Haplogroup I-M170

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Haplogroup I-M170
Haplogrupo I (Y-DNA).png
Possible time of origin~42,900 Years BP
Coalescence age~27,500 Years BP
Possible place of origin Europe
Ancestor IJ
DescendantsI*, I1, I2
Defining mutationsL41, M170, M258, P19_1, P19_2, P19_3, P19_4, P19_5, P38, P212, U179

Haplogroup I (M170) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is a subgroup of haplogroup IJ, which itself is a derivative of the haplogroup IJK. Subclades I1 and I2 can be found in most present-day European populations, with peaks in some Northern European and Southeastern European countries.

Contents

Haplogroup I most likely arose in Europe, [1] [2] with it so far found in Palaeolithic sites throughout Europe, but not outside it. [3] It diverged from common ancestor IJ* about 43,000 years ago. [4] Early evidence for haplogroup J has been found in the Caucasus and Iran. [3] In addition, living examples of the precursor Haplogroup IJ* have been found only in Iran, among the Mazandarani and ethnic Persians from Fars. [5] This may indicate that IJ originated in South West Asia.

The oldest example found was originally that of Paglicci133 from Italy, which is at least 31,000 years old, [6] however, in a later study this was changed, and instead Dolní Věstonice (DV14) from the Czech Republic was reported as the oldest, being at least 30,800 years old. [7]

Haplogroup I has been found in multiple individuals belonging to the Gravettian culture. The Gravettians expanded westwards from the far corner of Eastern Europe, likely Russia, to Central Europe. They are associated with a genetic cluster that is normally called the Věstonice cluster. [8] [9] [10]

Origins

Spread of Cro-Magnons Cro-Magnon migration.gif
Spread of Cro-Magnons
European LGM refuges, 20,000 years BP. .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Solutrean and Proto-Solutrean Cultures Epi-Gravettian Culture Europe20000ya.png
European LGM refuges, 20,000 years BP.
  Solutrean and Proto-Solutrean Cultures
  Epi-Gravettian Culture

Available evidence suggests that I-M170 was preceded into areas in which it would later become dominant by haplogroups K2a (K-M2308) and C1 (Haplogroup C-F3393). K2a and C1 have been found in the oldest sequenced male remains from Western Eurasia (dating from circa 45,000 to 35,000 years BP), such as: Ust'-Ishim man (modern west Siberia) K2a*, Oase 1 (Romania) K2a*, Kostenki 14 (south west Russia) C1b, and Goyet Q116-1 (Belgium) C1a. [3] [11] The oldest I-M170 found is that of an individual known as Krems WA3 (lower Austria), dating from circa 33,000-24,000 BP. At the same site, two twin boys were also found, both were assigned to haplogroup I*. [12] [13]

Haplogroup IJ was in the Middle East and/or Europe about 40,000 years ago.[ citation needed ] The TMRCA (time to most recent common ancestor) for I-M170 was estimated by Karafet and colleagues in 2008 to be 22,200 years ago, with a confidence interval between 15,300 and 30,000 years ago. [4] This would make the founding event of I-M170 approximately contemporaneous with the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which lasted from 26,500 years ago until approximately 19,500 years ago. [14] TMRCA is an estimate of the time of subclade divergence. Rootsi and colleagues in 2004 also note two other dates for a clade, age of STR variation, and time since population divergence. These last two dates are roughly associated, and occur somewhat after subclade divergence. For Haplogroup I-M170 they estimate time to STR variation as 24,000 ±7,100 years ago and time to population divergence as 23,000 ±7,700 years ago. [1] These estimates are consistent with those of Karafet 2008 cited above. However, Underhill and his colleagues calculate the time to subclade divergence of I1 and I2 to be 28,400 ±5,100 years ago, although they calculate the STR variation age of I1 at only 8,100 ±1,500 years ago. [15]

