List of snakes of Trinidad and Tobago

Last updated March 12, 2024

Forty-seven species of snake have been recorded in Trinidad and Tobago, making the snake population of this area the most diverse in the Caribbean. Forty-four of these snake species are found in Trinidad and twenty-one in Tobago. Many of these species are South American, most of which are present in Venezuela. Trinidad and Tobago consists of two main islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and several smaller islands. The Bocas Islands, which lie between Trinidad and Venezuela, in the Bocas del Dragón (Dragon's Mouths), consist of Chacachacare, Monos, Huevos and Gaspar Grande. Several smaller islands lie off Trinidad, but snakes have been recorded on only one of them, Caledonia Island. Snakes have been recorded on one island off Tobago, Little Tobago. Four species are venomous: two coral snake species (Micrurus spp.^{[note 1]}), the fer-de-lance (Bothrops atrox) and the South American bushmaster (Lachesis muta). The common coral (Micrurus fulvius) is found on at least two of the Bocas Islands: Gaspar Grande and Monos. No venomous snakes inhabit Tobago.

Anomalepididae

Anomalepididae is a family of nonvenomous snakes native to Central and South America. They are similar to Typhlopidae, except that some species possess a single tooth in the lower jaw. One possible species has been recorded in Trinidad and Tobago.

Anomalepididae
Species	Common name	Trinidad	Tobago	Bocas Is.	Other
Helminthophis cf. flavoterminatus ^{[note 2]}^[1]	Yellow-headed ground puppy; Trinidadian dawn blind snake	Yes^[1]	No	No	No

Leptotyphlopidae

Leptotyphlopidae is a family of snakes found in North and South America, Africa, and Asia. All are fossorial and adapted to burrowing, feeding on ants and termites. One species has been recorded in Trinidad and Tobago.

Leptotyphlopidae
Species	Common name	Trinidad	Tobago	Bocas Is.	Other
Epictia tenella	Guyana blind snake	Yes^[2]	No	No	No

Typhlopidae

Typhlopidae is a family of blind snakes found mostly in the tropical regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. Two species have been recorded in Trinidad and Tobago.

Typhlopidae
Species	Common name	Trinidad	Tobago	Bocas Is.	Other
Amerotyphlops brongersmianus	Brongersma's worm snake	Yes^[3]	No	No	No
Amerotyphlops trinitatus ^{[note 3]}^[4]	Trinidad burrowing snake	Yes^[4]	Yes^[4]	No	No

Aniliidae

Aniliidae is a monotypic family created for the monotypic genus Anilius, which means that there is only one species in the entire family. This species is A. scytale, found in South America.

Aniliidae
Species	Common name	Trinidad	Tobago	Bocas Is.	Other
Anilus scytale scytale ^{[note 4]}	Burrowing false coral; rouleau	Yes^[5]	No	No	No

Boidae

Boidae is a family of non-venomous snakes found in America, Africa, Europe, Asia and some Pacific Islands, containing the boas. Four species have been recorded in Trinidad and Tobago.

Boidae
Species	Common name	Trinidad	Tobago	Bocas Is.	Other
Boa constrictor constrictor	Macajuel, boa constrictor	Yes^[6]	Yes^[6]	Yes^{[note 5]}^[6]	No
Corallus ruschenbergerii	Cascabel dormillon; Cook's tree boa	Yes^[7]	Yes^[7]	No	No
Epicrates cenchria maurus	Rainbow boa	Yes^[8]	Yes^[8]	Yes^{[note 6]}^[8]	No
Eunectes murinus gigas	Green anaconda	Yes^[9]	No	No	No

Family Colubridae

Colubridae is a family of snakes comprising about two thirds of all snake species on earth. Colubrid species are found on every continent, except Antarctica.^[10] Species from three subfamilies are found in Trinidad and Tobago.

Subfamily Xenodontinae

Xenodontinae is a subfamily of snakes within the family Colubridae that includes mud snakes and New World hognose snakes.

Xenodontinae
Species	Common name	Trinidad	Tobago	Bocas Is.	Other
Liophis cobellus cobellus	Mangrove snake, mangrove mapepire	Yes^[11]	No	No	No
Liophis melanotus nesos ^{[note 7]}	Beh belle chemin, doctor snake	Yes^[12]	Yes^[12]	Yes^[12]	No
Liophis reginae zweifeli	High woods coral	Yes^[13]	Yes^[13]	No	No
Oxyrhopus petola petola	False coral	Yes^[14]	Yes^[14]	No	No
Pseudoboa neuwiedii	Ratonel	Yes^[15]	Yes^[15]	Yes^{[note 8]}^[15]	No
Siphlophis cervinus	Checkerbelly	Yes^[16]	No	No	No
Siphlophis compressus	Tropical flat snake	Yes	No	No	No
Thamnodynastes ramonriveroi	Striped swamp snake	Yes^[17]^[18]	No	No	No
Tripanurgos compressus	Mapepire de fe, false coral	Yes^[19]	No	No	No

Subfamily Dipsadinae

Dipsadinae is a subfamily of snakes within the family Colubridae that includes cat-eyed snakes, night snakes, and black-striped snakes.

