Matthias Warnig

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Matthias Warnig
Upravliaiushchii direktor kompanii Nord Stream AG Mattias Varnig.jpg
Warnig in 2010
Born
Matthias Warnig

(1955-07-26) July 26, 1955 (age 69)
Altdöbern, East Germany
Education The Berlin University of Economics  [ de ]
Occupations
  • Businessman
  • Investor
Years active1991–present
Known forManaging Director of Nord Stream AG

Matthias Warnig (born 26 July 1955) is a former East German Stasi officer and a Russia-based businessman who has worked closely with Vladimir Putin. He joined the Stasi, the secret police of communist East Germany, in 1974. During the Cold War he engaged in financial crimes by attempting to infiltrate and spy against banks in the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). After the Stasi was disbanded as a criminal organization as a result of the fall of Communism, he was left unemployed and moved to Russia, where he took part in business ventures in cooperation with Putin, whom he had already known as a Stasi officer. [1]

Contents

He is managing director (CEO) of Nord Stream AG, a company that is majority-owned by the Russian government and that is responsible for the construction and operation of the Nord Stream undersea gas pipeline from Russia to Germany. Warnig is under personal sanctions in the United States over his ties to the Russian government and Putin, and what the US government considers to be a Russian geopolitical project. [2] As of 2023 he is also under personal sanctions in the United Kingdom as a collaborator with the Putin regime who is "involved in destabilising Ukraine or undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty or independence of Ukraine, or obtaining a benefit from or supporting the Government of Russia." [3]

Biography

He was born on 26 July 1955 in Altdöbern (Senftenberg), Lower Lusatia (Niederlausitz in German), East Germany. [4] At 18 years old, he was the secretary of the local Free German Youth (FDJ) which was the East German equivalent to Komsomol and, before graduating from school, he joined the Communist Party of the GDR (SED), but, instead of serving in the East German Army (NVA), he underwent six months of training in the Stasi guard regiment and often is referred to as Stasi from Brandenburg. [5] [6]

In 1974 Warnig started his career at the Stasi, the secret police of communist East Germany, and entered its foreign intelligence (HVA) on April 1, 1975. [5] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [a] In September 1977, he began his studies in economics at the Berlin University of Economics, which is also known as the Bruno Leuschner School of Economics, and graduated with a degree in economics in 1981. [11] [b] He allegedly worked as the Deputy Chief of the Science and Technology Sector (STS) (German : Sektors Wissenschaft und Technik (SWT)), which is often referred to as industrial espionage or economic espionage (German : Wirtschaftsspionage) under Horst Vogel  [ de ] in A XIII  [ de ] of the HVA, headed the work group Department 5 (Referat 5 / SWT) and attempted to obtain information from the West about materials technology, chemistry, electronics, physics and nuclear power. [12] [13] [c] [d] Warnig allegedly worked with KGB officer Vladimir Putin. [4] [18] [19] [e] [f] The two men collaborated on recruiting West German citizens for the KGB. [7] Warnig, however, has denied this by saying that they met for the first time in 1991, when Putin was the head of the Committee for External Relations of the Saint Petersburg Mayor's Office. [27] [28]

In the late 1970s, Warnig received five years of training on how to infiltrate banks in West Germany. [29]

Warning was in West Germany to gain "economic enlightenment" from such companies as BASF, Rheinbraun, Data Becker, Dresdner Bank, Thyssen, Krupp, and Deutsche Bank. [6] [26]

Warnig had apparently spied on Dresdner Bank AG in West Germany for two years in the late 1980s before he began to work in the bank. [29]

Warnig was a resident of Düsseldorf from 1986 living in an apartment in the district of Bilk as a trade representative of the GDR. [30] [31]

He resigned as a major from the Stasi in 1989.

