Leptodeira annulata

Leptodeira annulata
Undulous dorsal stripe
Vertically elliptic pupil
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Colubridae
Genus:	Leptodeira
Species:	L. annulata
Binomial name
Leptodeira annulata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Coluber annulatus Linnaeus, 1758 Dipsas annulata — Schlegel, 1837 Sibon annulata — Cope, 1860 Eteirodipsas annulata — Jan, 1863 Leptodira annulata — Boulenger, 1896 [2] Leptodeira annulata — Amaral, 1929 [3]

Leptodeira annulata, also known commonly as the banded cat-eyed snake, is a species of mildly venomous, rear-fanged, snake in the subfamily Dipsadinae of the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to the New World. ^[4]

Common names

Additional common names for L. annulata include: cat-eyed night snake, come sapo, culebra de pantano, culebra destenida, machete savane, mapana de agua, mapana tigre, and ranera. ^[5]

Geographic range

L. annulata is found in Mexico, Central America, and South America, including the offshore islands of Margarita, and Trinidad and Tobago. ^[3]

Description

Adults of L. annulata have a total length (tail included) of about 750 mm (30 in) and are very slender. The head is distinct from the neck, and the large eyes have vertically elliptic pupils. The back is yellowish or brown with a series of dark brown or blackish spots often confluent into an undulous or zigzag stripe. ^[2]

Venom

L. annulata has a pair of enlarged, grooved teeth at the rear of each upper jaw (maxilla), ^[2] and produces a mild venom.^{[ citation needed ]}. The venom affects the snake's natural prey (mainly small frogs and small lizards). The snake tends not to bite humans when handled, but when it does, the venom has relatively mild effects in most individuals; some describe it as a slight irritating/itching sensation with slight swelling. The snake is not considered a risk to human health.

Habitat

L. annulata inhabits moist areas. ^[5] It tends to be found in forest (moist and dry forest) as well as in areas near forest edge, including well vegetated urbanized areas near the forest edge. It is often associated with riparian zones, as well as the margins of swamps and marshes.

Behavior

L. annulata is nocturnal. It hunts and feeds in trees and on the ground. ^[5]

Diet

L. annulata preys on frogs, frog eggs, tadpoles, ^[6] salamanders, and small reptiles such as lizards ^[5] (including anoles) ^[6] and smaller snakes, as well as fish. ^[6] It may also feed on fledgling birds.^{[ citation needed ]}

Reproduction

Snakes of the genus Leptodeira are oviparous, sometimes exhibiting delayed fertilization. ^[7] Their eggs have been found in the fungus gardens of Acromyrmex and Atta colombica ants. ^[8]

References

1. Arzamendia, V.; Caicedo, J.R.; Daza, J.; Fitzgerald, L.; França , F.G.R.; Giraudo, A.; Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, P.; Kacoliris, F.; Montero, R.; Pelegrin, N.; Renjifo, J.; Rivas, G.; Scrocchi, G.; Williams, J.; Nogueira, C. de C.; Gagliardi, G.; Catenazzi, A.; Gonzales, L.; Murphy, J. (2019). "Leptodeira annulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T197497A2490787. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
2. Boulenger, G.A. (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ).... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I–XXV. (Genus Leptodira, pp. 88–89; species Leptodira annulata, pp. 97–98)
3. Species Leptodeira annulata at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.
4. ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). Itis.gov.
5. Freiberg, M. (1982). Snakes of South America. Hong Kong: T.F.H. Publications. 189 pp. ISBN   0-87666-912-7. (Leptodeira annulata, pp. 100–101, 103 + photograph on p. 55)
6. "Leptodeira annulata (Cat-eyed Snake or False Mapepire)" (PDF). Sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
7. Wright, A.H.; Wright, A.A. (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a Division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes). ("Genus Leptodeira", pp. 415–418.)
8. Baer, Boris; den Boer, Susanne Petronella A.; Kronauer, Daniel; Nash, David Richard; Boomsma, Jacobus Jan (August 2009). "Fungus gardens of the leafcutter ant Atta colombica function as egg nurseries for the snake Leptodeira annulata". Insectes Sociaux. 56 (3): 289–291. doi:10.1007/s00040-009-0026-0.

Further reading

• Boos, Hans E.A. (2001). The Snakes of Trinidad and Tobago. Texas A&M University Press. College Station, Texas. xvi + 328 pp. ISBN   1-58544-116-3.
• Hallowell, E. (1845). "Description of Reptiles, from South America, supposed to be new". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia2: 241–247. ("Coluber Ashmeadii", pp. 244–245).
• Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata. Stockholm: L. Salvius. 824 pp. (Coluber annulatus, new species, p. 224).
• Morris, Percy A. (1948). Boy's Book of Snakes: How to Recognize and Understand Them. A volume of the Humanizing Science Series, edited by Jaques Cattell. New York: Ronald Press. 185 pp. ("Night Snake", Leptodira annulata, pp. 140–141, 181).