Dipsadinae
Species	Common name	Trinidad	Tobago	Bocas Is.	Other
Atractus fuliginosus	Hallowell's ground snake	No	Yes^[20]	No	No
Atractus trilineatus	Three-lined ground snake	Yes^[21]	Yes^[21]	?^{[note 9]}	No
Atractus cf. univittatus ^{[note 10]}	Tobago one-lined snake	No	Yes^[22]	No	No
Clelia clelia clelia	Black cribo, mussurana	Yes^[23]	No	Yes^{[note 11]}^[23]	No
Dipsas variegata trinitatis ^{[note 12]}	Snail-eating snake	Yes^[24]	No	No	No
Erythrolamprus aesculapii ^{[note 13]}	False coral	Yes^[25]	No	No	No
Erythrolamprus bizona ^{[note 14]}	False coral	Yes^[26]	No	No	No
Erythrolamprus cobella	Mangrove snake	Yes^[27]	No	No	No
Erythrolamprus melanotus	Black-backed snake	Yes	Yes	No	No
Erythrolamprus ocellatus ^{[note 15]}	Tobago false coral, red snake	No	Yes^[28]	No	No
Erythrolamprus pseudoreginae	Tobago stream snake	No	Yes^[29]	No	No
Erythrolamprus zweifeli	Zweifel's ground snake	Yes^[30]	No	No	No
Helicops angulatus	Water mapepire, brown-banded water snake	Yes^[31]	No	No	No
Hydrops triangularis neglectus	Water coral	Yes^[32]	No	No	No
Imantodes cenchoa cenchoa	Mapepire corde violon, fiddle-string snake	Yes^[33]	Yes^[33]	No	No
Leptodeira annulata ashmeadi	False mapepire, cat-eyed night snake	Yes^[34]	Yes^[34]	Yes^{[note 16]}^[34]	No
Ninia atrata	Red-nape snake, ring neck snake	Yes^[35]	Yes^[35]	No	No
Ninia franciscoi	Trinidad coffeesnake	Yes	No	No	No
Sibon nebulata nebulata	Clouded snake	Yes^[36]	Yes^[36]	Yes^{[note 17]}^[36]	No

Subfamily Colubrinae

Colubrinae is the largest subfamily of colubrids, and includes rat snakes, king snakes, milk snakes, vine snakes and indigo snakes.

Colubrinae
Species	Common name	Trinidad	Tobago	Bocas Is.	Other
Chironius carinatus carinatus	Machete savane, yellow machete	Yes^[37]	No	No	No
Chironius multiventris septentrionalis	Long-tailed machete savane	Yes^[38]	No	No	No
Chironius scurrulus ^{[note 18]}	Smooth machete savane	Yes^[39]	No	No	No
Drymarchon corais corais	Yellow-tailed cribo	Yes^[40]	Yes^[40]	Yes^{[note 19]}^[40]	No
Leptophis ahaetulla coeruleodorus	Lora, parrot snake	Yes^[41]	Yes^[41]	No	No
Leptophis stimsoni ^{[note 20]}	Grey lora	Yes^[42]	No	No	No
Mastigodryas amarali	Amaral's tropical racer	Yes^[43]	Yes^[43]	No	No
Mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti	Machete couesse	Yes^[44]	No	Yes^{[note 21]}^[44]	Yes^[44]
Mastigodryas boddaerti dunni ^{[note 22]}	Machete couesse	No	Yes^[45]	No	Yes^[45]
Oxybelis rutherfordi	Horsewhip	Yes^[46]	Yes^[46]	Yes^{[note 23]}^[46]	No
Phrynonax polylepis	Olivaceous bird snake, cutlah	Yes	No	No	No
Pseustes poecilonotus polylepis	Dos cocorite	Yes^[47]	No	No	No
Pseustes sulphureus sulphureus	Yellow-bellied puffing snake	Yes^[48]	No	No	No
Spilotes pullatus pullatus	Tigre, chicken snake	Yes^[49]	Yes^[49]	No	No
Tantilla melanocephala	Black-headed snake	Yes^[50]	Yes^[50]	Yes^{[note 24]}^[50]	No

Family Elapidae

Elapidae is a family of venomous snakes found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. Two species are found in Trinidad and Tobago.