Dresdner Bank attempted to get a banking operating license in Saint Petersburg, where Putin was now in charge of foreign economic relations. Warnig took part in negotiations. [32] The office was opened in 1991. [6] [33] [34] Warnig became chairman of the Board of Directors of Dresdner Bank ZAO, Dresdner Bank Russian's subsidiary. [g] [h] In 2004–05, the bank advised on the controversial forced sale of Yukos assets (see Yukos shareholders v. Russia). [7] [11]

Warnig is on the board of directors of Bank Rossiya which is often referred to as "Putin's Wallet". [44]

During violent gang wars involving the Tambov Gang while it was taking control of St. Petersburg's energy trade in the 1990s, Maria Vorontsova and her sister Katerina Tikhonova were sent by their father Vladimir Putin, who feared for their safety, to Germany where their legal guardian was Warnig. [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50]

From 2012, Warnig led the supervisory board of Rusal but was forced to resign in 2018, when the Trump administration imposed sanctions on Rusal. [51] [52]

According to Warning's STASI personnel file (German : Kaderkarteikarte), Warning speaks French and Russian in addition to German. [4] [11] [53] [54] [55]

Sanctions

Warnig and Nordstream AG were under US sanctions but the Biden administration lifted those in May 2021. [56] Sanctions were later reimposed on him on February 23, 2022, in response to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. [2]

Warnig was sanctioned by the UK government on 24 February 2023 in relation to the Russo-Ukrainian War. [57]

Notes

  1. ↑ According to Warnig's STASI personnel file (German: Kaderkarteikarte), his code names include Hans Detleff, Arthur from 9 January 1986, and Ökonom (economist) from 3 July 1976. [4]
  2. ↑ Bruno Leuschner assisted in establishing the economic department of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).
  3. ↑ Werner Stiller  [ de ], who worked in the Science and Technology Sector (SWT) (German: Sektors Wissenschaft und Technik (SWT)) in A XIII from 1972 until early 1979, defected to the Federal Intelligence Service (BND) on 19 January 1979 taking with him a vast amount of information about SWT and A XIII. [14]
  4. ↑ In 1986, the Referat 5 / SWT, HV A/X which was under Horst Vogel  [ de ], the KGB, the Bulgarian State Security (DS), and other Comecon friendly security services allegedly were involved in Operation Denver and, according to DS files, also known as Operation Pandemic (Bulgarian: Пандемия) which is an Eastern Bloc active measure disinformation campaign about HIV/AIDS that occurred while Frank Carlucci, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Kathleen Bailey had exposed the hoax as untrue. [13] [15] [16] [17]
  5. ↑ On 24 January 1989, both Vladimir Putin and Matthias Warnig are in the same photo during Operation Luch which is on page 71 of Appendices of Stasi Documents from Validmir Putin, Operation Luch and Matthias Warnig: The Secret KGB-Stasi Relationship. [4] From 1985 to 1990, Putin often worked at the Dresden KGB headquarters building located at Angelikastraße 4. [20]
  6. ↑ Swiss authorities assume that the Zug lawyer Urs J. Hausheer (Ursus Josef Hausheer) was very close to Vladimir Putin. Hausheer graduated from the University of Zurich in 1975, received his license as an attorney in the Canton of Zug in 1976, became a CVP politician, and from 1987 to 1990 was on the board of directors of Asada AG, which had close contacts with the "Commercial Coordination" department of the GDR foreign exchange collector Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski, engaged in procurement for the Ministry of State Security of the GDR (Stasi), was owned by the pro-Stasi Michael Grossauer with support from Ernst A. Brandenberg, and thus bypassed the restrictions of CoCom. Hausheer is on the board of directors of Nordstream, which was founded on 2 December 2005 in Zug as the North-European Gas Pipeline Company (NEGPC), and acts as an agent and trustee for numerous companies founded in Zug. [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]
  7. ↑ From 1997 to 1999, Warnig served as deputy manager of the Moscow branch of BNP - Dresdner Bank (from 1997 - CJSC), from 1999 to 2000 he was general director of the BNP - Dresdner Bank branch in St. Petersburg. From 2000 to 2002, Warnig was the chief coordinator of the bank group in Russia (since 2001 - ZAO Dresdner Bank). After Dresdner Kleinwort Benson, a subsidiary of the investment arm of the Dresdner Bank group, acquired the American investment bank Wasserstein Perella on 4 January 2001, it was renamed Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein which became the group's investment bank. The Moscow LLC Dresdner Kleinwort Benson also re-registered, becoming LLC Dresdner Kleinwort Wassersteen (DrKW), whose main coordinator for Russia was Warnig. In March 2002, he became president of JSC Dresdner Bank, and in 2003, JSC Dresdner Bank merged with DrKW, and Warnig became head of all divisions of the group. [27] [29] [30] [35] [36]
  8. ↑ Irina Vladmirovna Krivosheeva  [ jp ] (Russian: Ирина Владимировна Кривошеева; born 28 September 1977, Moscow) graduated from Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (FinU) in 1997, received training at in the Department of Microeconomics at the University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt in Germany in 1997 and 1998 majoring in international financial markets, and, in 2003, received Ph.D. in Economics from FinU where she did her postgraduate studies from 1999 to 2003 writing the thesis "Collective Investment Institutions: World Experience in Creation and Functioning" (Russian: "Институты коллективного инвестирования: мировой опыт создания и функционирования"). [37] [38] She was hired as a Trader Assistant in the Investment Department of Dresdner Bank in Frankfurt and later became a Corporate Account Manager at Dresdner Kleinwort Benson (investment division of Dresdner Bank) in Moscow. In 2000, she moved to the management company Deutscher Investments Trust (DIT)  [ de ] (Russian: ООО "Дойчер Инвестмент Траст" ("ДИТ")) and was its CEO from 2002 until 2005 while Matthias Warnig was on its supervisory board from 2001 to 2004. [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] On 5 January 2007, Deutscher Investments Trust (DIT) became part of Allianz Global Investors (AllianzGI)  [ de ] (German: Allianz Global Investors Kapitalanlagegesellschaft (AllianzGI)). [41] She was the First Deputy General Director of the Allianz ROSNO Asset Management Company from 2004 to 2006 and currently is the General Director of LLC Manager company "Alfa-Capital", which was established in 1996 and had been a check fund that was established in 1992, of the Alfa Group. [37] [42] [43]

