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An archivist is an information professional who assesses,collects,organizes,preserves,maintains control over,and provides access to records and archives determined to have long-term value. The records maintained by an archivist can consist of a variety of forms,including letters,diaries,logs,other personal documents,government documents,sound and/or picture recordings,digital files,or other physical objects.
In library and archival science,digital preservation is a formal endeavor to ensure that digital information of continuing value remains accessible and usable. It involves planning,resource allocation,and application of preservation methods and technologies,and it combines policies,strategies and actions to ensure access to reformatted and "born-digital" content,regardless of the challenges of media failure and technological change. The goal of digital preservation is the accurate rendering of authenticated content over time. The Association for Library Collections and Technical Services Preservation and Reformatting Section of the American Library Association,defined digital preservation as combination of "policies,strategies and actions that ensure access to digital content over time." According to the Harrod's Librarian Glossary,digital preservation is the method of keeping digital material alive so that they remain usable as technological advances render original hardware and software specification obsolete.
Archival science,or archival studies,is the study and theory of building and curating archives,which are collections of documents,recordings and data storage devices.
Archival processing is the act of surveying,arranging,describing,and performing basic preservation activities on the recorded material of an individual,family,or organization after they are permanently transferred to an archive. A person engaging in this activity is known as an archival processor,archival technician, or archivist.
In archival science and archive administration,appraisal is a process usually conducted by members of the record-holding institution in which a body of records is examined to determine its value for that institution. It also involves determining how long this value will last. The activity is one of the central tasks of an archivist,to determine the archival value of specific records. When it occurs prior to acquisition,the appraisal process involves assessing records for inclusion in the archives. In connection with an institution's collecting policy,appraisal "represents a doorway into the archives through which all records must pass". Some considerations when conducting appraisal include how to meet the record-granting body's organizational needs,how to uphold requirements of organizational accountability,and how to meet the expectations of the record-using community.
DataNet,or Sustainable Digital Data Preservation and Access Network Partner was a research program of the U.S. National Science Foundation Office of Cyberinfrastructure. The office announced a request for proposals with this title on September 28,2007. The lead paragraph of its synopsis describes the program as:
Science and engineering research and education are increasingly digital and increasingly data-intensive. Digital data are not only the output of research but provide input to new hypotheses,enabling new scientific insights and driving innovation. Therein lies one of the major challenges of this scientific generation:how to develop the new methods,management structures and technologies to manage the diversity,size,and complexity of current and future data sets and data streams. This solicitation addresses that challenge by creating a set of exemplar national and global data research infrastructure organizations that provide unique opportunities to communities of researchers to advance science and/or engineering research and learning.
Preservation metadata is item level information that describes the context and structure of a digital object. It provides background details pertaining to a digital object's provenance,authenticity,and environment. Preservation metadata,is a specific type of metadata that works to maintain a digital object's viability while ensuring continued access by providing contextual information,usage details,and rights.
Archival research is a type of research which involves seeking out and extracting evidence from archival records. These records may be held either in collecting institutions,such as libraries and museums,or in the custody of the organization that originally generated or accumulated them,or in that of a successor body. Archival research can be contrasted with (1) secondary research,which involves identifying and consulting secondary sources relating to the topic of enquiry;and (2) with other types of primary research and empirical investigation such as fieldwork and experiment.
Seamus Ross is a digital humanities and digital curation academic and researcher based in Canada.
Howard Besser is a scholar of digital preservation,digital libraries,and preservation of film and video. He is Professor of Cinema Studies and the founding director of the NYU Moving Image Archiving and Preservation Program ("MIAP"),a graduate program in the Tisch School. Besser also worked as a Senior Scientist at New York University's Digital Library Initiative. He conducted extensive research in image databases,multimedia operation,digital library,and social and cultural influence of the latest Information Technology. Besser is a prolific writer and speaker,and has consulted with many governments,educational institutions,and arts agencies on digital preservation matters. Besser researched libraries' new technology,archives,and museums. Besser has been actively contributing at the international level to build metadata and upgrade the quality of the cultural heritage community. He predominantly,focused on image and multimedia databases;digital library aspects;cultural and societal impacts of information technology,and developing new teaching methods through technology such as web-based instructions and distance learning. Besser was closely involved in development of the Dublin Core and the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS),international standards within librarianship.
Sir Charles Hilary Jenkinson was a British archivist and archival theorist,regarded as the figure most responsible for bringing continental European concepts of archival theory to the English-speaking world.