Semino (2000) speculated that the initial dispersion of this population corresponds to the diffusion of the Gravettian culture. [16] Later the haplogroup, along with two cases of Haplogroup C, was found in human remains belonging to the previously mentioned Gravettian culture and in individuals of the Magdalenian and Azilian cultures. [17] Rootsi and colleagues in 2004 suggested that each of the ancestral populations now dominated by a particular subclade of Haplogroup I-M170 experienced an independent population expansion immediately after the Last Glacial Maximum. [1]

The five known cases of Haplogroup I from Upper Paleolithic European human remains make it one of the most frequent haplogroup from that period. [17] In 2016, the 31,210–34,580-year-old remains of a hunter-gatherer from Paglicci Cave, Apulia, Italy were found to carry I-M170. [18] So far, only Haplogroup F* and Haplogroup C1b have been documented, once each, on older remains in Europe. I2 subclade of I-M170 is the main haplogroup found on male remains in Mesolithic Europe, until circa 6,000 BCE, when mass migration into Europe of Anatolian farmers carrying Y-DNA G2a happened. [19]

Due to the arrival of so-called Early European Farmers (EEFs), I-M170 is outnumbered by Haplogroup G among Neolithic European remains and by Haplogroup R in later remains.

The earliest documentation of I1 is from Neolithic Hungary, although it must have separated from I2 at an earlier point in time.

In one instance, haplogroup I was found far from Europe, among 2,000-year-old remains from Mongolia. [20]

It would seem to be that separate waves of population movement impacted Southeastern Europe. The role of the Balkans as a long-standing corridor to Europe from Anatolia and/or the Caucasus is shown by the common phylogenetic origins of both haplogroups I and J in the parent haplogroup IJ (M429). This common ancestry suggests that the subclades of IJ entered the Balkans from Anatolia or the Caucasus, some time before the Last Glacial Maximum. I and J were subsequently distributed in Asia and Europe in a disjunctive phylogeographic pattern typical of "sibling" haplogroups. A natural geographical corridor like the Balkans is likely to have been used later by members of other subclades of IJ, as well as other haplogroups, including those associated with Early European Farmers.

The existence of Haplogroup IJK  – the ancestor of both haplogroups IJ and K (M9) – and its evolutionary distance from other subclades of Haplogroup F (M89), supports the inference that haplogroups IJ and K both arose in Southwestern Asia. Living carriers of F* and IJ* have been reported from the Iranian Plateau. [5]

Distribution

Frequencies of Haplogroup I:

