Haplogroup I-M253

Last updated
Haplogroup I1 (M253)
Possible time of origin3,170–4,600 [1] –5,070 BP (today's diversification) [2] [3] (previously 11,000 BP [4] to 33,000 BP [5] ) 27,500 (diversification with I2-FGC77992) [1]
Possible place of origin Northern Europe [6]
Ancestor I* (M170)
DescendantsI1a (DF29/S438);
I1b (S249/Z131);
I1c (Y18119/Z17925)
Defining mutationsM253, M307.2/P203.2, M450/S109, P30, P40, L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121/S62, L123, L124/S64, L125/S65, L157.1, L186, L187

Haplogroup I-M253, also known as I1, is a Y chromosome haplogroup. The genetic markers confirmed as identifying I-M253 are the SNPs M253,M307.2/P203.2, M450/S109, P30, P40, L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121/S62, L123, L124/S64, L125/S65, L157.1, L186, and L187. [7] It is a primary branch of Haplogroup I-M170 (I*).

Contents

Haplogroup I1 is believed to have been present among Upper Paleolithic European hunter-gatherers as a minor lineage but due to its near-total absence in pre-Neolithic DNA samples it cannot have been very widespread. Neolithic I1 samples are very sparse as well, suggesting a rapid dispersion connected to a founder effect in the Nordic Bronze Age. Today it reaches its peak frequencies in Sweden (52 percent of males in Västra Götaland County) and western Finland (more than 50 percent in Satakunta province). [8] In terms of national averages, I-M253 is found in 38-39% of Swedish males, [9] [10] [8] 37% of Norwegian males, [11] [12] [13] 34.8% of Danish males, [14] [15] [16] 34.5% of Icelandic males, [17] [18] [19] and about 28% of Finnish males. [20] Bryan Sykes, in his 2006 book Blood of the Isles, gives the members – and the notional founding patriarch of I1 the name "Wodan". [21]

All known living members descend from a common ancestor 6 times younger than the common ancestor with I2. [1]

Before a reclassification in 2008, [22] the group was known as I1a, a name that has since been reassigned to a primary branch, haplogroup I-DF29. The other primary branches of I1 (M253) are I1b (S249/Z131) and I1c (Y18119/Z17925).

More than 99% of living men with I1 belong to the DF29 branch which is estimated to have emerged in 2400 BCE. [23] [24] All DF29 men share a common ancestor born between 2500 and 2400 BCE. [25] The oldest ancient individual with I1-DF29 found is Oll009, a man from early Bronze Age Sweden. [26] [27]

Origins

Map of the early Nordic Bronze Age, where I1 first became prominent. The Nordic Bronze Age is often considered ancestral to the Germanic peoples. Nordic Bronze Age.png
Map of the early Nordic Bronze Age, where I1 first became prominent. The Nordic Bronze Age is often considered ancestral to the Germanic peoples.

While haplogroup I1 most likely diverged from I* as early as 27,000 years ago in the Gravettian, so far DNA studies have only been able to locate it in three Paleolithic and Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. As of November 2022, only 6 ancient DNA samples from human remains dating to earlier than the Nordic Bronze Age have been assigned to haplogroup I1:

Despite the high frequency of haplogroup I1 in present-day Scandinavians, I1 is completely absent among early agriculturalist DNA samples from Neolithic Scandinavia [41] [42] [32] (which also is the case with other haplogroups across Europe). Except for a single DNA sample (SF11), it is also absent from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Scandinavia. I1 first starts to appear in Scandinavia in notable frequency during the late Neolithic in conjunction with the entrance of groups carrying Western Steppe Herder ancestry into Scandinavia, but does not increase significantly in frequency until the beginning of the Nordic Bronze Age. [36] [43] [44]

Due to the very low number of ancient DNA samples that have been assigned to I1 that date to earlier than the Nordic Bronze Age, it is currently unknown whether I1 was present as a rare haplogroup among Scandinavian forager cultures such as Pitted Ware before becoming assimilated by the Battle Axe culture, or if it was brought into Scandinavia by incoming groups such as Battle Axe who may have assimilated it from cultures such as the Funnelbeaker culture in Central Europe; or the steppe itself. Future research will most likely be able to determine which one of these two possible origins turns out to be the case.

Samples SF11 and BAB5 are unlike other ancient DNA samples assigned to I1 in the sense that they both seem to represent now-extinct branches of I1 that hadn't fully developed into I-M253 yet. They are therefore unlikely to have been ancestral to present-day carriers of I1, who all share a common ancestor that lived around 2600 BC.