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References

Citations

  1. ↑ "Vladimir Putin's formative German years". BBC News. 27 March 2015.
  2. 1 2 "Sanctioning NS2AG, Matthias Warnig, and NS2AG's Corporate Officers". United States Department of State. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  3. ↑ "Financial Sanctions Notice" (PDF). UK Government. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Muller, Sarah-Christian; Dawisha, Karen (2014). "Appendices of Stasi Documents from Validmir Putin, Operation Luch and Matthias Warnig: The Secret KGB-Stasi Relationship" (PDF). Miami University . Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  5. 1 2 Левинский, Александр (Levinsky, Alexander); Малкова, Ирина (Malkova, Irina); Игуменов, Валерий (Igumenov, Valery) (28 August 2012). "Как Маттиас Варниг стал самым надежным "экономистом" Путина" [How Matthias Warnig became Putin's most reliable "economist" (page 0)]. Forbes (in Russian). Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. 1 2 3 Левинский, Александр (Levinsky, Alexander); Малкова, Ирина (Malkova, Irina); Игуменов, Валерий (Igumenov, Valery) (28 August 2012). "Как Маттиас Варниг стал самым надежным "экономистом" Путина" [How Matthias Warnig became Putin's most reliable "economist" (page 1)]. Forbes (in Russian). Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. 1 2 3 Kupchinsky, Roman (15 June 2009). "Nord Stream, Matthias Warnig (codename "Arthur") and the Gazprom Lobby". Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 6 Issue: 114. Retrieved 31 March 2022– via Jamestown Foundation. Alternate link
  8. ↑ "Eine Stasi-Karriere: Der Altkanzler als Aufsichtsrat und die Stasi-Akte des deutschen Pipeline-Chefs Matthias Warnig, der mit ihm bei Putins Gazprom im Vorstand arbeitet" [A Stasi Career: The former chancellor as a member of the supervisory board and the Stasi file of the German pipeline boss Matthias Warnig, who works with him on the board of Putin's Gazprom]. Deutsche Landwirte (in German). 15 December 2005. Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  9. ↑ Васильев, Иван (Vasiliev, Ivan) (7 August 2014). "Соединенные Штази: как Маттиас Варниг стал последним другом Владимира Путина на Западе" [United Stasi: how Matthias Warnig became Vladimir Putin's last friend in the West]. Forbes (in Russian). Retrieved 5 April 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Gieseke, Jens [in German] (1998). Wer war wer im Ministerium für Staatssicherheit? [Who was who in the Ministry for State Security?](PDF) (in German). MfS-Handbuch V/4, Berlin. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  11. 1 2 3 4 ШЛЕЙНОВ, Роман (SHLEYNOV, Roman) (12 December 2005). "СЛУЖЕБНЫЙ РОМАН: «Новая газета» публикует документы: за российский газ в Европе будет отвечать агент восточногерманской разведки «Штази» Маттиас Варниг. Этот выбор устроил агента КГБ в Восточной Германии Владимира Путина" [OFFICE ROMANCE: Novaya Gazeta publishes documents: Matthias Warnig, an agent of the East German intelligence Stasi, will be responsible for Russian gas in Europe. This choice suited the KGB agent in East Germany, Vladimir Putin]. «Новая газета» (in Russian). Archived from the original on 27 December 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ "Das As: Wird Markus Wolf, der legendäre Spionagechef der DDR, bald abgelöst?" [The Ace: Will Markus Wolf, the legendary spy chief of the GDR, soon be replaced?]. Der Spiegel (in German). 31 January 1982. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  13. 1 2 Wiedmann, Roland (March 2018). Anatomie der Staatssicherheit: Geschichte . Struktur . Methoden. MfS-Handbuch. Die Organisationsstruktur des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit 1989 [Anatomy of State Security: Story . Structure. Methods. MfS manual. The organizational structure of the Ministry of State Security 1989](PDF) (in German). Berlin. ISBN   978-3-942130-29-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) See pages 338-339 for A/X active measures, disinformation / »Aktive Maßnahmen«, Desinformation and pages 340-344 for Science and Technology Sector (STS) / Sektor Wissenschaft und Technik (SWT).