Population% hg I% hg I (Subpopulation)Sampled individualsSource
Abazinians 3.488Sergeevich 2007 [21]
Abkhazians 33.312Nasidze Ivan 2004 [22]
Adyghe (Adygea)7154 [23]
Adyghe (Cherkessia)2126Sergeevich 2007 [21]
Adyghe (Kabardia)1059Nasidze Ivan 2004 [22]
Afghanistan 3 (Hazara people)60El Sibai 2009 [24]
Afghanistan 1.5%3.3% (2/60) Hazara, 1.8% (1/56) Tajik 204Haber et al. 2012 [25]
Afghanistan 0.99%2.6% (2/77) Hazara, 2.1% (3/142) Tajiks, 0/74 Turkmens, 0/87 Pashtuns, 0/127 Uzbeks 507Di Cristofaro 2013 [26]
Albanians 13% (29/223) (Albania)223Sarno 2015
Albanians 16 (Tosk), 4 (Gheg)Ferri 2010
Albanians 21.82% (12/55) (Tirana)55Battaglia 2008
Albanians 7 (Tirana)30Bosch 2006
Algerians 0156 [27]
Andis 27
Armenians 5FTDNA 2013 [28]
Avars 2115Balanovsky
Austrians 2850 (Vienna), 29 (Graz), 6 (Tyrol) [29]
Ashkenazi 11099 [30]
Azeri 372Nasidze Ivan 2004
Balkars 3135Kutuev 2007 [31]
Belarusians 2311 (West), 15 (North), 16 (East), 28 (Centre), 30 (East Polesie), 34 (West Polesie)565Kushniarevich 2013
Belarusians 32 Polesie- 43 (Vichin), 12 (Avtyuki)204Sergeevich 2015 [32]
Bosnia and Herzegovina 5373 (Croats), 49 (Bosniaks), 33 (Serbs)256Marjanovic 2006
Bosnia and Herzegovina 65Herzegovina- 71 (Mostar, Siroki Brijeg), Bosnia- 54 (Zenica)210Pericic 2005 [33]
Bosnia and Herzegovina 73 (Croats), 45 (Bosniaks), 36 (Serbs)255Battaglia 2008 [34]
Bulgarians 27-2940 (Varna), 32 (Sofia), 30 (Plovdiv), 10 (Haskovo)935Karachanak 2009–13 [35] [36]
Bulgarians 34100Begona Martinez-Cruz 2012
Bulgaria 19 (Bulgarian Turks)63Zaharova 2002 [37]
Central Asia 2984Rootsi 2004
Chechens 0330Balanovsky
Croats 451100Mrsic 2012
Croats 4755 (Hvar), 52 (Osijek), 41 (Pula), 57 (Split), 29 (Varaždin)518Primorac 2022 [38]
Cyprus 1164El-Sibai 2009 [39]
Czechs 1825 (Klatovy), 25 (Písek), 15 (Brno) 14 (Hradec Králové), 10 (Třebíč)257Luca 2007 [40]
Danes 49194Rootsi 2004
Darginians 5826Nasidze Ivan 2004
Darginians (Kaitak)0101
Dutch 27.82085Altena 2020 [41]
Dutch 33410Van Doorn 2008 [42]
Egyptians 0124El-Sibai 2009 [43]
Egyptians 1370 [27]
Estonians 19194Rootsi 2004
English 18945Rootsi 2004
English 2612 (Cornwall), 38 (Essex)1830FTDNA 2016 [44]
Estonians 17118Lappalainen 2008 [45]
Flemish Belgians28113 [46]
Finland 2936 (Swedes from Ostrobothnia), 15 (Northern Savo)536Lappalainen 2006 [47]
French 16 (South), 24 (Normandy), 4 (Lyon), 4 (Corsica)Rootsi 2004
French 95 (Auvergne), 13 (Brittany), 9 (Nord Pas de Calais)555Ramos-Luis 2009 [48]
French 1311 (Paris), 18 (Strasburg), 10 (Lyon)333Kari Hauhio [29]
Gagauzes 2889Varzari 2006
Georgians 063Rootsi 2004
Georgians 477Nasidze Ivan 2004
Germans 2432 (Berlin), 32 (Hamburg), 15 (Leipzig)1215Kayser 2005 [49]
