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Separatist militant insurgency in Kashmir since 1989 has led to several terrorist attacks and incidents within the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. [1] [2]
| Security personnel deaths | 6413 |
| Civilian deaths | 14930 |
| Militant deaths | 23386 |
| Total | 44729 [3] |
|---|---|
| Data from Ministry of Home Affairs | |
| Year | Date | Incident | Perpetrators | Deaths | Ref | State Government | Central Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | 14 September | Assassination of BJP leader and Lawyer Tika Lal Taploo. | Anti-Pandit Militants | 1 | [4] | Farooq Abdullah (JKNC) | Rajiv Gandhi (INC) |
| 4 November | Assassination of retired Judge Nilkanth Ganjoo. | JKLF | 1 | ||||
| 1990 | 13 February | Assassination of Lassa Kaul (Director of Doordarshan) | Anti-Pandit Militants | 1 | [5] [6] | V. P. Singh | |
| 6 April | Assassination of CEO of Hindustan Machine Tools H. L. Khera. | JKLF | 2 | ||||
| Assassination of Vice Chancellor of University of Kashmir, Mushir-u-Haq. | |||||||
| 1 May | Assassination of Sarwanand Koul Premi and his son. | Anti-Pandit Militants | 2 | ||||
| 21 May | Assassination of Imam Mohammad Farooq Shah. | Hizbul Mujahideen | 1 | ||||
| 1990–1991 | Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus | Anti-Pandit and Anti India Millitants | 217-228 | [7] [8] | Dissolved | Chandra Shekhar (SJPR) (INC) | |
| 1994 | 29 March | Assassination of Lt Gen E. W. Fernandes and other Indian Army officers. | Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen | 15 | [9] [5] | Dissolved | P. V. Narasimha Rao (INC) |
| 1995 | 26 January | Assassination attempt on Governor Lt Gen K. V. Krishna Rao. | Hizbul Mujahideen Lashkar-e-Taiba | 8 | [10] | ||
| 20 July | Bomb Explosion in Jammu | 20 | [11] | ||||
| 1998 | 26 January | Wandhama massacre | 23 | Farooq Abdullah (JKNC) | Inder Kumar Gujral (INC) | ||
| 17 April | Prankote massacre | 29 | Atal Bihari Vajpayee (BJP) | ||||
| 21 April | Thub Village massacre | 13 | |||||
| 19 June | Chapnari massacre | 25 | |||||
| 3 August | Chamba massacre | 35 | |||||
| 1999 | 7 September | Assassination of BJP Candidate Haider Noorani [12] | 1 | [12] | |||
| 3 November | Suicide attack at Badami Bagh cantonment | 10 | [13] | ||||
| 24 December | Suicide bomber attack on JnK Special Operations group police officers | Lashkar-e-Taiba | 12 | [11] | |||
| 2000 | 7 January | Attack on the Meteorological Center, Srinagar. | 4 | [5] | |||
| 20 March | Chittisinghpura massacre | Lashkar-e-Taiba | 35 | ||||
| 15 May | Assassination of Minister for Power, Gulam Hasan Bhat | Hizbul Mujahideen | 5 | ||||
| August | 2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre | 62 | [14] | ||||
| 3 November | Assassination of Aga Syed Mehdi in a landmine explosion | 6 | [15] | ||||
| 25 December | Attack on Army HQ Badami Bagh, Srinagar | 9 | [5] | ||||
| 2001 | 9 February | Suicide bomber attack on JnK police control room | Al-Umar-Mujahideen | 12 | |||
| 10 February | 2001 Kot Charwal massacre | Lashkar-e-Taiba | 15 | ||||
| 2 March | Ambush on police personnel in Rajouri | 17 | |||||
| 8 June | Grenade explosion in Charar-e-Sharief shrine. | 4 | |||||
| 20 July | Amarnath Massacre | 8 | [16] | ||||
| 21 July | Doda Massacre | 16 | [5] | ||||
| 2-3 August | 2001 Kishtwar massacre | Lashkar-e-Taiba | 15 | ||||
| 7 August | Jammu Railway Station shootout | 13 | [17] [18] | ||||
| 29 August | Anantnag bus attack | 9 | [5] | ||||
| 1 October | Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly car bombing | Jaish-e-Mohammed | 36 | ||||
| 2002 | 20 January | Poonch massacre | Lashkar-e-Taiba | 11 | |||
