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Satisficing is a decision-making strategy or cognitive heuristic that entails searching through the available alternatives until an acceptability threshold is met. The term satisficing,a portmanteau of satisfy and suffice,was introduced by Herbert A. Simon in 1956,although the concept was first posited in his 1947 book Administrative Behavior. Simon used satisficing to explain the behavior of decision makers under circumstances in which an optimal solution cannot be determined. He maintained that many natural problems are characterized by computational intractability or a lack of information,both of which preclude the use of mathematical optimization procedures. He observed in his Nobel Prize in Economics speech that "decision makers can satisfice either by finding optimum solutions for a simplified world,or by finding satisfactory solutions for a more realistic world. Neither approach,in general,dominates the other,and both have continued to co-exist in the world of management science".
Policy analysis or public policy analysis is a technique used in the public administration sub-field of political science to enable civil servants,nonprofit organizations,and others to examine and evaluate the available options to implement the goals of laws and elected officials. People who regularly use policy analysis skills and techniques on the job,particularly those who use it as a major part of their job duties are generally known by the title policy analyst. The process is also used in the administration of large organizations with complex policies. It has been defined as the process of "determining which of various policies will achieve a given set of goals in light of the relations between the policies and the goals."
System of systems is a collection of task-oriented or dedicated systems that pool their resources and capabilities together to create a new,more complex system which offers more functionality and performance than simply the sum of the constituent systems. Currently,systems of systems is a critical research discipline for which frames of reference,thought processes,quantitative analysis,tools,and design methods are incomplete. The methodology for defining,abstracting,modeling,and analyzing system of systems problems is typically referred to as system of systems engineering.
Land-use forecasting undertakes to project the distribution and intensity of trip generating activities in the urban area. In practice,land-use models are demand-driven,using as inputs the aggregate information on growth produced by an aggregate economic forecasting activity. Land-use estimates are inputs to the transportation planning process.
The Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech was a research institute specializing in bioinformatics,computational biology,and systems biology. The institute had more than 250 personnel,including over 50 tenured and research faculty. Research at the institute involved collaboration in diverse disciplines such as mathematics,computer science,biology,plant pathology,biochemistry,systems biology,statistics,economics,synthetic biology and medicine. The institute developed -omic and bioinformatic tools and databases that can be applied to the study of human,animal and plant diseases as well as the discovery of new vaccine,drug and diagnostic targets.
The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) is an independent International research institute located in Laxenburg,near Vienna in Austria,founded as an East-West scientific cooperation initiative during the Cold War. Through its research programs and initiatives,the institute conducts policy-oriented interdisciplinary research into issues too large or complex to be solved by a single country or academic discipline. These include climate change,energy security,population aging,and sustainable development. The results of IIASA research and the expertise of its researchers are made available to policymakers worldwide to help them make informed and evidence-based policies.
The Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System (WEMS) Initiative,brainchild of environment policy researcher Remi Chandran,is an environmental governance project developed for assisting in monitoring the effectiveness of enforcement and compliance of wildlife law at a national level. The purpose of WEMS initiative is to monitor trafficking and illegal wildlife crime through a joint effort carried out by United Nations bodies,national governments,private industries,civil society and research institutions,by building a common data collection and reporting mechanism at a national level. The project plans to bring together various national institutions to a common information sharing platform and thereby building the capacity of the states to manage knowledge on wildlife crime trends and threat assessments. The compiled data will be then analyzed and selected non nominal information will be made available online through the WEMS website. WEMS will also help in providing analysed information electronically to all the national enforcement agencies and international policy makers including Interpol and CITES Secretariat. Selected information will be shared with the public for bringing awareness about wildlife Crime. The WEMS initiative works by bringing together Customs,Police,and Forest to a common information sharing mechanism within the national government and this will improve inter agency cooperation in tackling environmental crime holistically. Research and analysis of the crime data will be carried out through a designated national research Institute which will also carry out policy analysis identifying the trends and reasons for non compliance. It will also attempt to analyse the legal decisions on wildlife crimes from data obtained from local courts and will be able to identify weakness in legislation if any. Apart from this,the carriers involved in the illegal trade will also be recorded.
The Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System will provide the platform for our enforcement agencies to collect and share information on the trends and patterns of wildlife crime. Moreover,the cross-border nature of wild life crime underscores the need to enhance cooperation among our governments and to pool financial and human resources. I am confident that these measures will go a long way in enhancing our capacity to protect our wildlife resources.
The rational planning model is a model of the planning process involving a number of rational actions or steps. Taylor (1998) outlines five steps,as follows:
Dylan Schmorrow is an American scientist and retired United States Defense Official. He is currently the chief scientist at Soar Technology,Inc.. He is a retired US Navy captain,and served as the deputy director of the Human Performance,Training,and BioSystems Research Directorate at the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense,Research &Engineering at Office of the Secretary of Defense. He was also specialty leader of the Aerospace Experimental Psychologist community and an acquisition professional in the Naval Acquisition Corps.