Greeks 1430 (Macedonia)261Rootsi 2004
Greeks10 (Athens), 30 (Macedonia)149Battaglia 2008
Greeks36 (Serres), 24 (Agrinio), 20 (Thessaloniki), 18 (Mytilene), 14 (Crete), 14 (Larissa), 11 (Patrai), 12 (Karditsa), 8 (Ioannina), 2 (Chios)366Di Giacommo 2003 [50]
Greeks12 (North), 24 (South)142Zalloua 2008
Greenlanders 17215Sanchez 2004 [51]
Hungarians 23162Rootsi 2004
Hungarians 28230Vago Zalan Andrea 2008
Indians 0 (North India)560 [52]
Ingush 0143
Iranians 222 (South Iran), 5 (Khorasan), 0 (Teheran)186Di Cristofaro 2013 [26]
Iranians 1 (West), 1 (East)324 [53]
Iranians 083Rootsi 2004
Iranians 192El-Sibai 2009 [39]
Iranians 06 (Armenians of Teheran), 0 (Persians of Teheran, Fars, Isfahan, Khorasan, Yazd)952Grugni 2012
Iraqis 1176Rootsi 2004 [54]
Iraqis 1117El-Sibai 2009 [39]
Irish 1176Rootsi 2004
Irish 10119Cappeli 2013 [55]
Irish 11 (Rush, Dublin)Capelli 2003
Italians 5 (North), 7 (Central), 9 (South and Sicily), 39 (Sardinia)Rootsi 2004
Italians 1031 (Sardinia), 4 (Umbria, Marche)884Boattini 2013 [56]
Italians 70 (Calabria, Pescara, Garfagnana, Val di Non), 5 (Verona), 7(Genoa), 19 (Foggia)524Di Giacomo 2003 [57]
Italians 36 (Filettino) 35 (Cappadocia, Abruzzo), 28 (Vallepietra)Messina 2015 [58]
Italians 23 (Udine), 17 (Saniti), 13 (Picenium), 7 (Latini)583Brisighelli 2012 [59]
Italians 30 (Stelvio) [60]
Italians 31 (Caccamo)Gaetano 2008 [61]
Jordanians 1273El-Sibai 2009 [39]
Jordanians 5 (Amman), 0 (Dead Sea)146Flores 2005 [62]
Kara Nogays 1376
Karachays969Sergeevich 2007 [21]
Kazakhs 1370 [63]
Kosovar Albanians 8114Pericic 2005
Kumyks 073Kutuev 2007 [31]
Kurds 4 (West Iran)21Malyarchuk 2013 [64]
Kurds 2 (Iran)59Gragni 2012
Kurmanji 17 (Turkey), 0 (Georgia)112Nasidze 2005 [65]
Kuwaiti 042El-Sibai 2009 [39]
Kyrgyzstan 0 (Uyghurs), 0 (Kyrgyz)Di Cristofaro 2013 [26]
Laks 14 [66]
Latvians 93 (Southwest) [67]
Lebanese 310 (North Maronite), 0 (Shia)951 [39] [68]
Lebanese 566Rootsi 2004
Lezgis 081
Lithuanians 7Kushniarevich 2015
Libyans 083 [27]
Libyans 21175Fendri 2015 [69]
Macedonians 34 (Skopje)79Pericic 2005
Macedonians 2431 (Macedonians), 12 (Albanians)343Noevski 2010
Macedonians 13 (Albanians)64Battaglia 2008 [34]
Maltese 1290El-Sibai 2009 [39]
Moldovans 29 (Moldovans), 25 (Ukrainians)Varzari 2006
Moroccans 0316El-Sibai 2009 [39]
Moroccans 0760 [27]
Mongols 1160Di Cristofaro 2013 [26]
Norwegians 3740 (Oslo) 30 (West), 42 (East, South), 35 (North), 33 (Bergen)Dupuy 2005
Pakistan 0638 [70]
Poles 1719 (Warsaw), 12 (Lublin), 22 (Szczecin)913Kayser 2005
Poles 18191Rootsi 2004
Portuguese 5303Rootsi 2004
Portuguese 83 (Lisboa), 0 (Setubal), 18 (Braga)657Beleza 2005 [71]
