Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup P (K2b2)
Possible time of origin46,000 years BP [1] [2]
Possible place of origin Central Asia, South Asia, or Southeast Asia [3] [4] [5]
Ancestor K2b [6]
DescendantsP-P295 (P1a, formerly P*)
P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3)
P-M45 (P1c, formerly P1)
Defining mutationsP295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231

Haplogroup P also known as P-F5850 or K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. P-F5850 is a branch of K2b (previously Haplogroup MPS; P331), which is a branch of Haplogroup K2 (K-M526).

Contents

The haplogroup K2b splits into K2b1 (haplogroup MS*) and K2b2 (haplogroup P-F580, Y-DNA P*). Basal P* (P-PF5850*) is found in Southeast Asia. [7] [8] The primary branches (clades) of P-F580 are P-P295 (P1a, formerly P*) which is found among South and Southeast Asians as well as Oceanians, P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3) with unknown distribution, and P-M45 (P1c, formerly P1) commonly found among Siberians and Central Asians. [9] [10] P-M45 (P1c) is, in turn, the parent node of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207).

The major subclades of Haplogroups P-M45, Q and R now include most males among Europeans, Native Americans, South Asians and Central Asians.

Origin and dispersal

Proposed migration routes of Haplogroup P among others. Migration of the Y chromosome haplogroup N and O in East Asia.png
Proposed migration routes of Haplogroup P among others.
Human Y-chromosomal phylogeny Human Y-chromosomal phylogeny and haplogroup distribution.png
Human Y-chromosomal phylogeny

Karafet et al. 2015 suggests an origin and dispersal of haplogroup P from either South Asia or Southeast Asia as part of the early human dispersal, based on the distribution of subclades now classified as P-P295 (now P1a), and more ancient clades such as K1 and K2. However, Karafet, et al. mentions that this hypothesis is "parsimonius" and it is just as likely that it originated elsewhere in Eurasia and later went extinct there. [4] [12] Hallast, Agdzhoyan, et al. concluded that the ancestral Eurasian haplogroups C, D, and F, either expanded from the Middle East or from Southeast Asia. Based on the modern distribution of basal lineages, the authors propose Southeast Asia as place of dispersal for all Eurasian lineages, before the split between West-Eurasian and East-Eurasian (including Oceanian) populations. [13]

According to a study by geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K, from which haplogroup P descend, originated in the Middle East or Central Asia. It is likely that haplogroup P diverged somewhere in South Asia into P1 (now P1c), which expanded into Siberia and Northern Eurasia, and into P2 (now P1a), which expanded into Oceania and Southeast Asia. [14]

Structure

The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation: [9] [15]

Distribution

P1(xP1c)

Because P1a, formerly P2 (P-B253) was discovered relatively recently, it is not always clear if older studies have screened for it. Therefore, cases of basal P1* (also known as P-P295*; K2b2*; PxM45, B253) reported in literature may include P1a (P2).

P1(xP1c) exists at low to moderate levels among various groups in Island South East Asia, the South West Pacific and East Asia. [4]

P1* (perhaps P1a/P2) is found at its highest rate among members of the Aeta (or Agta), a people indigenous to Luzon who formed from various ancient groups, such as Oceanians and Austronesian peoples from Taiwan. [9] P1 is most common among individuals in Siberia and Central Asia, as well as in Southern Asian at lower frequency. [3] [4] [13] [16]

Root P* (P-PF5850*) was found among a Jehai sample in Malaysia. [17] [18] [19] Basal P1* was also found in one historical 19th-century Andaman islander, [20]

P1(xP1c) frequency in surveyed groups in Island South East Asia, South West Pacific and East Asia
PopulationP* %Notes
Papua New Guinea0.69assumed from Kayser et al. 2006 1 P* found [4]
New Zealand0
Fiji0
Solomon Islands0
French Polynesia0
Vanuatu0
New Caledonia
Guam0
Samoa0
Kiribati
Tonga0
Micronesia FDR0
Marshall Islands0
American Samoa
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Cook Islands0
Wallis and Futuna0
Tuvalu0
Nauru
Norfolk Island
Niue0small sample size
Tokelau0small sample size
Hawaii0small sample size from FTDNA
Australia0
Timor10.8
Aeta (Philippines)28
Austronesians (Philippines)0
Malaysia0
Flores0
Sulawesi0.6
East Indonesia0
Java Indonesia0
Bali Indonesia0
Sumatra Indonesia0
Borneo Indonesia0
West Papua Province0
Papua Province0
Sumba Indonesia3.2

P-M45 (P1c)

Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1c, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altai-Kizhi (PxQ-M3,R1), [21] and 35% among Nivkh males.