  14. ↑ Leutnant; Hauptmann (19 January 1979). "Stasi Mediathek: Tatortuntersuchungsprotokoll zum Diebstahl von geheimen Unterlagen durch Werner Stiller" [Stasi Mediathek: Crime scene investigation report on the theft of secret documents by Werner Stiller](PDF). Stasi Mediathek (www.stasi-mediathek.de) (in German). Berlin. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  15. ↑ Selvage, Douglas; Nehring, Christopher [in German] (22 July 2019). "Operation "Denver": KGB and Stasi Disinformation regarding AIDS". The Wilson Center . Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  16. ↑ Selvage, Douglas; Nehring, Christopher [in German] (2014). "Die AIDS-Verschwörung Das Ministerium für Staatssicherheit und die AIDS-Desinformationskampagne des KGB" [The AIDS Conspiracy: The Ministry of State Security and the KGB's AIDS disinformation campaign](PDF). Bundesbeauftragter für die Stasi-Unterlagen (www.bstu.de) (in German). Berlin. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  17. ↑ Atlas, Terry (27 August 1987). "'DIRTY TRICKS' FILE ANGERS GORBACHEV". Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023. https://www.chicagotribune.com/1987/10/27/dirty-tricks-file-angers-gorbachev/ is original link
  18. ↑ "Stasi Documents about Vladimir Putin". Havighurst Center for Russian and Post-Soviet Studies at Miami University . November 2014. Archived from the original on 22 November 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  19. ↑ "Дворец для Путина" [Palace for Putin]. navalny.com (in Russian). Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  20. ↑ Yegorov, Oleg (8 August 2017). "Everything you ever wanted to know about Putin's work in East Germany". Russia Beyond (rbth.com). Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  21. ↑ КИРИЛЕНКО, АНАСТАСИЯ (KIRILENKO, ANASTASIA) (16 May 2016). "Сотрудничество ФСБ и ОПГ. Аналитический отчет контрразведки Швейцарии" [Cooperation between the FSB and organized crime groups. Analytical report of the Swiss counterintelligence]. «Открытая Россия» (openrussia.org) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Alternate archive
  22. ↑ Reitschuster, Boris; Scheuer, Thomas; Steinkühler, Karl-Heinz (19 December 2005). "GASGESCHÄFT. Eine Frage der ROEHRE" [GAS BUSINESS. A Question of RAW]. FOCUS (focus.de) (in German). Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  23. ↑ "SwissLegal HPLAW ZUG". swisslegal.ch. 4 October 2023. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023. SwissLegal HPLAW ZUG, Bahnhofstrasse 10, CH - 6302 Zug: Welcome to SwissLegal in Zug. We are a law firm with a long tradition in the heart of Zug’s business district. Since its foundation in 1978 under the former name Hausheer & Partner, the firm has established itself as a reputable law firm and notary office in Zug, providing a wide range of legal and interdisciplinary services in consultancy and litigation.
  24. ↑ "Urs Hausheer". swisslegal.ch. 4 October 2023. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  25. ↑ "Schröders Pipeline nach Zug: Der Verwaltungsrat der Firma, welche die umstrittene Pipeline durch die Ostsee betreiben soll, sass in den achtziger Jahren in einem Unternehmen, das mit der Stasi Handel trieb" [Schröders pipeline from Zug: In the 1980s, the board of directors of the company that is supposed to operate the controversial pipeline through the Baltic Sea sat in a company that traded with the Stasi.]. Neue Zürcher Zeitung (nzz.ch) (in German). 18 December 2005. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  26. 