Grape seed extract

Last updated

Grape seed extract is an industrial derivative of whole grape seeds. The extract (GSPE) contains proanthocyanidins. [1] Grape seed extract quality is measured by the content of procyanidins which are formed from proanthocyanidins. [2] Generally, grape seed extract quality contains 95% procyanidins, but potency varies among products. [3] Eating foods or beverages high in procyanidin results in an astringent sensation in the mouth. [4]

Contents

Extraction method

The properties of grape seed extract depend on the extraction process used to obtain it and how the grapes were grown. The classic method incorporates extraction with organic solvents such as acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and methanol. [5] Other methods using hot water have been used, but they are not as effective at maximizing extract production in both quantity and efficiency. High performance liquid chromatography seems to be the most effective analysis along with proton NMR spectroscopy with principal component analysis to ensure accurate composition. [5]

Supplement use and research

Grape seed extract is sold as a dietary supplement. [6] The US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health reported that oral administration of grape seed extract (dose and frequency unreported) was well tolerated in people over 14 weeks. [1] Side effects may include itchy scalp, dizziness, headache, and nausea. [1]

A 2019 meta-analysis suggested that grape seed extract might help to lower concentrations of LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and the inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein. [1] However, each of the studies was small in size, possibly affecting interpretation of the analysis. [1]

A 2016 meta-analysis concluded that grape seed extract, in a dose of under 800 milligrams per day over at least 8 weeks, might help to reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure. [7] People with metabolic syndrome had a more significant outcome (average of a 8½ mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure) than in healthy subjects. [7] The authors concluded that heterogeneity in the study designs and small sample sizes involved in the meta-analysis introduced uncertainty in the results, and that larger-scale, long-term, multiple-dose studies in people with high blood pressure were warranted. [7] It is marketed in the US as Activin also known as IH636 gse. [8]

Grape seed extract should not be taken with vitamin C, as this combination might raise blood pressure instead of lowering it. [1]

Cancer

Grape seed extract has been incorrectly described as a cancer cure on social media websites. [9] There is no clinical evidence that grape seed extract is effective to treat cancer. [10] In 2017, the Food and Drug Administration listed grape seed extract as a fake cancer cure that consumers should avoid. [11]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Statin</span> Class of drugs to lower cholesterol

Statins are a class of medications that reduce illness and mortality in people who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green tea</span> Unoxidized tea

Green tea is a type of tea that is made from Camellia sinensis leaves and buds that have not undergone the same withering and oxidation process which is used to make oolong teas and black teas. Green tea originated in China, and since then its production and manufacture has spread to other countries in East Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Resveratrol</span> Polyphenol with a stilbene skeleton

Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a stilbenoid, a type of natural phenol or polyphenol and a phytoalexin produced by several plants in response to injury or when the plant is under attack by pathogens, such as bacteria or fungi. Sources of resveratrol in food include the skin of grapes, blueberries, raspberries, mulberries, and peanuts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Psyllium</span> Plant used as a dietary fiber

Psyllium, or ispaghula, is the common name used for several members of the plant genus Plantago whose seeds are used commercially for the production of mucilage. Psyllium is mainly used as a dietary fiber to relieve symptoms of both constipation and mild diarrhea, and occasionally as a food thickener. Allergy to psyllium is common in workers frequently exposed to the substance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyphenol</span> Class of chemical compounds

Polyphenols are a large family of naturally occurring phenols. They are abundant in plants and structurally diverse. Polyphenols include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin, some of which have been used historically as dyes and for tanning garments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrochlorothiazide</span> Diuretic medication

Hydrochlorothiazide, sold under the brand name Hydrodiuril among others, is a diuretic medication used to treat hypertension and swelling due to fluid build-up. Other uses include treating diabetes insipidus and renal tubular acidosis and to decrease the risk of kidney stones in those with a high calcium level in the urine. Hydrochlorothiazide is taken by mouth and may be combined with other blood pressure medications as a single pill to increase effectiveness. Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide medication which inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions from the distal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, causing a natriuresis. This initially increases urine volume and lowers blood volume. It is believed to reduce peripheral vascular resistance.

The health effects of tea have been studied throughout human history. Although health benefits have been assumed throughout the history of using Camellia sinensis as a common beverage, there is no high-quality evidence that consuming tea confers significant benefits other than possibly increasing alertness, an effect caused by caffeine in the tea leaves. In clinical research conducted over the early 21st century, tea has been studied extensively for its potential to lower the risk of human diseases, but there is no good scientific evidence to support any therapeutic uses. A small number of studies suggests that both green and black tea might have beneficial effects on some heart disease risk factors, including blood pressure and cholesterol. The research has limitations though, including how the data was evaluated and differences in study populations, so no definite conclusions have been reached.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catechin</span> Type of natural phenol as a plant secondary metabolite

Catechin is a flavan-3-ol, a type of secondary metabolite providing antioxidant roles in plants. It belongs to the subgroup of polyphenols called flavonoids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlortalidone</span> Thiazide-like diuretic drug

Chlortalidone, also known as chlorthalidone, is a thiazide-like diuretic drug used to treat high blood pressure, swelling, diabetes insipidus, and renal tubular acidosis. Because chlortalidone is effective in most patients with high blood pressure, it is considered a preferred initial treatment. It is also used to prevent calcium-based kidney stones. It is taken by mouth. Effects generally begin within three hours and last for up to three days. Long-term treatment with chlortalidone is more effective than hydrochlorothiazide for prevention of heart attack or stroke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phenylephrine</span> Decongestant medication

Phenylephrine, sold under the brand names Neosynephrine and Sudafed PE among others, is a medication used as a decongestant for uncomplicated nasal congestion, to dilate the pupil, to increase blood pressure, and to relieve hemorrhoids. It can be taken by mouth, as a nasal spray, given by injection into a vein or muscle, applied to the skin, or as a rectal suppository.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Policosanol</span>

Policosanol is the generic term for a mixture of long chain alcohols extracted from plant waxes. It is used as a dietary supplement.