According to a study published in 2010, I-M253 originated between 3,170 and 5,000 years ago, in Chalcolithic Europe. [2] A new study in 2015 estimated the origin as between 3,470 and 5,070 years ago or between 3,180 and 3,760 years ago, using two different techniques. [3]

In 2007, it was suggested that it initially dispersed from the area that is now Denmark. [14] However, Prof. Dr. Kenneth Nordtvedt, Montana State University, regarding the MRCA, in 2009 wrote in a personal message: "We don't know where that man existed, but the greater lower Elbe basin seems like the heartland of I1".

Latest results (January 2022) published by Y-Full suggest I1 (I-M253) was formed 27,500 ybp (95 CI: 29,800 ybp – 25,200 ybp) with TMRCA 4,600 ybp (95 CI: 5,200 ybp – 4,000 ybp). Since the most up-to date calculated estimation of TMRCA of I1 is thought to be around 2600 BC, this likely puts the ancestor of all living I1 men somewhere in Northern Europe around that time. The phylogeny of I1 shows the signature of a rapid star-like expansion. [45] [46] This suggests that I1 went from being a rare marker to a rather common one in a rapid burst. [3]

Structure

I-M253 (M253, M307.2/P203.2, M450/S109, P30, P40, L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121/S62, L123, L124/S64, L125/S65, L157.1, L186, and L187) or I1  [7]

Historical expansion

A timeline of the early Germanic expansions Germanic expansion timeline.jpg
A timeline of the early Germanic expansions

Haplogroup I1, as well as subclades of R1b such as R1b-U106 and subclades of R1a such as R1a-Z284, are strongly associated with Germanic peoples and are linked to the proto-Germanic speakers of the Nordic Bronze Age. [47] [48] Current DNA research indicates that I1 was close to non-existent in most of Europe outside of Scandinavia and northern Germany before the Migration Period. The expansion of I1 is directly tied to that of the Germanic tribes. Starting around 900 BC, Germanic tribes started moving out of southern Scandinavia and northern Germany into the nearby lands between the Elbe and the Oder. Between 600 and 300 BC another wave of Germanics migrated across the Baltic Sea and settled alongside the Vistula. Germanic migration to that area resulted in the formation of the Wielbark culture, which is associated with the Goths. [49]

I1-Z63 has been traced to the Kowalewko burial site in Poland which dates to the Roman Iron Age. In 2017 Polish researchers could successfully assign YDNA haplogroups to 16 individuals who were buried at the site. Out of these 16 individuals, 8 belonged to I1. In terms of subclades, three belonged to I-Z63, and in particular subclade I-L1237. [50] The Kowalewko archeological site has been associated with the Wielbark culture. Therefore the subclade I-L1237 of I-Z63 may be seen somewhat as a genetic indicator of the Gothic tribe of late antiquity. I1-Z63 has also been found in a burial associated with Goth and Lombard remains in Collegno, Italy. [51] [52] The cemetery is dated to the late 6th Century and further suggests that I1-Z63 and downstream subclades are linked to early Medieval Gothic migrations.

In 2015, a DNA study tested the Y-DNA haplogroups of 12 samples dated to 300-400 AD from Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. 8 of them belonged to haplogroup I1. This DNA evidence is in alignment with the historical migrations of Germanic tribes from Scandinavia to central Europe. [53]

Additionally, I1-Z63 was found in the Late Antiquity site Crypta Balbi in Rome, this time with the downstream subclade I-Y7234. [54] Material findings associated with the Lombards have been excavated in Crypta Balbi.

The Pla de l'Horta villa near Girona in Spain is located in close proximity to a necropolis with a series of tombs associated with the Visigoths. The grave goods and the typology of the tombs point to a Visigothic origin of the individuals. A small number of individuals buried at the site were sampled for DNA analysis in a 2019 study. One of the samples belonged to haplogroup I1. [55] This finding is in accordance with the common ancestral origin of the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths.

The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain introduced I1 in the British Isles. [56]

During the Viking Age, I-M253 saw another expansion. Margaryan et al. 2020 analyzed 442 Viking world individuals from various archaeological sites in Europe. I-M253 was the most common Y-haplogroup found in the study. Norwegian and Danish Vikings brought more I1 to Britain and Ireland, while Swedish Vikings introduced it to Russia and Ukraine and brought more of it to Finland and Estonia. [57]

Geographical distribution

I-M253 is found at its highest density in Northern Europe and other countries that experienced extensive migration from Northern Europe, either in the Migration Period, the Viking Age, or modern times. It is found in all places invaded by the Norse.

