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A medication is a drug used to diagnose,cure,treat,or prevent disease. Drug therapy (pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and relies on the science of pharmacology for continual advancement and on pharmacy for appropriate management.
A pharmacist,also known as a chemist in Commonwealth English,is a healthcare professional who is knowledgeable about preparation,mechanism of action,clinical usage and legislation of medications in order to dispense them safely to the public and to provide consultancy services. A pharmacist also often serves as a primary care provider in the community and offers services,such as health screenings and immunizations.
Allopurinol is a medication used to decrease high blood uric acid levels. It is specifically used to prevent gout,prevent specific types of kidney stones and for the high uric acid levels that can occur with chemotherapy. It is taken orally or intravenously.
Pharmacy is the science and practice of discovering,producing,preparing,dispensing,reviewing and monitoring medications,aiming to ensure the safe,effective,and affordable use of medicines. It is a miscellaneous science as it links health sciences with pharmaceutical sciences and natural sciences. The professional practice is becoming more clinically oriented as most of the drugs are now manufactured by pharmaceutical industries. Based on the setting,pharmacy practice is either classified as community or institutional pharmacy. Providing direct patient care in the community of institutional pharmacies is considered clinical pharmacy.
Azathioprine,sold under the brand name Imuran,among others,is an immunosuppressive medication. It is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis,granulomatosis with polyangiitis,Crohn's disease,ulcerative colitis,and systemic lupus erythematosus;and in kidney transplants to prevent rejection. It is listed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a group 1 human carcinogen. It is taken by mouth or injected into a vein.
Self-medication,sometime called do-it-yourself (DIY) medicine, is a human behavior in which an individual uses a substance or any exogenous influence to self-administer treatment for physical or psychological conditions,for example headaches or fatigue.
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is a harmful,unintended result caused by taking medication. ADRs may occur following a single dose or prolonged administration of a drug or may result from the combination of two or more drugs. The meaning of this term differs from the term "side effect" because side effects can be beneficial as well as detrimental. The study of ADRs is the concern of the field known as pharmacovigilance. An adverse event (AE) refers to any unexpected and inappropriate occurrence at the time a drug is used,whether or not the event is associated with the administration of the drug. An ADR is a special type of AE in which a causative relationship can be shown. ADRs are only one type of medication-related harm. Another type of medication-related harm type includes not taking prescribed medications,known as non-adherence. Non-adherence to medications can lead to death and other negative outcomes. Adverse drug reactions require the use of a medication.
Mercaptopurine (6-MP),sold under the brand name Purinethol among others,is a medication used for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Specifically it is used to treat acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL),acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL),Crohn's disease,and ulcerative colitis. For acute lymphocytic leukemia it is generally used with methotrexate. It is taken orally.
Thiopurine methyltransferase or thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TPMT gene. A pseudogene for this locus is located on chromosome 18q.
Pharmacotherapy,also known as pharmacological therapy or drug therapy,is defined as medical treatment that utilizes one or more pharmaceutical drugs to improve ongoing symptoms,treat the underlying condition,or act as a prevention for other diseases (prophylaxis).
Tioguanine,also known as thioguanine or 6-thioguanine (6-TG) or tabloid is a medication used to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML),acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL),and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Long-term use is not recommended. It is given by mouth.
A veterinary pharmacist is a specially trained pharmacist who dispenses veterinary drugs and supplies or products and advice to owners of companion animals and livestock. In addition,they advise the regulatory bodies and are involved in the formulation of veterinary drugs. Veterinary pharmacy is a field of pharmacy practice,in which veterinary pharmacists may compound medications,fill prescriptions,and manage drug therapies for animals. Veterinary pharmacists are licensed pharmacists who specialize in the distribution of medications for animals.
Pharmaceutical care is a pharmacy practice model developed in the 1990s that describes patient-centered medication management services performed by pharmacists.
A counterfeit medication or a counterfeit drug is a medication or pharmaceutical item which is produced and sold with the intent to deceptively represent its origin,authenticity,or effectiveness. A counterfeit drug may contain inappropriate quantities of active ingredients,or none,may be improperly processed within the body,may contain ingredients that are not on the label,or may be supplied with inaccurate or fake packaging and labeling. Counterfeit drugs are related to pharma fraud. Drug manufacturers and distributors are increasingly investing in countermeasures,such as traceability and authentication technologies,to try to minimise the impact of counterfeit drugs. Antibiotics with insufficient quantities of an active ingredient add to the problem of antibiotic resistance.
The environmental effect of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) is being investigated since at least the 1990s. PPCPs include substances used by individuals for personal health or cosmetic reasons and the products used by agribusiness to boost growth or health of livestock. More than twenty million tons of PPCPs are produced every year. The European Union has declared pharmaceutical residues with the potential of contamination of water and soil to be "priority substances".[3]
The term environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants (EPPP) was first suggested in the nomination in 2010 of pharmaceuticals and environment as an emerging issue in a Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) by the International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE). The occurring problems from EPPPs are in parallel explained under environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP). The European Union summarizes pharmaceutical residues with the potential of contamination of water and soil together with other micropollutants under "priority substances".