P-M45 (P1c) frequency in surveyed groups of Central Asia and Siberia
Modern populationModern ethnolinguistic affiliationReferencenPercentageNotes/SNPs tested
Tuvinian Turkic [21] 11335.40P-M45
Nivkh isolate [22] 1735P-M45
Altai-Kizhi Turkic [21] 9228.3P-M45
Todjin Turkic [21] 3622.2P-M45
Chukchi Chukotkan [22] 2420.8P-M45
Koryak Chukotkan [22] 2718.5P-M45
Yupik Eskimo-Aleut [22] 3318.2P-M45
Uighur Turkic [23] 7017.1P-M45
Kalmyk Mongolic [21] 6811.8P-M45
Turkmen Turkic [24] 3010P-M45
Soyot Turkic [21] 348.8P-M45
Uriankhai Mongolic [25] 608.3P-M45
Khakas Turkic [21] 537.6P-M45
Kazakh Turkic [24] 545.6P-M45
Uzbek Turkic [24] 3665.5P-M45
Khasi-Khmuic Austro-Asiatic [26] 3535.40P-M45(xM173) §
Munda Austro-Asiatic [26] 6410.90P-M45(xM173) §
Nicobarese Austro-Asiatic [26] 110.00P-M45(xM173) §
Southeast Asia Austro-Asiatic [26] 2571.60P-M45(xM173) §
Garo Tibeto-Burman [26] 711.40P-M45(xM173) §
India Tibeto-Burman [26] 2263.10P-M45(xM173) §
East AsiaTibeto-Burman [26] 2140.00P-M45(xM173) §
Eastern India unclear/various [26] 5418.50P-M45(xM173) §
Southern Talysh, IranIranian [27] 504.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Northern Talysh, Azerbaijan Iranian [27] 405.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Mazandarani Iranian [27] 504.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Gilaki Iranian [27] 500.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Tehran Iranian [27] 804.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Isfahan Iranian [27] 506.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Bakhtiari Iranian [28] 532.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Iranian Arabs Arabic [28] 472.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
North IranIranian [29] 339.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South IranIranian [29] 1173.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South Caucacus Georgian [30] 773.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South Caucacus Armenian [30] 1002.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Hvar Croatian [31] 14
Korčula Croatian [31] 6

§ May include members of haplogroup R2.

Modern Southeast Asian populations featuring P1c (M45) [32]
Population groupNP (xQ, xR)QR
[32] Count %Count %Count %
Gope 1616.4
Oriya Brahmin 2414.2
Mahishya 17317.6
Bhumij 15213.3
Saora 13323.1
Nepali 7228.6
Muslims of Manipur 9333.3
Himachal Pradesh Rajput 1516.7
Lambadi 18422.2
Gujarati Patel 9222.2
Katkari 1915.3
Madia Gond 1417.1
Kamma Chowdary 150016.71280

Q

Near universal in the Kets (95%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern Native American populations and Selkups, except for the Na-Dene peoples, where it reaches 50-90%. Also common, at 25-50% in Siberian populations such as the Siberian Tatars, Nivkh, Tuvans, Chukchi, Siberian Eskimos, Northern Altaians, and in 30% of Turkmens.

R

The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the Mal'ta Boy in the Upper Paleolithic on the upper Angara River in the area west of Lake Baikal in the Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russian Federation.