During the modern era, significant I-M253 populations have also taken root in immigrant nations and former European colonies such as the United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada.

PopulationSample sizeI (total)I1 (I-M253)I1a1a (I-M227)Source
Albanians (Tirana)5521.82%=(12/55)3.6%=(2/55)0.0Battaglia et al. 2008
Albanians (North Macedonia)6417.2%=(11/64)4.7%=(3/64)0.0Battaglia et al. 2008
Albanians (Tirana)
Albanians (North Macedonia)		55+64=11919.33%=(23/119)4.2%=(5/119)0.0Battaglia et al. 2008
Kosovo Albanians (Pristina)1147.96%=(9/114)5.31%=(6/114)0.0Pericic et al. 2005
Albanians (Tirana)
Albanians (North Macedonia)
Kosovo Albanians (Pristina)		55+64+114=23313.73%=(32/233)4.72%=(11/233)0.0Pericic et al. 2005
Battaglia et al. 2008
Austria439.32.30.0Underhill et al. 2007
Belarus: Vitbsk100151.00.0Underhill et al. 2007
Belarus: Brest9720.61.00.0Underhill et al. 2007
Bosnia100422.00.0Rootsi et al. 2004
Bulgaria80826.64.30.0Karachanak et al. 2013
Czech Republic4731.98.50.0Underhill et al. 2007
Czech Republic5317.01.90.0Rootsi et al. 2004
Denmark12239.3% (48/122)34.8% (40/122)0.0Underhill et al. 2007
England10419.215.40.0Underhill et al. 2007
Estonia21018.614.80.5Rootsi et al. 2004
Estonia11811.9Lappalainen et al. 2008
Finland (national)28.0Lappalainen et al. 2006
Finland: West23040% (92/230)Lappalainen et al. 2008
Finland: East30619% (58/306)Lappalainen et al. 2008
Finland: Satakunta region50+Lappalainen et al. 20089
France5817.28.61.7Underhill et al. 2007
France1216.716.70.0Cann et al. 2002
France (Low Normandy)4221.411.90.0Rootsi et al. 2004
Germany1252415.20.0Underhill et al. 2007
Greece17115.82.30.0Underhill et al. 2007
Hungary11325.713.30.0Rootsi et al. 2004
Ireland100116.00.0Underhill et al. 2007
Volga Tatars 5313.211.30.0Trofimova 2015
Latvia1133.5Lappalainen et al. 2008
Lithuania1644.9Lappalainen et al. 2008
Netherlands9320.4140.0Underhill et al. 2007
Norway176637% (653/1766)Stenersen et al. 2006
Russia (national)162512.50.0Cann et al. 2002
Russia: Pskov13016.95.40.0Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Kostroma5326.411.30.0Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Smolensk10312.61.90.0Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Voronez9619.83.10.0Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Arkhangelsk14515.87.60.0Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Cossacks8924.74.50.0Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Karelians140108.60.0Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Karelians13215.2Lappalainen et al. 2008
Russia: Vepsa395.12.60.0Underhill et al. 2007
Slovakia7014.34.30.0Rootsi et al. 2004
Slovenia9526.37.40.0Underhill et al. 2007
Sweden (national)16035.6% (57/160)Lappalainen et al. 2008
Sweden (national)38.0Lappalainen et al. 2009
Sweden: Västra Götaland52Lappalainen et al. 2009
Switzerland1447.65.60.0Rootsi et al. 2004
Turkey5235.41.10.0Underhill et al. 2007
Ukraine: Lviv10123.84.90.0Underhill et al. 2007
Ukraine: Ivanovo-Frankiv5621.41.80.0Underhill et al. 2007
Ukraine: Hmelnitz17626.26.10.0Underhill et al. 2007
Ukraine: Cherkasy 11428.14.30.0Underhill et al. 2007
Ukraine: Bilhorod5626.85.30.0Underhill et al. 2007
Map showing the distribution of Y chromosomes in a trans section of England and Wales from the paper "Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration". The authors attribute the differences in frequencies of haplogroup I1 to Anglo-Saxon mass migration into England, but not into Wales. Weal.png
Map showing the distribution of Y chromosomes in a trans section of England and Wales from the paper "Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration". The authors attribute the differences in frequencies of haplogroup I1 to Anglo-Saxon mass migration into England, but not into Wales.