Elapidae
Species	Common name	Trinidad	Tobago	Bocas Is.	Other
Micrurus diutius	Trinidad ribbon coral snake	Yes^[51]	No	No	No
Micrurus circinalis	Large coral snake	Yes^[52]	No	Yes^{[note 25]}^[53]^[54]	No

Family Viperidae

Viperidae is a family of venomous snakes found all over the world, except for Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Madagascar, Hawaii and the Arctic Circle. All have relatively long hinged fangs that permit deep penetration and injection of venom. Two species are found in Trinidad and Tobago.

Species	Common name	Trinidad	Tobago	Bocas Is.	Other
Bothrops atrox	Mapepire balsain, fer-de-lance	Yes^[55]	No	No	No
Lachesis muta muta	Mapepire zanana, mapepire z'ananas, bushmaster	Yes^[56]	No	No	No

Notes

↑ The abbreviation "sp." indicates a single species and the abbreviation "spp." indicates multiple species.
↑ Helminthophis sp. is known from a single collection. It may represent an undescribed species since none of the three described species are known from adjacent portions of Venezuela
↑ Typhlops trinitatus is endemic to Trinidad and Tobago.
↑ Anilus scytale scytale is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
↑ Boa constrictor constrictor has been recorded from the islands of Monos and Gaspar Grande.
↑ Epicrates cenchria maurus has been recorded from the island of Chacachacare, but the report has not been confirmed with a specimen.
↑ Liophis melanotus nesos has been recorded from the island of Chacachacare and is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
↑ Pseudoboa neuwiedii has been recorded from the island of Chacachacare.
↑ Atractus trilineatus has been reported from the island of Huevos, but Boos (2001) considered this record to be doubtful.
↑ Atractus cf. univittatus is known from a single collection in Tobago. It has affinities with A. univittatus, but may be an undescribed species.
↑ Clelia clelia clelia has been recorded from the island of Chacachacare, but the report has not been confirmed with a specimen.
↑ Dipsas variegata trinitatis is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
↑ Erythrolamprus aesculapii is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
↑ Erythrolamprus bizona is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
↑ Erythrolamprus ocellatus is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
↑ Leptodeira annulata ashmeadi has been recorded from the islands of Gaspar Grande and Huevos.
↑ Sibon nebulata nebulata has been recorded from the island of Huevos.
↑ Chironius scurrulus is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
↑ Drymarchon corais corais has been recorded from the island of Monos.
↑ Leptophis stimsoni is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
↑ Mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti has been recorded from the islands of Monos, Gaspar Grande, Chacachacare, Huevos, and Caledonia.
↑ Mastigodryas boddaerti dunni has been recorded from the island of Little Tobago and is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
↑ Oxybelis aeneus has been recorded from the islands of Chacachacare and Huevos.
↑ Tantilla melanocephala has been recorded from the island of Huevos.
↑ Micrurus circinalis has been recorded from the islands of Gaspar Grande (Boos 2001) and Monos (Charles & Smith 2009).

Related Research Articles

The Aniliidae are a monotypic family created for the monotypic genus Anilius that contains the single species Anilius scytale. Common names include the American pipe snake and false coral snake. It is found in South America. This snake possesses a vestigial pelvic girdle that is visible as a pair of cloacal spurs. It is ovoviviparous. It is non-venomous, and its diet consists mainly of amphibians and other reptiles. Two subspecies are recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here.

Trinidad and Tobago dry forests are tropical dry forests located primarily in western and southern parts of the island of Trinidad, in southern parts of the island of Tobago and on smaller offshore islands including Chacachacare, Monos, Huevos, Gaspar Grande, Little Tobago and Saint Giles Island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biota of Trinidad and Tobago</span>

Trinidad and Tobago are continental islands with a geologically very recent history of direct land bridge connection to South America. As a result, unlike most of the Caribbean Islands, Trinidad and Tobago supports a primarily South American flora and fauna and has greater diversity of plant and animal species than the Antilles. However, rates of endemism are lower than in the rest of the Caribbean because there has been less time for genetic isolation from mainland populations because of the history of land bridge connections and hence fewer opportunities for speciation, and so a greater proportion of the species in Trinidad and Tobago are also found on the South American mainland. Trinidad is nearer to mainland South America and has been directly connected to the mainland via land bridges more often and for longer periods than Tobago. This, as well as Trinidad's larger size and more varied topography and hydrology compared to that of Tobago allow greater species and ecosystem diversity on the former compared to that on the later of the islands.