R1
R1a frequency in surveyed groups by continent and country
ContinentalCountryPopulationSampleR1a1 [lower-alpha 1] R1a1* [lower-alpha 2] R1a1a [lower-alpha 3] Source
CaucasusOssetiansNorth134NA0.000.75 [33]
EuropeEstonia100NA0.0035.00 [33]
EuropeRomania335NA0.0017.01 [33]
EuropeCroatiaKrk (island)74NA0.0036.49 [33]
EuropeCroatiaBrac (island)49NA0.0024.49 [33]
EuropeCroatiaHvar (island)91NA0.006.59 [33]
EuropeCroatiaKorcula (island)134NA0.0015.67 [33]
EuropeCroatiamainland108NA0.0026.85 [33]
EuropeBosnia-HerzegovinaHerzegovina141NA0.0012.06 [33]
EuropeKosovoAlbanians114NA0.003.51 [33]
EuropeSerbia113NA0.0018.58 [33]
EuropeRepublic of MacedoniaMacedonia79NA0.0013.92 [33]
EuropeCzech Republic53NA0.0037.74 [33]
EuropeBelarusBrest97NA0.0058.8 [34]
EuropeBelarus267NA0.0054.7 [34]
EuropeBelarus50NA0.0042.00 [33]
EuropeRussiaRussians39NA0.0038.46 [33]
Central AsiaTajiks, Turkmens38NA0.007.89 [33]
North AsiaRussiaTuvas104NA0.007.69 [33]
North AsiaRussiaAltaians58NA0.0041.38 [33]
South AsiaIndiaJammu Jharkhand61NA0.0037.70 [33]
South AsiaIndiaAndhra-Pradesh Jharkhand19NA0.0026.32 [33]
South AsiaIndiaMadhya-Pradesh Madhya-Pradesh54NA0.0035.19 [33]
South AsiaIndiaKhatri-Punjab/Haryana15NA0.0067.00 [33]
South AsiaIndiaAhir-Punjab/Haryana24NA0.0063.00 [33]
South AsiaIndiaUttar-Pradesh Jharkhand171NA0.0049.71 [33]
South AsiaIndiaUttranchal Jharkhand21NA0.0047.62 [33]
South AsiaIndiaWest-Bengal Chhattisgarh 49NA0.0048.98 [33]
South AsiaIndiaAsur Maharashtra88NA0.005.68 [33]
South AsiaIndiaHo Madhya-Pradesh45NA0.000.00 [33]
South AsiaIndiaMawasi Orissa 27NA0.003.70 [33]
South AsiaIndiaMawasi Chhattisgarh12NA0.008.33 [33]
South AsiaIndiaMahali Orissa32NA0.009.38 [33]
South AsiaIndiaSanthal Meghalaya20NA0.0010.00 [33]
South AsiaIndiaBirhor Meghalaya27NA0.003.70 [33]
South AsiaIndiaBirhor35NA0.002.86 [33]
South AsiaIndiaBaiga23NA0.008.70 [33]
South AsiaIndiaBaiga42NA0.002.38 [33]
South AsiaIndiaKharia37NA0.005.41 [33]
South AsiaIndiaSavara21NA0.009.52 [33]
South AsiaIndiaMeghwal Rajasthan50NA0.0030.00 [33]
South AsiaIndiaGaro25NA0.004.00 [33]
South AsiaIndiaLohana Gujarat20NA0.0060.00 [33]
South AsiaIndiaKhasi21NA0.004.76 [33]
South AsiaIran87NA0.0010.34 [33]
South AsiaPakistanSindhi134NA0.0049.00 [33]
South AsiaPakistanMohanna70NA0.0071.00 [33]
EuropeTurkey89NA0.003.37 [33]
CaucasusArmenia25NA0.004.00 [33]
CaucasusMegrels67NA0.008.96 [33]
CaucasusAbkhazes162NA0.009.26 [33]
CaucasusAvars42NA0.002.38 [33]
CaucasusChamalals27NA0.007.41 [33]
CaucasusBagvalals28NA0.003.57 [33]
CaucasusAndis49NA0.002.04 [33]
CaucasusLezgis31NA0.000.00 [33]
CaucasusDarginians68NA0.000.00 [33]
CaucasusTabasarans43NA0.002.33 [33]
CaucasusAdyghes160NA0.0011.25 [33]
CaucasusKarachays69NA0.0027.54 [33]
CaucasusKumyks76NA0.0013.16 [33]
CaucasusBalkars136NA0.0025.74 [33]
CaucasusCherkessians126NA0.0012.70 [33]
CaucasusKabardians141NA0.7113.48 [33]
CaucasusAbazas89NA0.0019.10 [33]
CaucasusNogays87NA0.0012.64 [33]
