Manuel Sanguily Garritte

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Manuel Sanguily
Galeria Criolla, Manuel Sanguily (Cropped) (2nd cropped).jpg
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
January 28, 1909 –May 20, 1913

Manuel Sanguily (March 26, 1848 - January 23, 1925) was a Cuban statesmen, independence activist, historian, and patriot who participated in the Ten Years' War.

Contents

Biography

Early life

Manuel Sanguily y Garritte was born on March 26, 1848, in Havana, La Habana Province, Spanish Cuba. He was the younger brother of Julio Sanguily. [1]

Sanguily was educated in his early years at the El Salvador school under the mentorship of José de la Luz y Caballero. [2]

Ten Years' War

From the United States, the Sanguily brothers landed in Camagüey Province on the Galvanic expedition led by Manuel de Quesada in December 1868. Manuel Sanguily and nine other patriots managed to land on Cayo Romano, crossed by canoe to La Guanaja, and enlisted in the mambises infantry. [3]

He served as a colonel in the Cuban Liberation Army during the Ten Years' War (1868–1878). [4] Before the war's end, Manuel left the island with his brother Julio in 1876, departing to the United States.

In April 1886, he published the text Habana while in Matanzas. [5] After freedom of the press was implemented in Cuba in 1891, Sanguily expressed his separatist views in the Cuban press. In 1893, he published his widely known work Hojas Literarias. [6]

Cuban War of Independence

Sanguily, who did not fight in the war of 1895, dedicated himself to journalism during his time in exile in the United States. [7] Sanguily addressed a gathering of Cubans at Chickering Hall in New York City on May 19, 1896, in commemoration of José Martí's first death anniversary. [8]

U.S. occupation of Cuba

In December 1898, Col. Manguily joined a Cuban delegation headed by Gen. Calixto García who met U.S. President William McKinley in Washington. McKinley used the meeting to address severance pay for the Cuban Liberation Army following the Spanish–American War. [9]

Sanguily represented Cuba at the First Hague Peace Conference in The Hague, Netherlands, which concluded on July 29, 1899. [10]

Appointed by the Military Governor of Cuba Leonard Wood's government, Manuel Sanguily became a professor of Rhetoric and Poetic Art at the Institute of Secondary Instruction of Havana on December 16, 1899. He was also named the institute's director. [11] [12]

On February 16, 1900, American Chief of Staff Adna Chaffee announced that Sanguily had been appointed to a commission to formulate rules and regulations for municipal elections. [13]

When Governor Leonard Wood introduced the Platt Amendment in March 1901, Sanguily proposed a new election for the public to vote on Cuba–United States relations and elect delegates to discuss the amendment. On September 28, 1901, Gen. Máximo Gómez led a manifesto, signed by Sanguily, Domingo Méndez Capote, Gonzalo de Quesada, and others, promoting the election of Tomás Estrada Palma before the 1901 Cuban general election. [14]

Manuel Sanguily was elected as a senator of Matanzas on February 24, 1902. [15] In 1902, a teacher certification guide in Cuba included contributions from Sanguily, Vidal Morales y Morales, Nicolás Heredia, Carlos de la Torre, Manuel Valdés Rodríguez, and Esteban Borrero. [16] The Board of Superintendents of Public Schools of the Island of Cuba approved it on November 25, 1903. [17]

Amending the treaty (Spanish: Emmendando el tratado ). Cuban-American Reciprocity Bureau. Washington, D.C., 1903. Amending the treaty Enmendando el tratado. LCCN2013651807.jpg
Amending the treaty (Spanish : Emmendando el tratado). Cuban-American Reciprocity Bureau. Washington, D.C., 1903.

In 1903, the president of the Republic of Cuba Tomás Estrada Palma appointed Manuel Sanguily as Cuban Secretary of State. [18] He was involved in the Bliss-Palma protocol, which included various provisions on sugar tariffs in the proposed treaty between the United States and Cuba. [19]

Sanguily was President of the Senate in the Congress of Cuba from April 5, 1905, to April 11, 1906. [20]

September 1906, marked the beginning of the Second Occupation of Cuba. In 1907, he attended the Second Hague Peace Conference in The Hague, Netherlands, as a delegate of Cuba. [21]

Secretary of State

Sanguily served as Minister of Foreign Affairs during the Gómez administration which began on January 28, 1909. [22] [23] On July 14, 1910, an extradition treaty between Cuba and Venezuela was signed in Havana and Manuel Sanguily was assigned as the plenipotentiary. [24] He served as the principal official and Secretary of State of the Republic of Cuba to the U.S. Department of State. [25] He opened negotiations with the U.S. Ambassador in Cuba for a revision of the 1902 Reciprocity Treaty in February 1911. [26] Sanguily, acting as the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Cuba, made a speech at a banquet given by President Gómez to U.S. Secretary of State Philander Chase Knox, in Havana on April 11, 1912. [27] Secretary Sanguily met Knox at the Hotel Telégrafo on April 13, 1912, to address pending issues, with Arthur M. Beaupre also present. [28]

War of 1912

Amid the War of 1912, Sanguily, as Secretary of the Interior (Spanish : Secretaría de Gobernación), called for volunteers on May 23, 1912, registering 280 men at Castillo de Atarés in Havana to suppress the movement. [29]

He was named to the Commission of Statistics by President Gomez before the 1912 Cuban general election and appointed by President Mario García Menocal to be Inspector General of the Cuban National Army with the rank of brigadier general. [30]

Death

Manuel Sanguily died on January 23, 1925, in Havana, Cuba.