| 30 March | First Raghunath temple attacks | 11 | |||||
| 14 May | 2002 Kaluchak massacre | 31 | [19] | ||||
| 21 March | Assassination of Abdul Ghani Lone | 1 | [20] | ||||
| 13 July | 2002 Qasim Nagar massacre | 25 | |||||
| 6 August | 2002 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre | 11 | |||||
| 11 September | Assassination of Mushtaq Lone, State Law Minister | 3 | [21] | Mufti Mohammad Sayeed | |||
| 11 November | IED blast on the Jammu Srinagar national highway | 8 | [5] | ||||
| 22 November | IED blast in Srinagar | Lashkar-e-Taiba | 6 | ||||
| 23 November | IED blast at Lower Munda on the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway. | 19 | |||||
| 24 November | Secoind Raghunath temple attacks | Lashkar-e-Taiba | 14 | ||||
| 5 December | Assassination of Ghulam Mohiuddin Lone, brother of Mushtaq Lone. | 1 | |||||
| 20 December | Assassination of Abdul Aziz Mir | 1 | |||||
| 2003 | 28 January | Assassination of Farooq Ahmed Kuchchay, NC politician | Hizbul Mujahideen | 2 | |||
| 14 March | Suicide attack on Muharram procession in Poonch | 4 | |||||
| 16 March | Attack on remote police post | 11 | |||||
| 23 March | Nadimarg massacre | Lashkar-e-Taiba | 24 | [22] | |||
| 22 April | Landmine blast in Udhampur | 6 | [5] | ||||
| 19 May | Massacre in form of beheading in Rajouri | Jaish-e-Mohammed | 6 | ||||
| 26 May | Ambush at the house of a Village Defence Committee member | 5 | |||||
| 28 June | Suicide attack at Sunjwan military base | 12 | |||||
| 22 July | Suicide attack at the Akhnoor army base, killing one Brigadier | 8 | |||||
| 13 September | Ambush on the car of political leader Mohammad Yusuf Parray | 3 | [23] | ||||
| 2004 | 2 January | Suicide attack at the Jammu Railway Station | 4 | [24] | |||
| 3 March | Suicide attack at the Court complex in Jammu | 7 | |||||
| 9 March | Suicide attack at the PIB of the GOI | 2 | |||||
| Suicide attack on Directorate of Information of the Govt of JnK | |||||||
| 8 April | Attack at a PDP political rally in Uri | 11 | [25] | ||||
| 23 May | IED explosion at the Jammu-Srinagar Highway | 30 | [5] | Manmohan Singh (INC) | |||
| 26 June | Terrorist attack in Surankote | 12 | |||||
| 2 July | Attack on the convoy of MP, Choudhury Lal Singh | 6 | [26] | ||||
| 19 July | Assassination attempt on Deputy Chief Minister Mangat Ram Sharma | 6 | [27] | ||||
| 28 July | Overnight gunfight at the paramilitary base on the banks of Dal lake | 5 | [5] [28] | ||||
| 4 August | Ambush at CRPF camp | 9 | [24] | ||||
| 5 December | IED explosion in Pulwama | 10 | [5] | ||||
| 2005 | 7 January | Suicide attack on Income tax office, Srinagar | 3-5 | [24] [29] | |||
| 24 February | Suicide attack at Divisional Commissioners office | 6 | [5] | ||||
| 12 May | Grenade attack in a school in Srinagar | 2 | [30] | ||||
| 13 June | Explosives-laden car detonates in Pulwama | 13 | [5] | ||||
| 24 June | Bus boarded by security personnel attacked by bomb in Srinagar | 9 | [31] | ||||
| 19 July | Attack at a village in Udhampur | Lashkar-e-Taiba | 6 | [5] | |||
| 20 July | Suicide attack on Army vehicle in Srinagar | 5 | |||||
| 9 September | 3 Families attacked in Udhampur | 6 | |||||
| 10 September | Attack on an Army convoy on the Srinagar-Jammu National Highway | 5 | |||||
| 10 October | Four families attacked in Rajouri | Hizbul Mujahideen | 10 | ||||
| 18 October | Assassination of Dr. Ghulam Nabi Lone, Minister for Education | Islamic Front | 4 | [24] | |||
| 2 November | Suicide attack near the residence of outgoing CM Mufti Md Sayeed | 10 | |||||
| 14 November | Suicide attack at a business hub in Srinagar | Islamic Front | 4 | Ghulam Nabi Azad (INC) | |||
