Haplogroup P1 (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup P1
(also known as P-M45; K2b2a)
Possible time of origin~38,000 BCE
Possible place of origin Central Asia or Siberia   [1] [2] [3]
Ancestor P (P-P295) [4]
Descendants Q (Q-M242) and
R (R-M207).
Defining mutationsM45/PF5962

Haplogroup P1, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. Defined by the SNPs M45 and PF5962, P1 is a primary branch (subclade) of P (P-P295; K2b2).

Contents

The only primary subclades of P1 are Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207). These haplogroups now comprise most of the male lineages among Native Americans, Europeans, Central Asia and South Asia, among other parts of the world.

P1 (M45) likely originated in Central Asia or Siberia, [2] [1] with basal P1* (P1xQ,R) now most common among individuals in Siberia and Central Asia. [5] [3] [1] [6] [2] A 2018 study found basal P1* in two Siberian individuals dated to the Upper Paleolithic (~31,630 cal BP) from a Yana river archaeological site known as Yana RHS. [7]

Structure

The subclades of Haplogroup P1 with their defining mutation, according to the 2016 ISOGG tree: [6]

Ancient and modern distribution

P1*

The modern populations with high frequencies of P1* (or P1xQ,R) are located in Central Asia and Eastern Siberia:

Modern South Asian populations also feature P1 (M45) at low to moderate frequencies. [8] In South Asia, P-M45 is most frequent among the Muslims of Manipur (Pangal, 33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size (nine individuals).

A levels of 14% P-M45* on the island of Korčula in Dalmatia (modern Croatia) and 6% on the neighbouring island of Hvar, may be linked to immigration during the early medieval period, by Central Asian peoples such as the Avars. [9]

It is possible that many cases of haplogroup P1 reported in Central Asia, South Asia and/or West Asia are members of rare or less-researched subclades of haplogroups R2 and Q, rather than P1* per se.

Population groupLanguage familyCitationSample sizePercentageComments
Tuvinian Turkic Darenko 200511335.40P-M45
Nivkh Nivkh Lell 20011735P-M45
Altai-Kizhi Turkic Darenko 20059228.3P-M45
Todjin Turkic Darenko 20053622.2P-M45
Chukchi Chukotko-Kamchatkan Lell 20012420.8P-M45
Koryak Chukotko-Kamchatkan Lell 20012718.5P-M45
Yupik Eskimo–Aleut languages Lell 20013318.2P-M45
Uighur Turkic Xue 20067017.1P-M45
Kalmyk Mongolic Darenko 20056811.8P-M45
Turkmen Turkic Wells 20013010P-M45
Soyot Turkic Darenko 2005348.8P-M45
Uriankhai Mongolic Katoh 2004608.3P-M45
Khakas Turkic Darenko 2005537.6P-M45
Kazakh Turkic Wells 2001545.6P-M45
Uzbek Turkic Wells 20013665.5P-M45
Khasi-Khmuic Austroasiatic Reddy 20093535.40P-M45(xM173)§
Munda Austroasiatic Reddy 20096410.90P-M45(xM173)§
Nicobarese Mon-Khmer Reddy 2009110.00P-M45(xM173)§
South-East Asia Austroasiatic Reddy 20092571.60P-M45(xM173)§
Garo Tibeto-Burman Reddy 2009711.40P-M45(xM173)§
North-east India Tibeto-Burman Reddy 20092263.10P-M45(xM173)§
East Asia Tibeto-Burman Reddy 20092140.00P-M45(xM173)§
Eastern India various/unknownReddy 20095418.50P-M45(xM173)§
Southern Talysh (Iran) Iranian Nasidze 2009504.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Northern Talysh (Azerbaijan) Iranian Nasidze 2009405.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Mazandarani Iranian Nasidze 2009504.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Gilaki Iranian Nasidze 2009500.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Tehran Iranian Nasidze 2004804.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Isfahan Iranian Nasidze 2004506.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Bakhtiari Iranian Nasidze 2008532.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Iranian Arabs Arabic Nasidze 2008472.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
North Iran Iranian Regueiro 2006339.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
South Iran Iranian Regueiro 20061173.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
South Caucacus Georgian Nasidze and Stoneking 2001773.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
South Caucacus Armenian Nasidze and Stoneking 20011002.00P-M45(xM124,xM173)
Sherpas from Nepal Tibeto-Burman Bhandari et al. 20155821.67P1(M45) or P(xQ,R1a1,R1b,R2)
Sherpas from Tibet Tibeto-Burman Bhandari et al. 20155820.64P1(M45) or P(xQ,R1a1,R1b,R2)
Hvar (Dalmatian Islands) Croatian Barać et al. 2003 14 Possible link to medieval Avar settlers. [9]
Korčula (Dalmatian Islands) Croatian Barać et al. 2003 6 Possible link to medieval Avar settlers. [9]

§May include members of haplogroup R2.
May include members of haplogroup R1*/R1a*

Population groupNP (xQ,xR)QRPaper
Count %Count %Count %
Gope 1616.4Sahoo 2006
Oriya Brahmin 2414.2Sahoo 2006
Mahishya 17317.6Sahoo 2006
Bhumij 15213.3Sahoo 2006
Saora 13323.1Sahoo 2006
Nepali 7228.6Sahoo 2006
Muslims of Manipur 9333.3Sahoo 2006
Himachal Pradesh Rajput 1516.7Sahoo 2006
Lambadi 18422.2Sahoo 2006
Gujarati Patel 9222.2Sahoo 2006
Katkari 1915.3Sahoo 2006
Madia Gond 1417.1Sahoo 2006
Kamma Chowdary 150016.71280Sahoo 2006

Q

Near universal in the Kets (95%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern Native American populations, except for the Na-Dene peoples, where it reaches 50-90%.

Also common, at 25-50%, in modern Siberian populations such as the Nivkhs, Selkups, Tuvans, Chukchi, Siberian Eskimos, Northern Altaians, and in 30% of Turkmens.

R

The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the Mal'ta Boy.

Subclades of R1b, R1a and R2 are now dominant in various populations from Europe to South Asia.

Related Research Articles

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References

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