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The availability of legally recognized same-sex marriage in the United States expanded from one state (Massachusetts) in 2004 to all fifty states in 2015 through various court rulings,state legislation,and direct popular votes. States each have separate marriage laws,which must adhere to rulings by the Supreme Court of the United States that recognize marriage as a fundamental right guaranteed by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution,as first established in the 1967 landmark civil rights case of Loving v. Virginia.
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The Iowa Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Iowa. The Court is composed of a chief justice and six associate justices.
Drake University Law School is the law school of Drake University,located in Des Moines,Iowa. Over 330 full-time students attend the institution. Dean Jerry Anderson is in charge of the University. Founded in 1865,Drake Law School is one of the 25 oldest law schools in the country.
Steven Michael Colloton is a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit since 2003.
Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Iowa since a decision of the Iowa Supreme Court on April 3,2009. Marriage licenses became available to same-sex couples on April 27. This ruling was the result of a lawsuit filed in 2005 by six same-sex couples who had been denied marriage licenses in Polk County. In 2007,the Polk County District Court ruled in favor of the couples in Varnum v. Brien. Two couples were married on September 2,2007,before the ruling was stayed and appealed. On April 3,2009,the Iowa Supreme Court unanimously upheld the lower court's ruling,making Iowa the third U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage,after Massachusetts and Connecticut.
Varnum v. Brien,763 N.W.2d 862,was an Iowa Supreme Court case in which the Court unanimously held that the state's limitation of marriage to opposite-sex couples violated the equal protection clause of the Iowa Constitution. The case had the effect of legally recognizing same-sex marriage in Iowa. In 2007,a lower court had granted summary judgment in favor of six same-sex couples who sued Timothy Brien,Polk County Recorder,for refusing to grant them marriage licenses.
The National Organization for Marriage (NOM) is an American non-profit political organization established to work against the legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States. It was formed in 2007 specifically to pass California Proposition 8,a state prohibition of same-sex marriage. The group has opposed civil union legislation and gay adoption,and has fought against allowing transgender individuals to use bathrooms that accord with their gender identity. Brian S. Brown has served as the group's president since 2010.
Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Wyoming since October 21,2014. The U.S. state of Wyoming had previously prohibited state recognition of same-sex marriages by statute since 1977 and had enacted a more explicit ban in 2003. An attempt to enact legislation recognizing domestic partnerships as an alternative to marriage for same-sex couples failed in 2013. On October 17,2014,a federal district court found the state's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional. Its ruling took effect on October 21 when state officials notified the court that they would not appeal the decision.
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Lesbian,gay,bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights in the U.S. state of Iowa have evolved significantly in the 21st century. Iowa began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples on April 27,2009 following a ruling by the Iowa Supreme Court,making Iowa the fourth U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage. Same-sex couples may also adopt,and state laws ban discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity in employment,housing and public accommodations.
David Lane is an American political activist who works to increase the political strength of religious groups on the Christian right,to promote social conservative values in the United States.
Edward M. Mansfield is a justice of the Iowa Supreme Court.
David Stewart Wiggins is a former Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court.
Bruce B. Zager is a former justice of the Iowa Supreme Court.
Thomas D. Waterman is a justice of the Iowa Supreme Court.
Mark Steven Cady was an American jurist. He served on the Iowa Supreme Court for 21 years from 1998 to 2019. From 2011 to 2019,he was the chief justice of the court. He was the author of the court's opinion in Varnum v. Brien,which legalized same-sex marriage in Iowa.
David L. Baker was a justice of the Iowa Supreme Court from 2008 to December 31,2010.
The Harkin Institute is a nonpartisan public policy research institute located at Drake University in Des Moines,Iowa. Its official name is The Harkin Institute for Public Policy &Citizen Engagement. It was founded by Senator Tom Harkin in 2013,shortly after the Senator announced his intention to retire from the Senate in 2015.
References
- ↑ Who's Who in American Law, 1998-1999. Marquis Who's Who. 1998. p. 775.
- ↑ "Iowans Dismiss Three Justices". Des Moines Register. November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
- ↑ Glover, Mike (October 25, 2010). "Gay Marriage Foes Back Push To Oust Iowa Justices". Boston.com. Associated Press. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
- ↑ 2012 JFK Profile in Courage Award Winners Announced (March 12, 2012)
- ↑ "Marsha Ternus to retire as director of the Harkin Institute for Public Policy and Citizen Engagement". 25 April 2016.