Respect des fonds,or le respect pour les fonds,is a principle in archival theory that proposes to group collections of archival records according to their fonds. It is one of several principles stemming from provenance that have guided archival arrangement and description from the late 19th century until the present day. It is similar to archival integrity,which dictates that "a body of records resulting from the same activity must be preserved as a group." It is also closely related to the idea of original order –the idea that archivists ought to maintain records using the creator's organizational system. However,respect des fonds differs from that other foundational sub-principle of provenance in its concern with the integrity of the collection or record group as a whole rather than the organization of materials within that collection or record group.
Original order is a concept in archival theory that a group of records should be maintained in the same order as they were placed by the record's creator. Along with provenance,original order is a core tenet of the archival concept of respect des fonds. A primary goal of keeping records in their original order is to preserve additional contextual information about the records' creator and the environment of their creation. Original order also encourages the archivist to remain neutral as opposed to applying any interpretation to the records.
Theodore Roosevelt Schellenberg was an American archivist and archival theorist. Schellenberg's publications and ideas are part of the foundation for archival theory and practice in the United States. In particular,Schellenberg is known for pioneering American archival ideas about appraisal.
"More Product,Less Process:Revamping Traditional Archival Processing" is a 2005 archival science article written by Mark A. Greene and Dennis Meissner that first appeared in the Fall/Winter 2005 issue of The American Archivist. The paper argues that traditional archival processing is too slow,and advocates for the use of minimal processing in order to reduce backlogs and provide access to archival collections as quickly as possible. The ideology presented in the article,abbreviated as MPLP,has since been widely adopted in modern archival theory with subsequent praise directed primarily towards the ability to increase user accessibility without prohibiting the option for future processing.
Helen Willa Samuels is an American archivist and scholar in archival studies. She is best known for her essay "Who Controls the Past",which introduced the concept of archival documentation strategy,and her book Varsity Letters:Documenting Modern Colleges and Universities.
Elizabeth Yakel is an archivist,researcher,and educator in information science. Yakel is known for work advancing archival practice,the use of primary sources in archives education,studies of data reuse practices,and digital curation. Yakel is the senior associate dean for academic affairs and a professor at the University of Michigan School of Information,where she has been on the faculty since 2000. She is the former coordinator of the Preservation of Information specialization in the Master of Science in Information program and teaches in the Archives and Record Management area. She specializes in digital archives and digital preservation and has developed five such graduate level courses at UM,including "Economics of Sustainable Digital Information" and "Practical Engagement Workshop in Digital Preservation."
Nancy McGovern is a digital preservation specialist. She was elected to be the 72nd President of the Society of American Archivists (SAA) and served in that capacity from 2016 to 2017.
Elizabeth "Betty" Edwards Hamer Kegan was an American archivist and librarian,and served as the Assistant Librarian of Congress from 1963 to 1978. She was a founding member of the Society of American Archivists (SAA) in 1936 and was President of SAA from 1975-1976.
Ricardo L. Punzalan is a Filipino Amercian archivist who is an Associate Professor of Information at the University of Michigan School of Information. He has shaped the fields of archival science,virtual reunification,repatriation,reparative description,and has studied the nature of collections in both museums and archives. He holds undergraduate and Masters degrees from the University of the Philippines and a doctorate in information science from the University of Michigan.
References
- ↑ "Sustainable Environment through Actionable Data (SEAD)". University of Michigan School of Information. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
- 1 2 3 "Margaret Hedstrom". University of Michigan School of Information. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
- 1 2 , Research Issues in Electronic Records: Report of the Working Meeting. St. Paul, Minnesota.
- ↑ Hedstrom, Margaret (1991). "Understanding electronic incunabula: a framework for research on electronic records". The American Archivist. 54 (3): 334–354. doi:10.17723/aarc.54.3.125253r60389r011.
- ↑ Hedstrom, Margaret (1993). "Teaching Archivists About Electronic Records and Automated Techniques: A Needs Assessment". The American Archivist. 56 (3): 424–433. doi: 10.17723/aarc.56.3.b568x1566m27406l .
- ↑ Hedstrom, Margaret, ed. (2003). "It's About Time" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation and Library of Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-06.
- ↑ "Invest to Save" (PDF). NSF-DELOS Working Group on Digital Archiving and Preservation. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-07-05.
- ↑ Distinguished Fellows of the Society of American Archivists
- ↑ "Margaret Hedstrom: Digital Preservation Pioneer". Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress.
