysician to hold this position. In 2013 she received the APA Award for Lifetime Contributions to Psychology from the American Psychological Association (APA).
Self-as-context, one of the core principles in acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), is the concept that people are not the content of their thoughts or feelings, but rather are the consciousness experiencing or observing the thoughts and feelings. Self-as-context is distinguished from self-as-content, defined in ACT as the social scripts people maintain about who they are and how they operate in the world. A related concept, decentering which is a central change strategy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, is defined as a process of stepping outside of one’s own mental events leading to an objective and non-judging stance towards the self.
Laura Silberstein is an American psychologist, psychotherapist and author.