Qatar 072El-Sibai 2009 [39]
Romani 17 (Hungary), 10 (Tiszavasvari), 5 (Tokaj) 37 (Taktakoz), 11 (Slovakia)Vago Zalan Andrea 2008
Romanians 2836 (Brasov), 18 (Cluj)178Martinez-Cruz 2012 [72]
Romanians 22361Rootsi 2004
Russians 13 (North Europe), 18 (Centre Europe), 21 (South Europe), 27 (Unzha), 0 (Mezen)1228Balanovsky 2008
Russia2 (Udmurts), 5 (Pinega), 5 (Komi), 5 (Tatars), 6 (Bashkortostan), 7 (Chuvashes), 19 (Kostroma), 11 (Smolensk), 17 (Belgorod), 19 (Mordvins), 23 (Cossacks), 24 (Adygea)Rootsi 2004
Saami 31Rootsi 2004
Saudis 01597 [73]
Scotland 1117 (Scottish Isles)Rootsi 2004
Sephardi 4 (Portugal)57
Serbs 39 Serbia with Kosovo 209Zgonjanin 209 [74]
Serbs 48 (Serbia), 39 (Kosovo), 52 (Herzegovina and Montenegro)1200Mihajlovic 2022 [75]
Slovaks 28250Petrejcikova 2013 [76]
Slovenians 3057 (Spodnjeposavska)458Vakar 2010 [77]
Spaniards 618 (Asturias), 0 (Gascony)1002Adams 2008 [78]
Sudanese 5 (Nubians), 4 (Gaalien), 7 (Mesereia) [79]
Swedes 4232 (Ostergotaland & Jonkoping) 50 (Gotland & Varmland)305Karlsson2006 [80]
Swedes 26 (North Sweden), [81] Rootsi2004
Swedes 41 (South), 26 (North)Rootsi 2004
Swedes 4460 (Kristianstad), 60 (Kalmar), 59 (Kronoberg), 55 (Stockholm), 37 (North Norrland), 52 (South Norrland)1800FTDNA 2016 [82]
Swiss 8144Rootsi 2004
Swiss 2313 (Lausanne), 32 (Bern) [29]
Syrians 2 (West), 3 (East)520 [53]
Syrians 2554El Sibai 2009 [39]
Tataers 33 (China)33 [83]
Tunisians 0El-Sibai 2009 [39]
Tunisians 0601 [27]
Turks 512 (Marmara), 10 (Istanbul), 7 (Western Anatolia), 4 (Central Anatolia), 0 (Eastern Anatolia )523Cinnioglu 2003
Turks 5741Rootsi 2004
UAE 0164El-Sibai 2009 [39]
Ukrainians 22585Rootsi 2004
Ukrainians 2833 (Sumy), 23 (Ivano-Frankivsk)701Kushniarevich 2013
Welsh 8196Rootsi 2004
Yemenese 062El-Sibai 2009 [39]
Zazas 33 (Turkey)27Nasidze 2005 [65]
17 (Albanians in Tirana), 29 (Macedonians in Skopje), 21 (Aromanians in Krusevo), 19 (Greeks in Thrace), 42 (Aromanians in Andon Poci), 42 (Romanians in Constanta), 39 (Romanians in Piteşti)Bosch 2006 [84]
47 (Romanians from Buhusi and Piatra Neamț), 35 (Moldovans from Sofia), 24 (Moldovans from Karasahani) 24 (Gagauzes from Etulia), 31 (Gagauzes from Kongaz), 25 (Ukrainians from Rashkovo)Vazari 2006
38 (Sweden), 41 (Western Finland), 28 (Eastern Finland), 18 (Karelia), 12 (Lithuania), 7 (Latvia), 17 (Estonia)Lappalainen2008 [85]
34 (Iranians from Teheran), 10 (Iranians from Isfahan), 32 (Ossetians from Ardon), 13 (Ossetians from Digora)Nasidze Ivan. 2004 [22]
3 (Tajiks) 3 (East Persians)Malyarchuk 2013 [64]
2 (Kizhi), 4 (Teleuts), 4 (Khakassians), 3 (Todjins), 2 (Evenks) 3 (Tofalars), 1 (Tuvinians)