Bilevel optimization is a special kind of optimization where one problem is embedded (nested) within another. The outer optimization task is commonly referred to as the upper-level optimization task,and the inner optimization task is commonly referred to as the lower-level optimization task. These problems involve two kinds of variables,referred to as the upper-level variables and the lower-level variables.
Harold Adrian Linstone was a German-American mathematician,consultant,futurist and University Professor Emeritus of Systems Science at Portland State University and a specialist in applied mathematics.
The Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) system is an application framework for knowledge-based decision support of ecological analysis and planning at any geographic scale.
Hydrological optimization applies mathematical optimization techniques to water-related problems. These problems may be for surface water,groundwater,or the combination. The work is interdisciplinary,and may be done by hydrologists,civil engineers,environmental engineers,and operations researchers.
The RAND Corporation is an American nonprofit global policy think tank,research institute,and public sector consulting firm. RAND Corporation engages in research and development (R&D) in a number of fields and industries. Since the 1950s,RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues,including the space race,the Vietnam War,the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation,the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs,and national health care.
Robust decision-making (RDM) is an iterative decision analytics framework that aims to help identify potential robust strategies,characterize the vulnerabilities of such strategies,and evaluate the tradeoffs among them. RDM focuses on informing decisions under conditions of what is called "deep uncertainty",that is,conditions where the parties to a decision do not know or do not agree on the system models relating actions to consequences or the prior probability distributions for the key input parameters to those models.
The energy policy of the Obama administration was defined by an "all-of-the-above" approach which offered federal support for renewable energy deployment,increased domestic oil and gas extraction,and export of crude oil and natural gas. His presidency's first term was shaped by the failure of his signature climate legislation,the American Clean Energy and Security Act,to pass,and then climate and energy disasters including the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 and then Hurricane Sandy,which took place during the 2012 election. In his second term,Obama lifted the ban on crude oil exports and approved liquified natural gas exports;his planned regulatory approach to reducing greenhouse pollution in the electricity sector,the Clean Power Plan,was blocked by the U.S. Supreme Court.
Paul K. Davis is a policy analyst at the Rand Corporation in Santa Monica,California.
Open energy system models are energy system models that are open source. However,some of them may use third party proprietary software as part of their workflows to input,process,or output data. Preferably,these models use open data,which facilitates open science.
Hartmut Bossel is a German environmental scientist and systems scientist. Bossel was a professor of environmental systems analysis and director of the Scientific Center for Environmental Systems Research and Environmental Systems Analysis Group at the University of Kassel,Germany,until his retirement in 1997.
Michel Bierlaire is a Belgian-Swiss applied mathematician specialized in transportation modeling and optimization. He is a professor at EPFL and the head of the Transport and Mobility Laboratory.
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- ↑ "A LITTLE LIFE | Kirkus Reviews" – via www.kirkusreviews.com.
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- ↑ Moshirvaziri, Khosrow; Amouzegar, Mahyar A.; Jacobsen, Stephen E. (April 1996). "Test problem construction for linear bilevel programming problems". Journal of Global Optimization. 8 (3): 235–243. doi:10.1007/BF00121267.[ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Amouzegar, Mahyar A.; Moshirvaziri, Khosrow (November 1999). "Determining optimal pollution control policies: An application of bilevel programming". European Journal of Operational Research. 119 (1): 100–120. doi:10.1016/S0377-2217(98)00336-1.[ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Amouzegar, Mahyar A.; Moshirvaziri, Khosrow (2001). "Strategic Management Decision Support System: An Analysis of the Environmental Policy Issues". Environmental Modeling and Assessment. 6 (4): 297–306. doi:10.1023/A:1013398219772.[ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Tripp, Robert S.; Galway, Lionel; Ramey, Timothy L.; Amouzegar, Mahyar; Peltz, Eric (December 1999). Supporting Expeditionary Aerospace Forces: A Concept for Evolving the Agile Combat Support/Mobility System of the Future (Report). DTIC ADA379000.[ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Amouzegar, Mahyar A.; Tripp, Robert S.; McGarvey, Ronald G.; Chan, Edward W.; Roll, C. R. (December 2003). Supporting Air and Space Expeditionary Forces: Analysis of Combat Support Basing Options (Report). DTIC ADA595927.[ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Amouzegar, Mahyar A.; McGarvey, Ronald G.; Tripp, Robert S.; Luangkesorn, Louis; Lang, Thomas; Roll, Charles R. (2006). Evaluation of Options for Overseas Combat Support Basing. Rand Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-3874-6. DTIC ADA482222.[ page needed ][ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Thomas, Brent; Amouzegar, Mahyar A.; Costello, Rachel; Guffey, Robert A.; Karode, Andrew; Lynch, Christopher; Lynch, Kristin F.; Munson, Ken; Ohlandt, Chad J.; Romano, Daniel M. (2015). Project AIR FORCE Modeling Capabilities for Support of Combat Operations in Denied Environments. Rand Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-8512-2. DTIC ADA621584.[ page needed ][ non-primary source needed ]