Gaspar Grande or Gasparee is an island in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago named for Gaspar de Percín. The island is 1.29 km² in area and lies 12 km (7.5 mi) west of Port of Spain. It is one of the "Bocas Islands", which lie in the Bocas del Dragón between Trinidad and Venezuela.

Huevos is an island in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. The island is 1.01 km² in area. It is one of the "Bocas Islands", which lie in the Bocas del Dragón between Trinidad and Venezuela.

Chacachacare is an island in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, located at 10° 41' north latitude and 61° 45' west longitude. The island is 360 hectares in area.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bocas del Dragón</span> Strait in Gulf of Paria–Caribbean Sea

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References

All information is based on Boos (2001) unless otherwise stated.

1 2 Boos (2001), p. 43
↑ Epictia tenella · BioDiversity4All
↑ Boos (2001), p. 44
1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 45
↑ Boos (2001), p. 46
1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 50
1 2 Boos (2001), p. 60
1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 64
↑ Boos (2001), p. 67
↑ Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 188–195. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
↑ Boos (2001), p. 98
1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 99
1 2 Boos (2001), p. 100
1 2 Boos (2001), p. 102
1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 103
↑ Boos (2001), p. 106
↑ Boos (2001), pp. 107–109
↑ Bailey, Joseph R.; Robert A. Thomas (2006). "A revision of the South American snake genus Thamnodynastes Wagler, 1830 (Serpentes: Colubridae, Tachymenini). II. Three new species from northern South America, with further descriptions of Thamnodynastes gambotensis Pérez-Santos and Moreno and Thamnodynastes ramonriveroi Manzanilla and Sánchez". Memoria de la Fundación la Salle de Ciencias Naturales. 66 (166): 7–27. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012.
↑ Boos (2001), p. 109
↑ Atractus fuliginosus · BioDiversity4All
1 2 Boos (2001), p. 110
↑ Boos (2001), p. 112
1 2 Boos (2001), p. 85
↑ Boos (2001), p. 113
↑ Boos (2001), p. 88
↑ Boos (2001), pp. 89–93
↑ Erythrolamprus cobella · BioDiversity4All
↑ Boos (2001), pp. 93–95
↑ Erythrolamprus pseudoreginae · iNaturalist United Kingdom
↑ Erythrolamprus zweifeli · BioDiversity4All
↑ Boos (2001), p. 96
↑ Boos (2001), p. 97
1 2 Boos (2001), p. 114
1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 115
1 2 Boos (2001), p. 117
1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 118
↑ Boos (2001), p. 119
↑ Boos (2001), p. 121
↑ Boos (2001), p. 122
1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 123
1 2 Boos (2001), p. 125
↑ Boos (2001), p. 126
1 2 Mastigodryas amarali | The Reptile Database
1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 128
1 2 Boos (2001), p. 130
1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 133
↑ Boos (2001), p. 136
↑ Boos (2001), p. 138
1 2 Boos (2001), p. 140
1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 142
↑ Trinidad Ribbon Coral Snake (Micrurus diutius) · iNaturalist
↑ Boos (2001), p. 146
↑ Boos (2001), p. 144
↑ Charles, Stevland P.; Stephen Smith (2009). "A New Locality Record for the Coral Snake, Micrurus circinalis (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae) on Monos Island, Trinidad and Tobago" (PDF). Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club: 41–42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2012.
↑ Boos (2001), p. 156
↑ Boos (2001), p. 167

Bibliography

Boos, Hans E.A. (2001). The snakes of Trinidad and Tobago. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX. ISBN 1-58544-116-3.

External links

Medicinal and ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidad from BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (BioMed Central).

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[1] The abbreviation "sp." indicates a single species and the abbreviation "spp." indicates multiple species.

[2] Helminthophis sp. is known from a single collection. It may represent an undescribed species since none of the three described species are known from adjacent portions of Venezuela

[6] Typhlops trinitatus is endemic to Trinidad and Tobago.

[8] Anilus scytale scytale is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.

[11] Boa constrictor constrictor has been recorded from the islands of Monos and Gaspar Grande.

[14] Epicrates cenchria maurus has been recorded from the island of Chacachacare, but the report has not been confirmed with a specimen.

[18] Liophis melanotus nesos has been recorded from the island of Chacachacare and is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.

[23] Pseudoboa neuwiedii has been recorded from the island of Chacachacare.

[30] Atractus trilineatus has been reported from the island of Huevos, but Boos (2001) considered this record to be doubtful.