Proanthocyanidins are a class of polyphenols found in many plants, such as cranberry, blueberry, and grape seeds. Chemically, they are oligomeric flavonoids. Many are oligomers of catechin and epicatechin and their gallic acid esters. More complex polyphenols, having the same polymeric building block, form the group of condensed tannins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Procyanidin</span>

Procyanidins are members of the proanthocyanidin class of flavonoids. They are oligomeric compounds, formed from catechin and epicatechin molecules. They yield cyanidin when depolymerized under oxidative conditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phenolic content in wine</span> Wine chemistry

Phenolic compounds—natural phenol and polyphenols—occur naturally in wine. These include a large group of several hundred chemical compounds that affect the taste, color and mouthfeel of wine. These compounds include phenolic acids, stilbenoids, flavonols, dihydroflavonols, anthocyanins, flavanol monomers (catechins) and flavanol polymers (proanthocyanidins). This large group of natural phenols can be broadly separated into two categories, flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Flavonoids include the anthocyanins and tannins which contribute to the color and mouthfeel of the wine. The non-flavonoids include the stilbenoids such as resveratrol and phenolic acids such as benzoic, caffeic and cinnamic acids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Procyanidin C2</span> Chemical compound

Procyanidin C2 is a B type proanthocyanidin trimer, a type of condensed tannin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Procyanidin B2</span> Chemical compound

Procyanidin B2 is a B type proanthocyanidin. Its structure is (−)-Epicatechin-(4β→8)-(−)-epicatechin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Procyanidin B4</span> Chemical compound

Procyanidin B4 is a B type proanthocyanidin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Procyanidin C1</span> Chemical compound

Procyanidin C1 (PCC1) is a B type proanthocyanidin. It is an epicatechin trimer found in grape, unripe apples, and cinnamon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Condensed tannin</span> Polymers formed by the condensation of flavans.

Condensed tannins are polymers formed by the condensation of flavans. They do not contain sugar residues.

Grape therapy or grape diet, also known as ampelotherapy, is a diet that involves heavy consumption of grapes, including seeds, and parts of the vine, including leaves, that is a form of alternative medicine. The concept was developed in 19th-century Germany in spas such as Bad Duerkheim and Merano. The concept has no scientific basis and is regarded as quackery by scientific institutions like the American Cancer Society.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Grape Seed Extract, Herbs at a Glance". US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health. September 2016.
  2. ↑ Rue, Emily A.; Rush, Michael D.; van Breemen, Richard B. (9 May 2017). "Procyanidins: a comprehensive review encompassing structure elucidation via mass spectrometry". Phytochemistry Reviews. 17 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1007/s11101-017-9507-3. PMC   5891158 . PMID   29651231.
  3. ↑ Wanwimolruk, S; Phopin, K; Prachayasittikul, V (2014). "Cytochrome P450 enzyme mediated herbal drug interactions (Part 2)". EXCLI Journal. 13: 869–96. PMC   4464477 . PMID   26417310.
  4. ↑ Payne, Caroline; Bowyer, Paul K.; Herderich, Markus; Bastian, Susan E.P. (15 July 2009). "Interaction of astringent grape seed procyanidins with oral epithelial cells". Food Chemistry. 115 (2): 551–557. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.12.061. ISSN   0308-8146.
  5. 1 2 Zhu, Lei; Zhang, Yali; Lu, Jiang (14 March 2012). "Phenolic Contents and Compositions in Skins of Red Wine Grape Cultivars among Various Genetic Backgrounds and Originations". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 13 (3): 3492–3510. doi: 10.3390/ijms13033492 . ISSN   1422-0067. PMC   3317724 . PMID   22489164.
  6. ↑ "Grape Seed Extract: Usefulness and Safety". NCCIH. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
  7. 1 2 3 Zhang H, Liu S, Li L, Liu S, Liu S, Mi J, Tian G (2016). "The impact of grape seed extract treatment on blood pressure changes: A meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials". Medicine (Baltimore). 95 (33): e4247. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004247. PMC   5370781 . PMID   27537554.
  8. ↑ "Activin". dsld.od.nih.gov. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
  9. ↑ Wade, Natalie (2022). "Facebook posts falsely tout grape seeds as proven cancer cure". AFP Fact Check. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022.
  10. ↑ "Does a diet rich in grapes prevent and treat cancer?". Cancer Council Australia. 2024. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024.
  11. ↑ "187 Fake Cancer "Cures" Consumers Should Avoid". Food and Drug Administration. 2017. Archived from the original on May 2, 2017.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.