| 15 November | Assassination attempt on PDP leader Ghulam Hassan Mir | 3-6 | [32] | ||||
| 16 November | Assassination attempt on Minister Usman Majeed | 4 | [5] | ||||
| 2006 | 23 January | Gunfight with special operations group | 4 | ||||
| 9 April | Terrorists kill a family of 3 in Udhampur | 3 | |||||
| 14 April | Serial grenade blasts in Srinagar | 5 | |||||
| 1 May | Doda massacre | Lashkar-e-Taiba | 34 | ||||
| 21 May | Attack on the Rally of CM Ghulam Nabi Azad | 6-7 | [33] | ||||
| 25 May | Grenade attack in Srinagar | 8 | [5] | ||||
| 12 June | Attack on Laborers in Anantnag | 9 | |||||
| 30 June | Assassination of Ghulam Nabi Dar, NC leader in Kulgam | 7 | [34] | ||||
| 11 July | Grenade attack in Srinagar | Lashkar-e-Taiba | 8 | [5] | |||
| 10 November | Grenade attack in Pulwama | 6 | |||||
| 2007 | 8 February | Ambush on Security Patrol in Pulwama | 5 | ||||
| 30 March | Attack on laborers in Rajouri | 5 | |||||
| 29 July | Attack on a civilian bus near Shalimar Garden | 6 | |||||
| 17 August | IED blast near Security forces in Awantipora | 5 | |||||
| 11 October | IED blast in Baramullah | Hizbul Mujahideen | 7 | ||||
| 2008 | 13 June | Ambush on Army personnel | Lashkar-e-Taiba | 5 | |||
| 4 July | Ambush on Army personnel in Kupwara | 5 | |||||
| 19 July | IED blast in an Army bus in Srinagar | Hizbul Mujahideen | 10 | Dissolved | |||
| 24 July | Grenade attack in SSrinagar | 5 | |||||
| Attack on the house of a surrendered militant | Hizbul Mujahideen | 4 | |||||
| 27 August | Suicide attack in Kenachak | 11 | |||||
| 2009 | 21 April | IED blast in Poonch | 5 | Omar Abdullah (JKNC) | |||
| 12 September | IED blast in Central Jail in Srinagar | 3 | |||||
| 30 December | Shootout on CRPF vehicles | Hizbul Mujahideen | 4 | ||||
| 2010 | 16 March | Attack on civilians in Srinagar | 6 | ||||
| 2013 | 24 June | Ambush on Army personnel in Srinagar | Hizbul Mujahideen | 8 | [13] | ||
| 26 September | Twin suicide attacks in Kathua | 13 | [35] [5] | ||||
| 2014 | 28 March | Truck Hijacking in Kathua | Lashkar-e-Taiba | 6 | |||
| 7 April | Landmine explosion in Baranda Mor | 3 | |||||
| 13 August | Attack in Pulwama before new Prime ministers visit | 3 | Narendra Modi (BJP) | ||||
| 27 November | Suicide attack in Arnia | Lashkar-e-Taiba | 10 | [13] | |||
| 5 December | Suicide attack on Army personnel in Uri | 17 | |||||
| 2015 | 20 March | Suicide attack in a Kathua police station | 6 | Dissolved | |||
| 6 April | A militant attack in Shopian District | 3 | [35] | Mehbooba Mufti (JKPDP) | |||
| 2016 | 2 January | 2016 Pathankot Airbase attack | Jaish-e-Mohammed | 12 | |||
| 17 August | Ambush on Military convoy in Baramullah | 3 | |||||
| 18 September | 2016 Uri attack | Jaish-e-Mohammed | 24 | ||||
| 29 November | Suicide attack on Military personnel in Nagrota | 7 | |||||
| 2017 | 23 February | Attack on a Patrol party in Shopian | 4 | ||||
| 1 May | Ambush on a Bank Van in Kulgam | 7 | |||||
| 16 June | Ambush on Military convoy in Anantnag | Lashkar-e-Taiba | 6 | ||||
| 10 July | 2017 Amarnath Yatra massacre | 8 | |||||
| 26 August | Suicide attack on Security forces in Pulwama | 8 | |||||
| 21 September | Assassination attempt on PDP leader Naeem Akhtar | Hizbul Mujahideen | 3 | ||||
| 2018 | 6 January | IED blast in Sopore | 4 | ||||
| 10 February | Suicide attack on Sunjuwan Military Station | People's Anti-Fascist Front | 9 | ||||
| 29 August | Militant attack at Arhama in Shopian District | 4 | Dissolved | ||||
| 21 October | Attack at Laroo village in Kulgam | 15 | |||||
| 2019 | 14 February | 2019 Pulwama attack | Jaish-e-Mohammed | 41 | |||
| 12 June | Ambush on Security forces in a school in Anantnag | Al-Umar-Mujahideen | 5 | ||||