Specialty drugs or specialty pharmaceuticals are a recent designation of pharmaceuticals classified as high-cost,high complexity and/or high touch. Specialty drugs are often biologics—"drugs derived from living cells" that are injectable or infused. They are used to treat complex or rare chronic conditions such as cancer,rheumatoid arthritis,hemophilia,H.I.V. psoriasis,inflammatory bowel disease and hepatitis C. In 1990 there were 10 specialty drugs on the market,around five years later nearly 30,by 2008 200,and by 2015 300.
Kelly Chibale PhD,MASSAf,FAAS,Fellow of UCT,FRSSAf,FRSC is professor of organic chemistry at the University of Cape Town,and the founder and director of H3D research center and H3D Foundation NPC. In 2018 he was recognised as one of Fortune magazine's top 50 World's Greatest Leaders. His research focuses on drug discovery and the development of tools and models to contribute to improving treatment outcomes in people of African descent or heritage.
Professor Paul Waako,is a Ugandan pharmacologist,academic and academic administrator,who serves as the Vice Chancellor of Busitema University,a public university in the Eastern Region of Uganda,since 1 May 2019.
Omnicell,Inc. is an American multinational healthcare technology company headquartered in Fort Worth,Texas. It manufactures automated systems for medication management in hospitals and other healthcare settings,and medication adherence packaging and patient engagement software used by retail pharmacies. Its products are sold under the brand names Omnicell and EnlivenHealth.
References
- 1 2 "Lloyd Matowe". scholar.google.com.
- 1 2 3 "Dr Matowe – Eden University".
- 1 2 "Lloyd Matowe | People That Deliver". peoplethatdeliver.org.
- ↑ "Key learnings for malaria programme managers from AM" (PDF).
- ↑ Grimshaw, J.; Thomas, R.; MacLennan, G.; Fraser, C.; Ramsay, C.; Vale, L.; Whitty, P.; Eccles, M.; Matowe, L.; Shirran, L.; Wensing, M.; Dijkstra, R.; Donaldson, C. (February 17, 2004). "Effectiveness and efficiency of guideline dissemination and implementation strategies". Health Technology Assessment. 8 (6): iii–iv, 1–72. doi:10.3310/hta8060. hdl: 2066/58616 . PMID 14960256 – via www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk.
- ↑ Ramsay, Craig R.; Matowe, Lloyd; Grilli, Roberto; Grimshaw, Jeremy M.; Thomas, Ruth E. (December 21, 2003). "Interrupted Time Series Designs in Health Technology Assessment: Lessons from Two Systematic Reviews of Behavior Change Strategies". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 19 (4): 613–623. doi:10.1017/S0266462303000576. PMID 15095767 – via Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Awad, Abdelmoneim; Eltayeb, Idris; Matowe, Lloyd; Thalib, Lukman (August 12, 2005). "Self-medication with antibiotics and antimalarials in the community of Khartoum State, Sudan". Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences. 8 (2): 326–331. PMID 16124943 – via PubMed.
- ↑ Abahussain, Eman; Matowe, Lloyd K.; Nicholls, P.J. (April 29, 2005). "Self-Reported Medication Use among Adolescents in Kuwait". Medical Principles and Practice. 14 (3): 161–164. doi:10.1159/000084633. PMID 15863989 – via Silverchair.
- ↑ "Unaffordable drug prices: the major cause of non-compliance with hypertension medication in Ghana". sites.ualberta.ca.
- ↑ Black, Alison J. (November 1, 1998). "Thiopurine Methyltransferase Genotype Predicts Therapy-Limiting Severe Toxicity from Azathioprine". Annals of Internal Medicine. 129 (9): 716–718. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-129-9-199811010-00007. PMID 9841604 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Eccles, Martin; Steen, Nick; Grimshaw, Jeremy; Thomas, Lois; McNamee, Paul; Soutter, Jennifer; Wilsdon, John; Matowe, Lloyd; Needham, Gillian; Gilbert, Fiona; Bond, Senga (May 21, 2001). "Effect of audit and feedback, and reminder messages on primary-care radiology referrals: a randomised trial". The Lancet. 357 (9266): 1406–1409. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04564-5. PMID 11356439.
- ↑ Matowe, Lloyd; Waako, Paul; Adome, Richard Odoi; Kibwage, Isaac; Minzi, Omary; Bienvenu, Emile (December 23, 2008). "A strategy to improve skills in pharmaceutical supply management in East Africa: the regional technical resource collaboration for pharmaceutical management". Human Resources for Health. 6 (1): 30. doi: 10.1186/1478-4491-6-30 . PMC 2630320 . PMID 19105836.
- ↑ Matowe, Lloyd; Kolawole, Jacob (December 17, 2014). "Improving national pharmaceutical supply management in Liberia through strengthening the training of pharmacists". Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice. 7 (1): O21. doi: 10.1186/2052-3211-7-S1-O21 . PMC 4304314 .