In molecular biology, a stop codon is a codon that signals the termination of the translation process of the current protein. Most codons in messenger RNA correspond to the addition of an amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain, which may ultimately become a protein; stop codons signal the termination of this process by binding release factors, which cause the ribosomal subunits to disassociate, releasing the amino acid chain.
In biology, translation is the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates. The generated protein is a sequence of amino acids. This sequence is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA. The nucleotides are considered three at a time. Each such triple results in addition of one specific amino acid to the protein being generated. The matching from nucleotide triple to amino acid is called the genetic code. The translation is performed by a large complex of functional RNA and proteins called ribosomes. The entire process is called gene expression.
In genetics, a nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a nonsense codon, or a premature stop codon in the transcribed mRNA, and leads to a truncated, incomplete, and possibly nonfunctional protein product. Nonsense mutation is not always harmful, the functional effect of a nonsense mutation depends on many aspects, such as the location of the stop codon within the coding DNA. For example, the effect of a nonsense mutation depends on the proximity of the nonsense mutation to the original stop codon, and the degree to which functional subdomains of the protein are affected. As nonsense mutations leads to premature termination of polypeptide chains; they are also called chain termination mutations.
Bacterial translation is the process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in bacteria.
A release factor is a protein that allows for the termination of translation by recognizing the termination codon or stop codon in an mRNA sequence. They are named so because they release new peptides from the ribosome.
Eukaryotic translation termination factor 1 (eRF1), also known as TB3-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ETF1 gene.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF4G2 gene.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF5B gene.
Elongation factor G 1, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GFM1 gene. It is an EF-G homolog.
DNA-directed RNA polymerase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POLRMT gene.
Translation initiation factor IF-2, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTIF2 gene.
Elongation factor Ts, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TSFM gene. It is an EF-Ts homolog.
Eukaryotic peptide chain release factor GTP-binding subunit ERF3B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSPT2 gene.
39S ribosomal protein L23, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL23 gene.
39S ribosomal protein L33, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL33 gene.
Mitochondrial translational release factor 1, also known as MTRF1 is a human gene.
Mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTFMT gene.
UPF0739 protein C1orf74 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C1orf74 gene.
Selenoprotein O is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SELENOO gene.
Ribosome-releasing factor 2, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GFM2 gene. Unlike the other EF-G homolog GFM1, GFM2 functions as a Ribosome Recycling Factor in termination.