| 29 October | Attack on Bengali laboureres | 5 | |||||
| 2020 | 4 May | Attack on CRPF patrol | 4 | ||||
| 8 July | Assassination of BJP leader Wasim Ahmad Bari | 3 | G. C. Murmu | ||||
| 29 October | Attack on BJP workers | The Resistance Front | 3 | Manoj Sinha | |||
| 2021 | 12 December | Ambush on police vehicle in Srinagar | Jaish-e-Mohammed | 3 | |||
| 2022 | 11 August | Foiled suicide attack in Rajouri | People's Anti-Fascist Front | 5 | |||
| 2023 | 1 January | Attack on civilians in Rajouri | 4 | ||||
| 20 April | Ambush on army vehicle in Poonch | People's Anti-Fascist Front | 5 | ||||
| 5 May | IED blast in Rajouri | People's Anti-Fascist Front | 5 | ||||
| 21 December | Ambush on Army vehicle | 5 | |||||
| 2024 | 9 June | 2024 Reasi attack | The Resistance Front | 9 | |||
| 9 July | Attack on Army convoy in Kathua | 5 | [36] |
The insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, also known as the Kashmir insurgency, is an ongoing separatist militant insurgency against the Indian administration in Jammu and Kashmir, a territory constituting the southwestern portion of the larger geographical region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947.
The Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) is a formerly armed, political separatist organisation active in both the Indian-administered and Pakistani-administered territories of Kashmir. It was founded by Amanullah Khan, with Maqbool Bhat also credited as a co-founder. Originally a militant wing of the Azad Kashmir Plebiscite Front, the organization officially changed its name to the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front in Birmingham, England on 29 May 1977; from then until 1994 it was an active Kashmiri militant organization. The JKLF first established branches in several cities and towns of the United Kingdom and other countries in Europe, as well as in the United States and across the Middle East. In 1982, it established a branch in the Pakistani-administered territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and by 1987, it had established a branch in the Indian-administered Kashmir Valley.
On Monday, 1 October 2001, three militants belonging to Jaish-e-Mohammed carried out an attack on the Jammu and Kashmir State Legislative Assembly complex in Srinagar using a Tata Sumo loaded with explosives, ramming it into the main gate with three fidayeen suicide bombers. 38 people, plus the three attackers, were killed.
Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir range from mass killings, enforced disappearances, torture, rape and sexual abuse to political repression and suppression of freedom of speech. The Indian Army, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), and Border Security Personnel (BSF) have been accused of committing severe human rights abuses against Kashmiri civilians. According to Seema Kazi, militant groups have also been held responsible for similar crimes, but the vast majority of abuses have been perpetrated by the armed forces of the Indian government.
Human rights abuses in Kashmir have been perpetrated by various belligerents in the territories controlled by both India and Pakistan since the two countries' conflict over the region began with their first war in 1947–1948, shortly after the partition of British India. The organized breaches of fundamental human rights in Kashmir are tied to the contested territorial status of the region, over which India and Pakistan have fought multiple wars. More specifically, the issue pertains to abuses committed in Indian-administered Kashmir and in Pakistani-administered Kashmir.