Subgroups

The subclades of Haplogroup I-M170 with their defining mutations, as of 2011. [86] Up-to-date phylogenetic trees listing all currently known subclades of I can be found at Y-Full and FamilyTreeDNA

Note that the naming of some of the subgroups has changed, as new markers have been identified, and the sequence of mutations has become clearer.

I-M170

The composite subclade I-M170 contains individuals directly descended from the earliest members of Haplogroup I, bearing none of the subsequent mutations which identify the remaining named subclades.

Several I* individuals, who do not fall into any known subclades, have been found among the Lak people of Dagestan, at a rate of (3/21), [89] as well as Turkey (8/741), Adygea in the Caucasus (2/138) and Iraq (1/176), even though I-M170 occurs at only very low frequencies among modern populations of these regions as a whole. This is consistent with the belief that the haplogroup first appeared in South West Eurasia.

There are also high frequencies of Haplogroup I* among the Andalusians (3/103), French (4/179), Slovenians (2/55), Tabassarans (1/30), [89] and Saami (1/35). [90]

(Neither study from which the above figures were drawn excluded the present I2-M438 clade as a whole, but only certain subclades, so these presumed cases I* may possibly belong to I2.)

A living Hazara male from Afghanistan has also been found to carry I*, with all known subclades of both I1 (M253) and I2 (M438) ruled out. [91]

I1-M253

Haplogroup I1-M253 (M253, M307, P30, P40) displays a very clear frequency gradient, with a peak frequency of approximately 35% among the populations of southern Norway, southwestern Sweden, and Denmark, and rapidly decreasing frequencies toward the edges of the historically Germanic-influenced world. A notable exception is Finland, where frequency in West Finns is up to 40%, and in certain provinces like Satakunta more than 50%. I1 is believed to have become common as a result of a founder effect during the Nordic Bronze Age, and subsequently spread throughout Europe during the Migration Period when Germanic tribes migrated from southern Scandinavia and northern Germany to other places in Europe. [92]

Outside Fennoscandia, distribution of Haplogroup I1-M253 is closely correlated with that of Haplogroup I2a2-M436; but among Scandinavians (including both Germanic and Uralic peoples of the region) nearly all the Haplogroup I-M170 Y-chromosomes are I1-M253. Another characteristic of the Scandinavian I1-M253 Y-chromosomes is their rather low haplotype diversity (STR diversity): a greater variety of Haplogroup I1-M253 Y-chromosomes has been found among the French and Italians, despite the much lower overall frequency of Haplogroup I1-M253 among the modern French and Italian populations. This, along with the structure of the phylogenetic tree of I1-M253 strongly suggests that most living I1 males are the descendants of an initially small group of reproductively successful men who lived in Scandinavia during the Nordic Bronze Age. [93] [94]

I2-M438

Haplogroup I2-M438, previously I1b, may have originated in southern Europe – it is now found at its highest frequencies in the western Balkans and Sardinia  – some 15,000–17,000 years ago and developed into three main subgroups : I2-M438*, I2a-L460, I2b-L415 and I2c-L596.

I2a1a-M26


Haplogroup I2a1a-M26 is notable for its strong presence in Sardinia. Haplogroup I-M170 comprises approximately 40% of all patrilines among the Sardinians, and I2a1a-M26 is the predominant type of I among them.

Haplogroup I2a1a-M26 is practically absent east of France and Italy, [95] while it is found at low but significant frequencies outside of Sardinia in the Balearic Islands, Castile-León, the Basque Country, the Pyrenees, southern and western France, and parts of the Maghreb in North Africa, Great Britain, and Ireland. Haplogroup I2a1a-M26 appears to be the only subclade of Haplogroup I-M170 found among the Basques, but appears to be found at somewhat higher frequencies among the general populations of Castile-León in Spain and Béarn in France than among the population of ethnic Basques.[ citation needed ] The M26 mutation is found in native males inhabiting every geographic region where megaliths may be found, including such far-flung and culturally disconnected regions as the Canary Islands, the Balearic Isles, Corsica, Ireland, and Sweden. [95]

The distribution of I2a1a-M26 also mirrors that of the Atlantic Bronze Age cultures, which indicates a potential spread via the obsidian trade or a regular maritime exchange of some of metallurgical products. [95]

I2a1b-M423

The approximate frequency and variance distribution of haplogroup I-P37 clusters, ancestral "Dnieper-Carpathian" (DYS448=20) and derived "Balkan" (DYS448=19: represented by a single SNP I-PH908), in Eastern Europe per O.M. Utevska (2017). The approximate frequency and variance of haplogroup I-P37 clusters in Eastern Europe.jpg
The approximate frequency and variance distribution of haplogroup I-P37 clusters, ancestral "Dnieper-Carpathian" (DYS448=20) and derived "Balkan" (DYS448=19: represented by a single SNP I-PH908), in Eastern Europe per O.M. Utevska (2017).

