Korematsu v. United States,323 U.S. 214 (1944),was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States to uphold the exclusion of Japanese Americans from the West Coast Military Area during World War II. The decision has been widely criticized,with some scholars describing it as "an odious and discredited artifact of popular bigotry",and as "a stain on American jurisprudence". The case is often cited as one of the worst Supreme Court decisions of all time. Chief Justice John Roberts repudiated the Korematsu decision in his majority opinion in the 2018 case of Trump v. Hawaii.
In the U.S. state of California,capital punishment is a legal penalty. However it is not allowed to be carried out as of March 2019,because executions were halted by an official moratorium ordered by Governor Gavin Newsom. Prior to the moratorium,executions were frozen by a federal court order since 2006,and the litigation resulting in the court order has been on hold since the promulgation of the moratorium. Thus,there will be a court-ordered moratorium on executions after the termination of Newsom's moratorium if capital punishment remains a legal penalty in California by then.
Ex parte Mitsuye Endo,323 U.S. 283 (1944),was a United States Supreme Court ex parte decision handed down on December 18,1944,in which the Justices unanimously ruled that the U.S. government could not continue to detain a citizen who was "concededly loyal" to the United States. Although the Court did not touch on the constitutionality of the exclusion of people of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast,which it had found not to violate citizen rights in its Korematsu v. United States decision on the same date,the Endo ruling nonetheless led to the reopening of the West Coast to Japanese Americans after their incarceration in camps across the U.S. interior during World War II.
Fred Toyosaburo Korematsu was an American civil rights activist who resisted the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. Shortly after the Imperial Japanese Navy launched its attack on Pearl Harbor,President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066,which authorized the removal of individuals of Japanese ancestry living on the West Coast from their homes and their mandatory imprisonment in incarceration camps,but Korematsu instead challenged the orders and became a fugitive.
A&M Records,Inc. v. Napster,Inc.,239 F.3d 1004 was a landmark intellectual property case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court ruling that the defendant,peer-to-peer file sharing service Napster,could be held liable for contributory infringement and vicarious infringement of copyright. This was the first major case to address the application of copyright laws to peer-to-peer file sharing.
Hirabayashi v. United States,320 U.S. 81 (1943),was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that the application of curfews against members of a minority group were constitutional when the nation was at war with the country from which that group's ancestors originated. The case arose out of the issuance of Executive Order 9066 following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the U.S. entry into World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had authorized military commanders to secure areas from which "any or all persons may be excluded",and Japanese Americans living in the West Coast were subject to a curfew and other restrictions before being removed to internment camps. The plaintiff,Gordon Hirabayashi,was convicted of violating the curfew and had appealed to the Supreme Court. Yasui v. United States was a companion case decided the same day. Both convictions were overturned in coram nobis proceedings in the 1980s.
Hepting v. AT&T,439 F.Supp.2d 974,was a class action lawsuit argued before the United States District Court for the Northern District of California,filed by Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) on behalf of customers of the telecommunications company AT&T. The plaintiffs alleged that AT&T permitted and assisted the National Security Agency (NSA) in unlawfully monitoring the personal communications of American citizens,including AT&T customers,whose communications were routed through AT&T's network.
John Griffith Davies was an Australian-American swimmer and United States federal judge. As a breaststroke swimmer of the 1940s and 1950s,he won a gold medal in the 200-metre breaststroke at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki,set a world record in the 200 yard breaststroke and tied the world record in the 200 m breaststroke. After retiring from competition swimming,he became a lawyer in California and,after becoming a naturalized American,was appointed a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California by President Ronald Reagan in 1986,and presided over the trial of the Los Angeles Police Department officers charged with assaulting Rodney King.
National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corporation,452 F. Supp. 2d 946,was a class action lawsuit in the United States that was filed on February 7,2006,in the Superior Court of California for the County of Alameda,and subsequently moved to federal court. The case challenged whether the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990,specifically Title III's provisions prohibiting discrimination by "places of public accommodation",apply to websites and/or the Internet,or are restricted to physical places.
Yasui v. United States,320 U.S. 115 (1943),was a United States Supreme Court case regarding the constitutionality of curfews used during World War II when they were applied to citizens of the United States. The case arose out of the implementation of Executive Order 9066 by the U.S. military to create zones of exclusion along the West Coast of the United States,where Japanese Americans were subjected to curfews and eventual removal to relocation centers. This Presidential order followed the attack on Pearl Harbor that brought America into World War II and inflamed the existing anti-Japanese sentiment in the country.
Jeremy Don Fogel is a former United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Fogel was appointed by President Bill Clinton. He was a judge for the municipal court and superior court of Santa Clara County,California from 1981 to 1998. He served as Director of the Federal Judicial Center from 2011 to 2018.
Wayne Mortimer Collins was a civil rights attorney who worked on cases related to the Japanese American evacuation and internment.
M. Gerald Schwartzbach is an American criminal defense attorney.
Edward John Davila is an American lawyer who serves as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. He was previously a state court judge on the Santa Clara County Superior Court from 2001 to 2011.
Albert Greenwood Brown Jr. is an American murderer and rapist who has been convicted of sexual molestation with force of a minor,two counts of first-degree rape with force,and the first degree murder of a teen girl in Riverside,California.
A&M Records,Inc. v. Napster,Inc.,114 F.Supp.2d 896 (2000),was the district court case which preceded the landmark intellectual property case of A&M Records,Inc. v. Napster,Inc.,239 F.3d 1004 (2001). The case was heard by Judge Marilyn Hall Patel of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Napster appealed this case to United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Metallica,et al. v. Napster,Inc. was a 2000 U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California case that focused on copyright infringement,racketeering,and unlawful use of digital audio interface devices. Metallica vs. Napster,Inc. was the first case that involved an artist suing a peer-to-peer file sharing ("P2P") software company.
The Fred T. Korematsu Institute for Civil Rights and Education is a non-profit organization which advances pan-ethnic civil rights and human rights through education.
William Horsley Orrick III is an American lawyer who serves as a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. He had a long career as a lawyer in private practice in San Francisco,and served as a Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Civil Division of the United States Department of Justice during the Obama administration.
Hirabayashi v. United States,828 F.2d 591,is a case decided by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and recognized for both its historical and legal significance. The case is historically significant for vacating the World War II–era convictions of Japanese American civil rights leader Gordon Hirabayashi. Those convictions were affirmed in the Supreme Court's 1943 decision Hirabayashi v. United States. The case is legally significant for establishing the standard to determine when any federal court in the Ninth Circuit may issue a writ of coram nobis.