1 2 Scherrer, Lucien (7 February 2020). "Wie die Stasi den Schweizer Finanzplatz lieben lernte: Um Embargos zu umgehen, geschäftete die DDR-Diktatur im Kalten Krieg intensiv mit Schweizer Tarnfirmen und Geschäftsleuten. Die Verstrickungen lösten 1992 in Zug einen Skandal aus – doch manche wirken bis heute nach" [How the Stasi learned to love the Swiss financial center: In order to avoid embargoes, the GDR dictatorship did intensive business with Swiss front companies and businessmen during the Cold War. The entanglements caused a scandal in Zug in 1992 - but some of them still have an impact today.]. Neue Zürcher Zeitung (nzz.ch) (in German). Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  27. 1 2 "Report Links Putin to Dresdner". The St. Petersburg Times. 1 March 2005. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  28. ↑ "Matthias Warnig: "In Russia you need a lot of patience"". Die Welt am Sonntag. Nord Stream AG. 14 January 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2009.[ permanent dead link ]
  29. 1 2 3 Crawford, David (26 April 2005). "Dresdner's Man in Russia: Former Stasi Agent Enjoys Rising Career as He Helps Bank Become a Major Force". Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 31 December 2019.
  30. 1 2 Прибыловский, Владимир (Pribylovsky, Vladimir) (February 2016). "ВАРНИГ Матиас: ссылки и аннотации" [WARNIG Mathias: references and annotations]. anticompromat.org (in Russian). Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ↑ Heinen, Guido (14 December 2005). "Die Stasi-Akte des deutschen Pipeline-Chefs: Matthias Warnig arbeitete in einer der wichtigsten Abteilung des DDR-Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit" [The Stasi file of the German pipeline boss: Matthias Warnig worked in one of the most important departments of the GDR Ministry for State Security]. Die Welt (welt.de) (in German). Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  32. ↑ "BNP-Paribas, Dresdner Will Split Up Their Eastern Europe Joint Ventures". Washington Post . 22 December 2000. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  33. ↑ Macrakis, Kristie (2014). Seduced by Secrets: Inside the Stasi's spy-tech world. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-59114-183-9.
  34. ↑ Report Links Putin to Dresdner Archived 2008-06-13 at the Wayback Machine St. Petersburg Times
  35. 1 2 "Варниг, Маттиас: Немецкий бизнесмен, управляющий директор "Северного потока", бывший разведчик". 15 September 2023. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  36. 1 2 "Маттиас Варниг / Matthias Warnig: Биография". peoples.ru (in Russian). 15 September 2023. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  37. 1 2 3 "Кривошеева Ирина" [Krivosheeva Irina]. kom20.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  38. 1 2 "Кривошеева Ирина Владимировна: Личное дело" [Krivosheeva Irina Vladimirovna: A personal matter]. Kommersant (in Russian). 23 July 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  39. ↑ "Организация ОПИФ "ДИТ-ДОЛГОСРОЧНЫЕ ИНВЕСТИЦИИ"" [Organization Open Investment Fund "DIT-LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS"]. list-org.com (in Russian). 15 September 2023. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  40. ↑ "Кривошеева, Ирина Владимировна" [Krivosheeva, Irina Vladimirovna]. fa100.ru (in Russian). 15 September 2023. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  41. ↑ "Aus dit und dbi wird die Allianz Global Investors Kapitalanlagegesellschaft" [di and dbi become the Allianz Global Investors investment company]. Allianz (www.allianzglobalinvestors.de) (in German). 5 January 2007. Archived from the original on 23 May 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  42. ↑ "KRIVOSHEEVA Irina Vladimirovna". sanctions.nazk.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  43. ↑ "Альфа-Капитал" [Alfa Capital]. finparty.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  44. ↑ Lee Myers, Steven; Becker, Jo; Yardley, Jim (27 September 2014). "Private Bank Fuels Fortunes of Putin's Inner Circle". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  45. ↑ Belton 2020, pp. 101–102, 521–522.