Burhan Wani was the leader of Hizbul Mujahideen, an Islamist militant organization and terrorist group of the Kashmir conflict. He had become a popular figure amongst the local Kashmiri populace, having done so primarily through a strong social media presence, and was responsible for moulding the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir into a youth-oriented movement. Wani was a militant leader and had reportedly recruited numerous foot-soldiers through his personal efforts.
Farooq Ahmed Dar known by his nom de guerre Bitta Karate, is a Kashmiri Terrorist, who currently serves as the chairman of the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (R) in the Kashmir Valley of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Sabzar Ahmed Bhat was a Kashmiri militant, who was the area commander of the militant organisation Hizbul Mujahideen. He was killed in an encounter by the police on 26 May 2017 at Tral.
Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir include security operations such as Operation Rakshak, which began in 1990, Operation Sarp Vinash in 2003 and Operation Randori Behak in 2020. Other operations include humanitarian missions such as Operation Megh Rahat and operations with a social aim such as Operation Goodwill and Operation Calm Down. The Indian Army works in tandem with the other arms of the Indian Armed Forces and security forces in Jammu and Kashmir such as during Mission Sahayata or joint operations.
Shujaat Bukhari was an Indian journalist from the former state of Jammu & Kashmir, and was the founding editor of Rising Kashmir, a Srinagar-based newspaper.
Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind is an al-Qaeda-affiliated Islamist jihadist militant group active in Kashmir. The group's stated objective is to create Kashmir as an independent Islamic state under Sharia law and jihad against Indian administration of Jammu and Kashmir.
The 2019 Pulwama attack occurred on 14 February 2019, when a convoy of vehicles carrying Indian security personnel on the Jammu–Srinagar National Highway was attacked by a vehicle-borne suicide bomber at Lethapora in the Pulwama district of the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir. The attack killed 40 Indian Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel as well as the perpetrator—Adil Ahmad Dar—who was a local Kashmiri youth from the Pulwama district. The responsibility for the attack was claimed by the Pakistan-based Islamist terrorist group, Jaish-e-Mohammed. India blamed neighbouring Pakistan for the attack, while the latter condemned the attack and denied having any connections to it. The attack dealt a severe blow to India–Pakistan relations, consequently resulting in the 2019 India–Pakistan military standoff. Subsequently, Indian investigations identified 19 accused. By August 2021, the main accused along with six others had been killed, and seven had been arrested.
Abdul Rashid SheikhDawoodi is a Sunni Muslim scholar, preacher and reformer from Jammu and Kashmir, who founded the Islamic organisation Tehreek-e-Soutul Awliya.
On 6 March 2022, a militant threw a grenade at a marketplace in Srinagar, Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, injuring twenty-four people and killing two.
The Resistance Front (TRF) is a militant organisation actively engaged in insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, and designated as a terrorist organisation in India. Indian government and other experts believe that the organisation was founded by and is an offshoot of Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based Jihadist terrorist group. The group is responsible for attacks on and killings of civilians, including those belonging to religious minority communities such as Kashmiri Hindus government employees, labourers and business owners, local politicians, and tourists, as well as for several attacks on Indian security forces including local policemen.
Sheikh Sajjad Gul, also known as Sheikh Sajjad, is a Kashmiri militant and the founder of The Resistance Front which has been active in Indian-administred Jammu and Kashmir since 2019.
Waheed ur Rehman Para is an Indian politician of Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party and member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly (MLA) representing Pulwama constituency. Para also serves as PDP's Youth Wing President, and also been the Secretary J&K State Sports Council.
Basit Ahmed Dar was a Kashmiri separatist militant commander. He was the Chief Operational Commander of The Resistance Front (TRF) following the assassination of TRF Commander Muhammad Abbas Sheikh in August 2021. He was one of the most wanted militants in the Kashmir valley with a reward of one million INR on his head. He was killed by Indian Security Forces on 7 May 2024, in an encounter in the Kulgam district of Kashmir.
The 2024 Reasi attack was a militant attack that occurred on 9 June 2024 in the Reasi district of the Jammu division of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Several unidentified militants opened fire on a passenger bus transporting Hindu pilgrims from the Shiv Khori cave to Katra, causing it to lose control and plummet into a deep gorge, followed by further firing at the crashed bus by the gunmen. Nine people were killed in the attack, and an additional 41 were injured.