CaucasusKaranogays77NA0.009.09 [33]
CaucasusTats10NA0.000.00 [33]
EuropeCrete193NA0.008.81 [33]
Middle EastOman121NA0.009.09 [33]
Middle EastIran150NA0.6712.67 [33]
Middle EastUnited Arab Emirates164NA0.007.32 [33]
EuropeTurkey523NA0.006.88 [33]
Europe Lithuania Aukštaičiai 10645.3NANA [35]
Europe Lithuania Žemaičiai 9044.4NANA [35]
Europe Norway North37727.1NANA [36]
Europe Norway Middle31731.5NANA [36]
Europe Norway West30124.3NANA [36]
Europe Norway East49326.8NANA [36]
Europe Norway Bergen 9328NANA [36]
Europe Norway Oslo 10919.3NANA [36]
Europe Norway South7613.2NANA [36]
Europe Spain/Portugallarge survey1140NA0.001.2 [37]
EuropeGreeceGreeks92NA0.0016.3 [38]
EuropeGreeceMacedonian Greeks57NA1.8010.5 [38]
EuropeAlbania55NA0.009.1 [38]
EuropeBosniaSerbs81NA0.0013.6 [38]
EuropeBosniaBosniacs84NA0.0015.5 [38]
EuropeBosniaCroats90NA0.0012.2 [38]
EuropeCroatia89NA0.0027.0 [38]
EuropeHungary53NA0.0056.6 [38]
EuropeCzech Republic75NA0.0041.3 [38]
EuropePoland99NA0.0056.6 [38]
EuropeUkraine92NA0.0050.0 [38]
EuropeGeorgia66NA0.0010.6 [38]
EuropeRussiaBalkarians38NA0.0013.2 [38]
Europe Republic of Macedonia Albanian language 64NA0.001.6 [38]
Europe Croatia Osijek 29NA0.0037.9 [38]
EuropeSloveniaSlovenians75NA0.0038.70 [38]
Europe Italy North East 67NA0.0010.4 [38]
--Ashkenazi Cohen76NA0.001.3 [39]
--Sephardi Cohen69NA0.005.8 [39]
Europe-Ashkenazi Levite 60NA0.0051.7 [39]
--Sephardi Levite31NA0.003.2 [39]
Middle East Israel Ashkenazi 100NA0.004.0 [39]
Middle EastIsrael Sephardi 63NA0.001.6 [39]
EuropeGermany88NA0.0012.5 [39]
EuropeNorway83NA0.0021.7 [39]
EuropeGermany Sorbs 112NA0.0063.4 [39]
Europe Belarus 306NA0.3351.0 [39]
EuropeSpainSpanish Basques42NANA0.0 [40]
EuropeBritish Crown Channel Islands 128NANA2.0 [40]
EuropeEnglandChippenham52NANA6.0 [40]
EuropeEnglandCornwall52NANA6.0 [40]
EuropeEnglandDorchester73NANA4.0 [40]
EuropeEnglandFaversham55NANA2.0 [40]
EuropeEnglandMidhurst80NANA1.0 [40]
EuropeEnglandMorpeth95NANA2.0 [40]
EuropeEnglandNorfolk121NANA2.0 [40]
EuropeEnglandPenrith90NANA2.0 [40]
EuropeEnglandSouthwell70NANA4.0 [40]
EuropeEngland Uttoxeter 84NANA0.0 [40]
EuropeEnglandYork46NANA2.0 [40]
EuropeDenmark/GermanyDenmark/Schleswig-Holstein 190NANA8.0 [40]
EuropeIrelandCastlerea43NANA0.0 [40]
EuropeBritish CrownIsle of Man62NANA8.0 [40]
EuropeNorway201NANA12.0 [40]
EuropeScotlandOrkney121NANA7.0 [40]
EuropeIrelandRush, Dublin76NANA1.0 [40]
EuropeScotlandDurness51NANA2.0 [40]
EuropeScotlandOban42NANA2.0 [40]
EuropeScotlandPitlochry41NANA0.0 [40]
EuropeScotlandStonehaven44NANA5.0 [40]
EuropeScotlandWestern Isles88NANA3.0 [40]
EuropeScotlandShetland63NANA6.0 [40]
EuropeWalesHaverfordwest59NANA2.0 [40]
EuropeWalesLlangefni80NANA1.0 [40]
EuropeWalesLlanidloes57NANA4.0 [40]
EuropeTurkey523NANA6.9 [41]
EuropeItalySicily236NANA5.5 [42]
EuropeGreece77NANA15.6 [43]
South AsiaPakistan Burusho 97NANA25.8 [43]
South AsiaPakistan Kalash 44NANA18.2 [43]
South AsiaPakistanPathan (Pashtun)96NANA44.8 [43]