[31] Atractus cf. univittatus is known from a single collection in Tobago. It has affinities with A. univittatus, but may be an undescribed species.

[34] Clelia clelia clelia has been recorded from the island of Chacachacare, but the report has not been confirmed with a specimen.

[35] Dipsas variegata trinitatis is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.

[37] Erythrolamprus aesculapii is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.

[39] Erythrolamprus bizona is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.

[42] Erythrolamprus ocellatus is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.

[50] Leptodeira annulata ashmeadi has been recorded from the islands of Gaspar Grande and Huevos.

[53] Sibon nebulata nebulata has been recorded from the island of Huevos.

[56] Chironius scurrulus is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.

[59] Drymarchon corais corais has been recorded from the island of Monos.

[61] Leptophis stimsoni is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.

[65] Mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti has been recorded from the islands of Monos, Gaspar Grande, Chacachacare, Huevos, and Caledonia.

[66] Mastigodryas boddaerti dunni has been recorded from the island of Little Tobago and is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.

[69] Oxybelis aeneus has been recorded from the islands of Chacachacare and Huevos.

[74] Tantilla melanocephala has been recorded from the island of Huevos.

[77] Micrurus circinalis has been recorded from the islands of Gaspar Grande (Boos 2001) and Monos (Charles & Smith 2009).

[p43-3] 1 2 Boos (2001), p. 43

[4] Epictia tenella · BioDiversity4All

[5] Boos (2001), p. 44

[p45-7] 1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 45

[p46-9] Boos (2001), p. 46

[p50-10] 1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 50

[p60-12] 1 2 Boos (2001), p. 60

[p64-13] 1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 64

[15] Boos (2001), p. 67

[EoR-16] Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 188–195. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.

[17] Boos (2001), p. 98

[p99-19] 1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 99

[p100-20] 1 2 Boos (2001), p. 100

[p102-21] 1 2 Boos (2001), p. 102

[p103-22] 1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 103

[24] Boos (2001), p. 106

[25] Boos (2001), pp. 107–109

[26] Bailey, Joseph R.; Robert A. Thomas (2006). "A revision of the South American snake genus Thamnodynastes Wagler, 1830 (Serpentes: Colubridae, Tachymenini). II. Three new species from northern South America, with further descriptions of Thamnodynastes gambotensis Pérez-Santos and Moreno and Thamnodynastes ramonriveroi Manzanilla and Sánchez". Memoria de la Fundación la Salle de Ciencias Naturales. 66 (166): 7–27. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012.

[27] Boos (2001), p. 109

[28] Atractus fuliginosus · BioDiversity4All

[p110-29] 1 2 Boos (2001), p. 110

[p112-32] Boos (2001), p. 112

[p85-33] 1 2 Boos (2001), p. 85

[36] Boos (2001), p. 113

[p88-38] Boos (2001), p. 88

[p89-40] Boos (2001), pp. 89–93

[41] Erythrolamprus cobella · BioDiversity4All

[p93-43] Boos (2001), pp. 93–95

[44] Erythrolamprus pseudoreginae · iNaturalist United Kingdom

[45] Erythrolamprus zweifeli · BioDiversity4All

[46] Boos (2001), p. 96

[47] Boos (2001), p. 97

[p114-48] 1 2 Boos (2001), p. 114

[p115-49] 1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 115

[p117-51] 1 2 Boos (2001), p. 117

[p118-52] 1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 118

[54] Boos (2001), p. 119

[55] Boos (2001), p. 121

[57] Boos (2001), p. 122

[p123-58] 1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 123

[p125-60] 1 2 Boos (2001), p. 125

[p126-62] Boos (2001), p. 126

[autogenerated1-63] 1 2 Mastigodryas amarali | The Reptile Database

[p128-64] 1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 128

[p130-67] 1 2 Boos (2001), p. 130

[p133-68] 1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 133

[70] Boos (2001), p. 136

[71] Boos (2001), p. 138

[p140-72] 1 2 Boos (2001), p. 140

[p142-73] 1 2 3 Boos (2001), p. 142

[75] Trinidad Ribbon Coral Snake (Micrurus diutius) · iNaturalist

[76] Boos (2001), p. 146

[p144-78] Boos (2001), p. 144

[79] Charles, Stevland P.; Stephen Smith (2009). "A New Locality Record for the Coral Snake, Micrurus circinalis (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae) on Monos Island, Trinidad and Tobago" (PDF). Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club: 41–42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2012.

[80] Boos (2001), p. 156

[81] Boos (2001), p. 167

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