Honors

Following his death, a city and sugarmill in Pinar del Río, Cuba was named after him. [31] A stamp series was released on January 27, 1949, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Manuel Sanguily. [32]

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References

  1. ↑ President of The United States, Transmitting, in Response to Senate Resolution of the 6th of January, a Report from the Secretary of State Accompanied by Copies of Correspondence Concerning the Arrrest, Imprisonment, Trial, and Condemnation to Perpetual Imprisonment in Chains of Julio Sanguilty, a Citizen of the United States, by the Authorities of Spain in Cuba. (1897). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  2. ↑ Cuba and Its Right to Freedom. (1987). United States: Editorial Laurenty Pub..
  3. ↑ La Enciclopedia de Cuba. (1974). Puerto Rico: Enciclopedia y Clásicos Cubanos.
  4. ↑ Tarragó, R. E. (2017). Understanding Cuba as a Nation: From European Settlement to Global Revolutionary Mission. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
  5. ↑ Digital Collections, The New York Public Library. "(text) Habana by D. Manuel Sanguily, (1886)". The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  6. ↑ Hojas literarias. (1893). Cuba: A. del Monte.
  7. ↑ Tarragó, R. E. (2017). Understanding Cuba as a Nation: From European Settlement to Global Revolutionary Mission. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
  8. ↑ The Cuban Republic and José Martí: Reception and Use of a National Symbol. (2006). United Kingdom: Lexington Books.
  9. ↑ Pérez, L. (2018). Sugar, Cigars, and Revolution: The Making of Cuban New York. United States: NYU Press.
  10. ↑ Biographic Register of the Department of State. (1917). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  11. ↑ Annual Report of the Secretary of War. (1900). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  12. ↑ Human Rights Documents: Compilation of Documents Pertaining to Human Rights : U.S. Laws on Human Rights ; Basic U.N. Human Rights Instruments ; U.N. Instruments in Selected Human Rights Areas ; Regional Human Rights Instruments ; War Crimes and International Humanitarian Laws (laws of Armed Conflict) ; Human Rights Bodies Established by U.S. Laws Or Multilateral Instruments. (1983). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  13. ↑ Annual Report of the Secretary of War. (1901). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  14. ↑ Foner, P. S. (1972). The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism Vol. 2: 1898–1902. United Kingdom: Monthly Review Press.
  15. ↑ Wood, L. (1902). Civil Report of the Military Governor, 1902: Civil orders and circulars issued from January 1st 1902 to May 20th 1902 ... Guggenheimer, Weil & co., printers, Baltimore, Md. United States: (n.p.).
  16. ↑ Iglesias Utset, M. (2011). A Cultural History of Cuba During the U.S. Occupation, 1898-1902. United States: University of North Carolina Press.
  17. ↑ Alvarez Conde, J. (1951). Carlos de la Torre, su vida y su obra. Cuba: Impr. 'El Siglo XX'.
  18. ↑ "Proposed agreement between the United States and Cuba for the enlargement of the Guantánamo Naval Station". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  19. ↑ "Amending the treaty Enmendando el tratado. | Library of Congress". loc.gov. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  20. ↑ Schroeder, Susan (15 April 1982). Cuba: A Handbook of Historical Statistics. G.K. Hall. ISBN   9780816182138 – via Google Books.
  21. ↑ Dollero, A. (1916). Cuban Culture. Cuba: Impr. "El Siglo XX" de A. Miranda.
  22. ↑ Whitaker, J. (1913). An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord .... United Kingdom: J. Whitaker.
  23. ↑ Guerra, L. (2006). The Myth of José Martí: Conflicting Nationalisms in Early Twentieth-Century Cuba. United States: University of North Carolina Press.
  24. ↑ Supplement to the American Journal of International Law: Official Documents. (1913). United States: American Society of International Law.
  25. ↑ Acts of Congress, Treaties, Proclamations, and Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, and Opinions of the Attorney General Relating to Noncontiguous Territory, Cuba and Santo Domingo, and to Military Affairs .... (1912). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  26. ↑ A study on Cuba: the colonial and republican periods, the socialist experiment, economic structure, institutional development, socialism and collectivization. (1965). (n.p.): University of Miami Press.
  27. ↑ Speeches Incident to the Visit of Philander Chase Knox, Secretary of State of the United States of America, to the Countries of the Caribbean. February 23 to April 17, 1912. (1913). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  28. ↑ Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States. (1918). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  29. ↑ Helg, A. (1995). Our Rightful Share: The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality, 1886-1912. United Kingdom: University of North Carolina Press.
  30. ↑ The Cuba Review and Bulletin. (1913). United States: Munson Steamship Line.
  31. ↑ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts. (1963). United States: (n.p.).
  32. ↑ Mackay, J. A. (1976). Encyclopedia of world stamps, 1945-1975. Brazil: McGraw-Hill.
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