Manuel María Lombardini | |
---|---|
21st President of Mexico | |
In office 8 February –20 April 1853 | |
Preceded by | Juan Bautista Ceballos |
Succeeded by | Antonio López de Santa Anna |
Personal details | |
Born | Mexico City,New Spain | 23 July 1802
Died | 22 December 1853 51) Mexico City,Mexico | (aged
Political party | Conservative |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Mexico |
Branch/service | Mexican Army |
Manuel Maria Lombardini was a Mexican soldier who served as president briefly for about three months in 1853. He rose to power in the wake of a revolution against the government of President Mariano Arista. After Arista and his successor Juan Ceballos resigned,the insurgents elevated Lombardini to the presidency as a matter of convenience,and he was only ever meant to serve as a placeholder while the true aim of the insurgents,the restoration of Santa Anna,was carried out. Lombardini would resign accordingly on April 20,and he died of pneumonia in December of the same year.
Manuel Maria Lombardini was born in Mexico City in 1802,and joined the military at a young age,serving with merit as a member of the artillery corps. In August,1814 he was a member of the Patriots of Tacubaya company,and fought in the War of Mexican Independence on the side of the Spanish,before switching sides in August,1821 to join Agustin de Iturbide's Plan of Iguala. He presented himself before the Sixth Cavalry Squadron at Toluca,and under the command of General Filisola took part in the siege of Mexico City. He left the military one year later,but political developments which led up to the Arenas Conspiracy,a plot to restore Spanish rule in 1827,led him to return to military service.
During the First Mexican Republic,he joined the liberal Yorkino Party as a sublieutenant,and joined in the assault made at Tulancingo on January 7,1828,against the Plan of Montaño in which the conservative Esoces Party led by Nicolas Bravo attempted to overthrow the government of Guadalupe Victoria. Lombardini continued to champion the causes of the Yorkino Party which included the demand for public offices,and the expulsion of the Spaniards,but during the Revolution of the Accordada during which liberal supporters fought against president elect and Minister of War Manuel Gomez Pedraza he remained loyal to the government of Guadalupe Victoria. [1]
He took part in the Plan of Jalapa against Vicente Guerreo in 1829 and was in charge of the forces destined to fight Guerrero's partisans in Chietla and Oaxaca. In 1830 he reached the rank of lieutenant. He joined the Plan of Veracruz against President Bustamante in April,1832,joining the forces of General Ignacio Inclan with twenty five armed soldiers from Mexico City. He was made captain of veterans at the end of the year after joining the forces of Colonel Valencia in the fight against Bustamante in September 1832. [2]
As Valencia's assistant he entered to Zumpango took part in the taking of Lerma and Toluca and in the siege of Mexico City,seeing action as well at Casas Blancas. He also fought at the Rancho de Posadas,and upon winning there was granted the rank of lieutenant colonel by Santa Anna. He took the town of Zacapoaxtla and established order there. Bustamante would be overthrown in December 1832 and the triumphant liberals would elect Santa Anna and Valentin Gomez Farias,but discontent over the new administration caused another revolution to flare up,eventually joined by Santa Anna who had switched sides to the conservatives. Lombardini would also switch sides and in June 1834 he distinguished himself at the siege of Puebla,taking part in the conservative Plan of Cuernavaca which overthrew president Valentin Gomez Farias. He was granted the rank of lieutenant,and Battalion Number 11 was placed at his disposal. [3]
Under the Centralist Republic of Mexico,in 1836,he joined the campaign against Texas which had already won a de facto independence in 1835,unrecognized by Mexican authorities. He was placed under the command of Nicholas Bravo,in 1836,but when the Pastry War broke out,he joined the struggle against the French,marching towards Veracruz and afterward Tuxpam with the forces commanded by General Cos. [4]
During the Federalist Revolt of 1839 against the rule of President Anastasio Bustamante who had returned to power,he was taken prisoner by the federalist commanders Urrea and Mejia. He returned in Mexico in time for the Federalist Revolt of 1840,during which insurgents took control of the National Palace and during which warfare devastated the capital for twelve days. He joined Valencia during another revolt,against President Anastasio Bustamante on August 31,1841,not aimed at restoring the federalist system,but upon establishing a stronger more centralist system which came to be known as the Bases of Tacubaya. [5]
He fought bravely during the Mexican-American War,and was wounded at the Battle of Angostura. When Mexican forces evacuated the capital in September,1847,they did so under Lombardini's command. After the war ended he was made a commander in the capital. He defended the troops who lost their jobs in the wake of the Arista administration's vast downsizing measures,and when revolution flared up,he came to an arrangement with the leaders of the Plan of Jalisco in 1852. Both President Arista and President Ceballos resigned after being able to control the revolution and the insurgents then chose Lombardini as the new president on February 8. [6]
Lombardini was a mere placeholder while the final aim of the insurgents,the restoration of Santa Anna,was carried out. He formed no cabinet,but attended to the different ministries through existing subordinate officials. [7] He had no experience or talents as an administrator,and his brief reign was marked by corruption,confusion and disorder,especially in the financial sphere. The army swelled in expenses and commissions. [8]
Meanwhile,the state authorities,which had been charged by the insurgents with electing the new president,decided on March 17 to elect Santa Anna to the presidency. [9] Lombardini now began receiving orders from Santa Anna,and on April 12,Lombardini granted Santa Anna the title of captain-general. [10] Lombardini officially handed over the office of president on April 20. [11]
After resigning from the presidency,Lombardini retained the post of chief of the capital garrison,and continued to support Santa Anna. His health declined however,and he died of pneumonia on December 22,1853. His death received very little attention,having been overshadowed by the restoration of Santa Anna. [12]
José Mariano Arista was a Mexican soldier and politician who also became president of Mexico.
Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos, known as Ignacio Comonfort, was a Mexican politician and soldier who was also president during La Reforma.
Nicolás Bravo was a Mexican soldier and politician who served as interim President of Mexico three times, in 1839, 1842, and 1846. Previously, he fought in the Mexican War of Independence, and served as Mexico's first Vice President under President Guadalupe Victoria from 1824 until 1827, when he attempted to overthrow Victoria. He was also the fourth vice president under President Mariano Paredes in 1846, and served in the Mexican–American War.
Félix María Zuloaga was a Mexican conservative general and politician who played a key role in the outbreak of the Reform War in early 1860, a war which would see him elevated to the presidency of the nation. President Zuloaga was unrecognized by and fought against the liberals supporters of President Benito Juarez.
Manuel Robles Pezuela was a military engineer, military commander, and eventually interim president of Mexico during a civil war, the War of Reform, being waged between conservatives and liberals, in which he served as president of the Conservatives, in opposition to President Benito Juarez, head of the Liberals.
Juan Nepomuceno Álvarez Hurtado de Luna, generally known as Juan Álvarez, was a general, long-time caudillo in southern Mexico, and president of Mexico for two months in 1855, following the liberals' ouster of Antonio López de Santa Anna. His presidency inaugurated the pivotal era of La Reforma.
Martín Carrera Sabat was a Mexican general, senator, and interim president of the country for about a month in 1855. He was a moderate Liberal.
Juan Bautista Loreto Mucio Francisco José de Asís de la Santísima Trinidad Ceballos Gómez Sañudo was a Mexican politician who served in congress and in the supreme court before being briefly made president after the resignation of President Mariano Arista during a revolution known as the Plan of Jalisco in 1853. He failed to come to any sort of arrangements with the insurgents and resigned after only about a month of serving and went back to his seat on the supreme court. After being removed from the court by the restored Santa Anna, he left the country and died in Paris in 1859.
José Joaquín Antonio de Herrera was a Mexican statesman who served as president of Mexico three times, and as a general in the Mexican Army during the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848.
José Manuel de la Peña y Peña was a Mexican lawyer and judge, who served two non-consecutive, but closely following terms as the president of Mexico during the Mexican American War. In contrast to many other nineteenth century Mexican presidents, he never served in the military, instead coming from a distinguished legal background.
José Mariano de Salas was a Mexican soldier and politician who served twice as interim president of Mexico, once in 1846, during the Mexican American War, and once in 1859 during the War of Reform.
José Mariano Epifanio Paredes y Arrillaga was a Mexican conservative general who served as president of Mexico between December 1845 and July 1846. He assumed office through a coup against the liberal administration led by José Joaquín de Herrera. He was the grandfather of 38th Mexican President Pedro Lascuráin Paredes.
Valentín Canalizo, was a Mexican general and statesman who served twice as interim president during the Centralist Republic of Mexico and was later made Minister of War during the Mexican American War.
José Pedro Antonio Vélez de Zúñiga was a Mexican politician and lawyer. In the aftermath of a successful coup against president Vicente Guerrero, he was placed at the head of a triumvirate that briefly led the Mexican government during the last days of 1829.
José Ventura Melchor Ciriaco de Ecay-Múzquiz y Arrieta was a Mexican soldier and politician who became the 5th President of Mexico after president Anastasio Bustamante stepped down to personally lead his armies against an 1832 insurgency known as the Plan of Veracruz.
Miguel Francisco Barragán Andrade was a Mexican soldier and politician who served as interim president of Mexico in 1836. He had previously served as Governor of Veracruz, and gained national fame for the capture of the Fortress of San Juan de Ulúa in 1824, through which Spanish military presence was finally expelled from Mexico.
Manuel Gómez Pedraza y Rodríguez was a Mexican general who also became president of Mexico during the First Mexican Republic.
Trinidad Anastasio de Sales Ruiz Bustamante y Oseguera was a Mexican physician, general, and politician who served as the 4th President of Mexico three times from 1830 to 1832, 1837 to 1839, and 1839 to 1841. He also served as the 2nd Vice President of Mexico from 1829 to 1832 under Presidents Vicente Guerrero, José María Bocanegra, himself, and Melchor Múzquiz. He participated in the Mexican War of Independence initially as a royalist before siding with Agustín de Iturbide and supporting the Plan of Iguala.
The Second Federal Republic of Mexico refers to the period of Mexican history involving a second attempt to establish a federal government in Mexico after the fall of the unitary Centralist Republic of Mexico in 1846 at the start of the Mexican-American War. It would last up until the Second French Intervention in Mexico led to the proclamation of the Second Mexican Empire in 1863.
Bases Orgánicas was the name given to the constitution of Mexico which came into effect in 1843. It was the second and final constitution attempted during the Centralist Republic of Mexico, after the Siete Leyes.