  46. ↑ Dawisha 2014, p. 55.
  47. ↑ Pietsch 2001.
  48. ↑ Питч 2002.
  49. ↑ "Влидимир Яковлев подозревает в Cвязях c Прганизованными Преступными Группировками: Организованные преступные группировки г. Санкт-Петербурга. 1993 - 1996 год" [Vladimir Yakovlev is Suspected of Connections with Organized Criminal Groups: Organized criminal gangs in St. Petersburg. 1993 - 1996]. Организованная Властная Группировка (ОВГ): Отечество-Вся Россия (ovg.ru) website (in Russian). 1996. Archived from the original on 2 September 2000. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  50. ↑ Chazan, Guy; Crawford, David (23 February 2005). "In From the Cold: A Friendship Forged in Spying Days Pays Dividends in Russia Today. Top Dresdener Banker's Ties Go Back to Days When They Were Agents". Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 25 February 2005. Retrieved 31 March 2022. Alt URL Archive is in Russian and this archive#2 is in Russian also.
  51. ↑ Henry Meyer; Olga Tanas; Justin Sink (10 January 2022). "Why the U.S. Is Weighing Tougher Sanctions Against Russia Over Ukraine". The Washington Post. Bloomberg. Retrieved 24 January 2022. In 2018, under Trump, another round of measures in response to Russia's "malign activity around the globe" hit Deripaska's United Co. Rusal hardest
  52. ↑ Roman Goncharenko (25 January 2022). "Who is Nord Stream's Matthias Warnig, Putin's friend from East Germany?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 24 January 2022. From 2012 to 2018, Warnig headed the supervisory board of the aluminum manufacturer RUSAL, but he had to give up this position after US sanctions were imposed on the company
  53. ↑ Шлейнов, Роман (Shleynov,Roman) (12 December 2005). "СЛУЖЕБНЫЙ РОМАН: МЫ И МИР" [LOVE AFFAIR AT WORK: WE AND THE WORLD]. Novaya Gazeta (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Alternate archive
  54. ↑ Шлейнов, Роман (Shleynov,Roman) (12 December 2005). "СЛУЖЕБНЫЙ РОМАН: За российский газ в Европе будет отвечать агент восточногерманской разведки ╚Штази╩ Маттиас Варниг. Этот выбор устроил агента КГБ в Восточной Германии Владимира Путина" [OFFICE ROMANCE: For Russian gas in Europe will be responsible agent East German intelligence "Stasi" Matthias Warnig. This choice suited the KGB agent in Vostochny Vladimir Putin's Germany]. Novaya Gazeta (in Russian). Archived from the original on 24 December 2005. Retrieved 19 September 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Alternate archive
  55. ↑ "Kaderkarteikarte Warnig, Matthias" [Personnel File for Matthias Warnig]. Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung (HVA) (Stasi Main Directorate for Intelligence (HVA)) (in German). Archived from the original on 26 July 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2023. Alternate archive
  56. ↑ Andrea Shalal; Timothy Gardner; Steve Holland (19 May 2021). "U.S. waives sanctions on Nord Stream 2 as Biden seeks to mend Europe ties". Reuters. Retrieved 16 November 2021. The Biden administration waived sanctions on the company behind Russia's Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline to Germany and its chief executive [...] State Department report sent to Congress concluded that Nord Stream 2 AG and its CEO, Matthias Warnig, an ally of Russian President Vladimir Putin, engaged in sanctionable activity. But Blinken immediately waived those sanctions
  57. ↑ "CONSOLIDATED LIST OF FINANCIAL SANCTIONS TARGETS IN THE UK" (PDF). Retrieved 16 April 2023.

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