Haplogroup I2a1b-M423 is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup I-M170 in Central and Eastern European populations, reaching its peak in the Western Balkans, most notably in Dalmatia (50–60% [33] ) and Bosnia-Herzegovina (up to 71%, [96] avg. 40-50% [33] ). Its subclade I-L161 has greater variance in Ireland and Great Britain, but overall frequency is very low (2–3%), while subclade I-L162 has the highest variance and also high concentration in Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Southeastern Poland, Belarus). [97]

I2a2-M436

The distribution of Haplogroup I2a2-M436 (M436/P214/S33, P216/S30, P217/S23, P218/S32) is closely correlated to that of Haplogroup I1 except in Fennoscandia, which suggests that it was probably harbored by at least one of the Paleolithic refuge populations that also harbored Haplogroup I1-M253; the lack of correlation between the distributions of I1-M253 and I2a2-M436 in Fennoscandia may be a result of Haplogroup I2a2-M436's being more strongly affected in the earliest settlement of this region by founder effects and genetic drift due to its rarity, as Haplogroup I2a2-M436 comprises less than 10% of the total Y-chromosome diversity of all populations outside of Lower Saxony. Haplogroup I2a2-M436 has been found in over 4% of the population only in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, England (not including Cornwall), Scotland, and the southern tips of Sweden and Norway in Northwest Europe; the provinces of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Perche in northwestern France; the province of Provence in southeastern France; the regions of Tuscany, Umbria, and Latium in Italy; and Moldavia and the area around Russia's Ryazan Oblast and Republic of Mordovia in Eastern Europe. One subclade of Haplogroup I2a2-M436, namely I2a2a1a1-M284, has been found almost exclusively among the population of Great Britain, which has been taken to suggest that the clade may have a very long history in that island. It is notable, however, that the distributions of Haplogroup I1-M253 and Haplogroup I2a2-M436 seem to correlate fairly well with the extent of historical influence of Germanic peoples. The punctual presence of both haplogroups at a low frequency in the area of the historical regions of Bithynia and Galatia in Turkey may be related to the Varangian Guard or rather suggests a connection with the ancient Gauls of Thrace, several tribes of which are recorded to have immigrated to those parts of Anatolia at the invitation of Nicomedes I of Bithynia. This suggestion is supported by recent genetic studies regarding Y-DNA Haplogroup I2b2-L38 have concluded that there was some Late Iron Age migration of Celtic La Tène people, through Belgium, to the British Isles including north-east Ireland. [98]

Haplogroup I2a2-M436 also occurs among approximately 1% of Sardinians, and in Hazaras from Afghanistan at 3%. [99]

Specifications of mutation

The technical details of U179 are:

Nucleotide change (rs2319818): G to A
Position (base pair): 275
Total size (base pairs): 220
Forward 5′→ 3′: aaggggatatgacgactgatt
Reverse 5′→ 3′: cagctcctcttttcaactctca

Height

This haplogroup reaches its maximum frequency in the Western Balkans (with the highest concentration of I2 in present-day Herzegovina). It may be associated with unusually tall males, since those in the Dinaric Alps have been reported to be the tallest in the world, with an average male height of the range 180 cm (5 ft 11 in)–182 cm (6 ft 0 in) in the cantons of Bosnia, 184 cm (6 ft 0 in) in Sarajevo, 182 cm (6 ft 0 in)–186 cm (6 ft 1 in) in the cantons of Herzegovina mostly populated by Croats. [100] A 2014 study examining the correlation between Y-DNA haplogroups and height found a correlation between the haplogroups I1, R1b-U106, I2a1b-M423 and tall males. [101] The study featured the measured average heights of young German, Swedish, Dutch, Danish, Serbian and Bosnian men. The German male average height was 180.2 cm, the Swedish men were on average 181.4 cm, the Dutch men were 183.8 cm, the Danish men were 180.6 cm, the Serbians were 180.9 cm, and Bosnian Croat men from Herzegovina were 185.2 centimeters on average.

See also

Notes

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup J-M304, also known as J, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is believed to have evolved in Western Asia. The clade spread from there during the Neolithic, primarily into North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Socotra Archipelago, the Caucasus, Europe, Anatolia, Central Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.

Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated about 21,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) period in West Asia. The haplogroup is unusual in that it is now widely distributed geographically, but is common in only a few small areas of East Africa, West Asia and Europe. It is especially common among the El Molo and Rendille peoples of Kenya, various regions of Iran, the Lemko people of Slovakia, Poland and Ukraine, the island of Krk in Croatia, the department of Finistère in France and some parts of Scotland and Ireland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup L-M20</span> Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in South Asia and the Mediterranean

Haplogroup L-M20 is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, which is defined by SNPs M11, M20, M61 and M185. As a secondary descendant of haplogroup K and a primary branch of haplogroup LT, haplogroup L currently has the alternative phylogenetic name of K1a, and is a sibling of haplogroup T.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup P also known as P-F5850 or K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. P-F5850 is a branch of K2b, which is a branch of Haplogroup K2 (K-M526).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup R1</span> Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup R1, or R-M173, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A primary subclade of Haplogroup R (R-M207), it is defined by the SNP M173. The other primary subclade of Haplogroup R is Haplogroup R2 (R-M479).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup</span> Human DNA groupings

In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome. Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and types of mutations called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup R, or R-M207, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is both numerous and widespread amongst modern populations.

Haplogroup I-M253, also known as I1, is a Y chromosome haplogroup. The genetic markers confirmed as identifying I-M253 are the SNPs M253,M307.2/P203.2, M450/S109, P30, P40, L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121/S62, L123, L124/S64, L125/S65, L157.1, L186, and L187. It is a primary branch of Haplogroup I-M170 (I*).

Haplogroup I-M438, also known as I2, is a human DNA Y-chromosome haplogroup, a subclade of haplogroup I-M170. Haplogroup I-M438 originated some time around 26,000–31,000 BCE. It originated in Europe and developed into several main subgroups: I2-M438*, I2a-L460, I2b-L415 and I2c-L596. The haplogroup can be found all over Europe and reaches its maximum frequency in the Dinaric Alps (Balkans) via founder effect, related to the migrations of the Early Slavs to the Balkan peninsula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetic studies on Sami</span> Sami people genetics

Genetic studies on Sami is the genetic research that have been carried out on the Sami people. The Sami languages belong to the Uralic languages family of Eurasia.

Haplogroup IJ (M429/P125) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, an immediate descendant of Haplogroup IJK. IJK is a branch of Haplogroup HIJK.

The various ethnolinguistic groups found in the Caucasus, Central Asia, Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and/or South Asia demonstrate differing rates of particular Y-DNA haplogroups.

Haplogroup IJK is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. IJK is a primary branch of the macrohaplogroup HIJK. Its direct descendants are haplogroup IJ and haplogroup K.

Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe are haplogroups of the male Y-chromosome found in European populations.

Genetic studies on Serbs show close affinity to other neighboring South Slavs.

Haplogroup HIJK, defined by the SNPs F929, M578, PF3494 and S6397, is a common Y-chromosome haplogroup. Like its parent macrohaplogroup GHIJK, Haplogroup HIJK and its subclades comprise the vast majority of the world's male population.

Population genetics is a scientific discipline which contributes to the examination of the human evolutionary and historical migrations. Particularly useful information is provided by the research of two uniparental markers within our genome, the Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), as well as autosomal DNA. The data from Y-DNA and autosomal DNA suggests that the Croats mostly are descendants of the Slavs of the medieval migration period, according to mtDNA have genetic diversity which fits within a broader European maternal genetic landscape, and overall have a uniformity with other South Slavs from the territory of former Yugoslavia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup R-M269</span> Gene group

Haplogroup R-M269 is the sub-clade of human Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b that is defined by the SNP marker M269. According to ISOGG 2020 it is phylogenetically classified as R1b1a1b. It underwent intensive research and was previously classified as R1b1a2, R1b1c, R1b1b2 and R1b1a1a2.

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  53. 1 2 Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon
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  64. 1 2 Y chromosomes in Iranians and Tajiks
  65. 1 2 MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups
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