In 2002 a paper was published by Michael E. Weale and colleagues showing genetic evidence for population differences between the English and Welsh populations, including a markedly higher level of Y-DNA haplogroup I1 in England than in Wales. They saw this as convincing evidence of Anglo-Saxon mass invasion of eastern Great Britain from northern Germany and Denmark during the Migration Period. [58] The authors assumed that populations with large proportions of haplogroup I1 originated from northern Germany or southern Scandinavia, particularly Denmark, and that their ancestors had migrated across the North Sea with Anglo-Saxon migrations and Danish Vikings. The main claim by the researchers was

that an Anglo-Saxon immigration event affecting 50–100% of the Central English male gene pool at that time is required. We note, however, that our data do not allow us to distinguish an event that simply added to the indigenous Central English male gene pool from one where indigenous males were displaced elsewhere or one where indigenous males were reduced in number ... This study shows that the Welsh border was more of a genetic barrier to Anglo-Saxon Y chromosome gene flow than the North Sea ... These results indicate that a political boundary can be more important than a geophysical one in population genetic structuring.

Distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups from Capelli et al. (2003). Haplogroup I-M253 is present in all populations, with higher frequencies in the east and lower frequencies in the west. There appears to be no discrete boundary as observed by Weale et al. (2002) Eng welsh ibd.png
Distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups from Capelli et al. (2003). Haplogroup I-M253 is present in all populations, with higher frequencies in the east and lower frequencies in the west. There appears to be no discrete boundary as observed by Weale et al. (2002)

In 2003 a paper was published by Christian Capelli and colleagues which supported, but modified, the conclusions of Weale and colleagues. [59] This paper, which sampled Great Britain and Ireland on a grid, found a smaller difference between Welsh and English samples, with a gradual decrease in Haplogroup I1 frequency moving westwards in southern Great Britain. The results suggested to the authors that Norwegian Vikings invaders had heavily influenced the northern area of the British Isles, but that both English and mainland Scottish samples all have German/Danish influence.

Prominent members of I-M253

Through direct testing or testing of their descendants and genealogical evidence, the following notable people have been shown to be I-M253:

Markers

DNA example: strand 1 differs from strand 2 at a single base pair location (a C >> T polymorphism). Dna-SNP.svg
DNA example: strand 1 differs from strand 2 at a single base pair location (a C >> T polymorphism).

The following are the technical specifications for known I-M253 haplogroup SNP and STR mutations.

Name: M253 [103]

Type: SNP
Source: M (Peter Underhill of Stanford University)
Position: ChrY:13532101..13532101 (+ strand)
Position (base pair): 283
Total size (base pairs): 400
Length: 1
ISOGG HG: I1
Primer F (Forward 5′→ 3′): GCAACAATGAGGGTTTTTTTG
Primer R (Reverse 5′→ 3′): CAGCTCCACCTCTATGCAGTTT
YCC HG: I1
Nucleotide alleles change (mutation): C to T

Name: M307 [104]

Type: SNP
Source: M (Peter Underhill)
Position: ChrY:21160339..21160339 (+ strand)
Length: 1
ISOGG HG: I1
Primer F: TTATTGGCATTTCAGGAAGTG
Primer R: GGGTGAGGCAGGAAAATAGC
YCC HG: I1
Nucleotide alleles change (mutation): G to A

Name: P30 [105]

Type: SNP
Source: PS (Michael Hammer of the University of Arizona and James F. Wilson, at the University of Edinburgh)
Position: ChrY:13006761..13006761 (+ strand)
Length: 1
ISOGG HG: I1
Primer F: GGTGGGCTGTTTGAAAAAGA
Primer R: AGCCAAATACCAGTCGTCAC
YCC HG: I1
Nucleotide alleles change (mutation): G to A
Region: ARSDP

Name: P40 [106]

Type: SNP
Source: PS (Michael Hammer and James F. Wilson)
Position: ChrY:12994402..12994402 (+ strand)
Length: 1
ISOGG HG: I1
Primer F: GGAGAAAAGGTGAGAAACC
Primer R: GGACAAGGGGCAGATT
YCC HG: I1
Nucleotide alleles change (mutation): C to T
Region: ARSDP

See also

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References

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  106. ↑ P40 [ permanent dead link ]

Further reading

Haplogroup I databases
General Y-DNA databases

There are several public access databases featuring I-M253, including:

  1. http://www.ysearch.org/ Archived 2011-01-04 at the Wayback Machine
  2. http://www.yhrd.org/
  3. http://www.yfull.com/tree/I1/
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