Melungeon DNA Project

The Melungeon Core DNA Project is a genetic study started in 2005 that is the basis of the findings published in 2011 called "Melungeons, A Multi-Ethnic Population" MELUNGEONS, A MULTI-ETHNIC POPULATION ^[1]

The authors set to study people who they identified having Melungeon ancestors, mostly residing in Hancock County, Tennessee and people with ancestors identified as Carmel Indians who lived in nearby areas of Kentucky.^{[ citation needed ]} The Melungeon people are a mixed-race group who married within the group up until about 1900. There was speculation about their identity and ancestry for decades, and many differing accounts of their origins.^{[ citation needed ]}

This study was started in 2005 on the FTDNA public database titled "Melungeon Core Y-DNA Project" by researchers Roberta J. Estes, Jack H. Goins, Penny Ferguson, Janet Lewis Crain who then published an article in 2011 summarizing their results called MELUNGEONS, A MULTI-ETHNIC POPULATION ^[1]

The female ancestors were shown to have had European DNA, while male ancestors had DNA from African or European haplogroups. Only one male had a Native American haplogroup.

Background

The term "Melungeon" was used by others from the early 19th century to describe a group of people living in Hancock County, Tennessee, and nearby areas. It was originally a pejorative. Vardy Collins is considered the patriarch of the Melungeons. Author Roberta Estes states that the first mention of Melungeons was in an 1810 record, identifying them as "foreigners" or "Portuguese", rather than either Negro or Indian.^{[ citation needed ]}

Marriage between Whites, Blacks, and Native Americans (including free people of color) was prohibited or taboo in many parts of the Thirteen Colonies from the mid-18th century onwards, but free mixed-race families were formed by white women and African or African-American men before the American Revolutionary War. As the women were free, their children were born free, under the laws of the colonies that said children were born into their mother's status, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem .^{[ citation needed ]}

In the mid-to-late 19th century, some Melungeons were living on the frontier and considered white by their neighbors and by the law. Some Melungeons served in the military, voted, and carried arms—all of which obligations and rights were reserved at the time for White male citizens. Following the 1831 Nat Turner slave rebellion, southern states such as North Carolina had reduced the rights they had formerly extended to free people of color and free blacks.^{[ citation needed ]}

Project

Project organization

Jack Goins, the project coordinator, is also the Hawkins County archivist. Of proven Melungeon ancestry, Goins has been researching the group for years and is the author of Melungeon and Other Pioneer Families and Melungeons Footprints From the Past. Additional project administrators have included Roberta Estes, Janet Crain, Penny Ferguson, and Kathy James. Estes founded 'DNA-Explained' in 2004, which includes a tag category on Melungeon posts.

Participant identification

Melungeon researchers determined participants' genealogical suitability for inclusion in the study based on historical documentation; a number of surnames have been identified as associated with Melungeon families (see below). The project was initiated in 2005 and is on-going. Participants must descend in a direct paternal line for Y chromosome (Y-DNA) testing, or in a direct female line for Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) testing.

Study subjects

The project organizers designated the following as core families, based on historical documentation:

Group 1 — Core Melungeon

Bunch, Goins, Gibson, Minor, Collins, Williams, Goodman, Denham, Bowlin, Mullins, Moore, Shumake, Boltons, Perkins, Mornings, Menleys, Breedlove, Hopkins and Mallett; including name variations.

Group 2 — Melungeon Related

If the above names are in the participant's family, but are not in a direct line to enable Y-DNA or mtDNA testing, participants are placed in the Melungeon Related group.

More surnames may be added as this is an ongoing project.

Initial results

Results of the Melungeon Core DNA Project were summarized in "Melungeons, A Multi-Ethnic Population" by Roberta J. Estes, Jack H. Goins, Penny Ferguson, and Janet Lewis Crain, ^[1]

All of the few women tested belonged to haplogroup H (predominantly found in Europe) in their direct female lines. There is no single mtDNA maternal line for all Melungeons tested. ^{[notes 1]} All of the mtDNA of subjects tested was found to be of European origin.

Tested males belonged primarily to African and European haplogroups, with the majority (12 of 21) in the latter. One male showed descent from a Native American haplogroup. ^{[notes 2] [2]} Only one person in the project (from the Freeman line) tested as having Native American ancestry on the Y side. Eight lines were found to have African Y chromosome haplogroups, and 12 were European.

Participant breakdown by haplogroup was as follows: R1b (38 people) 47.5% , E1b1a1-M2 (27 people) 33.75%, R1a (6 people) 7.5%, I1 (3 people) 3.75%, A (2 people) 2.5%, E1b1b1 (2 people) 2.5%, Q1a3a1 (1 person) 1.25%, I2 (1 person) 1.25%. ^[2]

The results by surnames tested are not shown on the project's public website.

There is no way of validating these results as the pedigrees mentioned are not included in the original article, nor are available anywhere else in connection to this study.

Conclusions

"Based on available family and historical records, we would expect both Vardy and Valentine's haplogroup and haplotype to be the same, but Valentine's descendants carry haplogroup E1b1a, African, which would not be unexpected based on the historical records. Vardy's descendants carry haplogroup R1a1, European, which is not suggested by the historical records. In order to determine where these two men obtained their heritage "of color," we must test further, particularly Vardy's descendants. No sisters of Vardy and Valentine are known, nor is his mother's identity, so mitochondrial DNA testing is not a possibility. Testing descendants of another brother of Valentine and Vardy would be ideal" (page 99) ^[1]

The DNA test shows the regional origin of the original ancestors of direct male or female lines, but not which culture their descendants may have identified with in succeeding years. Neither does it indicate how far back the admixture occurred. Note: In terms of overall group identity, an individual's ethnicity could be determined by relatives not in the direct line; for instance, an individual male could have had more than one generation of female ancestors who were from one culture, but his direct male line of descent may have been from another culture, with either culture dominating in the family group.^{[ citation needed ]}

Notes

1. Each woman's mtDNA line was passed down directly from her mother, maternal-grandmother, maternal-great-grandmother, and so on.
2. Q1a3a1

References

1. Journal: www.jogg.info Originally Published: Volume 7, Number 1 (Fall 2011) reference Number: 71.006, MELUNGEONS, A MULTI-ETHNIC POPULATION Author(s): Roberta J. Estes, Jack H. Goins, Penny Ferguson, Janet Lewis Crain
2. Melungeon DNA project Y results, Melungeon DNA project

External links

• "Melungeon Core DNA Project - Y Line Results Colorized" Family Tree DNA
• Melungeon Core DNA Project – about Background, Family Tree DNA
• Melungeon tag category, DNA-Explained
• https://www.npr.org/2012/07/11/156611575/for-some-people-of-appalachia-complicated-roots