South AsiaPakistan638NANA37.1 [43]
South AsiaNepal Tharu from Chitwan District in central Inner Terai ('CI' village sample)57NA0.0010.5 [44]
South AsiaNepalTharu from Chitwan District ('CII' village sample)77NA0.003.9 [44]
South AsiaNepal Tharu from Morang District in eastern Outer Terai 37NA0.0016.2 [44]
South AsiaNepal/IndiaHindus (as proxy for Indian ancestry) Chitwan District, Nepal26NA0.0069.2 [44]
South AsiaIndiaHindus New Delhi49NA0.0034.7 [44]
South AsiaIndia Andhara Pradesh tribal29NA0.0027.6 [44]
EuropePoland913NANA57.0 [45]
EuropeGermany1215NANA17.9 [45]
EuropeGermany Berlin 103NANA22.3 [45]
EuropeGermany Leipzig 144NANA27.1 [45]
EuropeGermany Magdeburg 100NANA21 [45]
EuropeGermany Rostock 96NANA31.3 [45]
EuropeGermany Greifswald 104NANA19.2 [45]
EuropeGermany Hamburg 161NANA16.8 [45]
EuropeGermany Münster 102NANA7.8 [45]
EuropeGermany Freiburg 102NANA10.8 [45]
EuropeGermany Cologne 96NANA15.6 [45]
EuropeGermany Mainz 95NANA8.4 [45]
EuropeGermany Munich 95NANA14.3 [45]
EuropeGreeceNea Nikomedeia57NA0.0021.1 [46]
EuropeGreeceSesklo/Dimini57NA0.0010.5 [46]
EuropeGreeceLerna/Franchthi57NA0.001.8 [46]
EuropeGreeceCrete193NA0.508.3 [46]
EuropeGreeceCrete, Heraklion Prefecture104NA0.008.7 [47]
EuropeGreeceCrete, Lasithi Plateau41NA0.0029.3 [47]
EuropeGreeceCrete, Lasithi Prefecture23NA0.0017.4 [47]
EuropeUkraine94NANA43.6 [48]
Europe Belarus 68NANA45.6 [49]
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Northern Altaians (Gorno-Altaisk)20NANA50.0 [50]
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Northern Altaians (Kurmach-Baigol)11NANA18.2 [50]
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Northern Altaians (Turochak)19NANA36.8 [50]
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Southern Altaians (Beshpel'tir)43NANA58.1 [50]
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Southern Altaians (Kulada)46NANA52.2 [50]
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Southern Altaians (Kosh-Agach)7NANA28.6 [50]
EuropeEngland West Lancashire (standard 2-G [lower-alpha 4] )49NANA2.0 [51]
EuropeEngland Wirral Peninsula (standard 2-G [lower-alpha 4] )100NANA4.0 [51]
EuropeEnglandWest Lancashire (medieval [lower-alpha 5] )42NANA16.7 [51]
EuropeEnglandWirral Peninsula (medieval [lower-alpha 5] )37NANA13.5 [51]
South AsiaIndiaSouth India, Chenchu41NANA26.8 [52]
South AsiaIndiaSouth India, Koya41NANA2.4 [52]
South AsiaIndiaWest Bengal31NANA38.7 [52]
South AsiaIndiaKonkanastha Brahmins, Bombay43NANA41.9 [52]
South AsiaIndiaGujarat29NANA24.1 [52]
South AsiaIndiaLambadi35NANA8.6 [52]
South AsiaIndiaPunjab66NANA47.0 [52]
South AsiaSri LankaSinhalese39NANA12.8 [52]
North AsiaRussiaTuvan40NANA7.5 [22]
North AsiaRussiaTofalar19NANA5.3 [22]
North AsiaRussiaBuryat13NANA0.0 [22]
North AsiaRussiaYenisey Evenk31NANA9.7 [22]
North AsiaRussiaOkhotsk Evenk16NANA0.0 [22]
North AsiaRussiaUlchi/Nanai53NANA0.0 [22]
North AsiaRussiaUpriver Negidal10NANA0.0 [22]
North AsiaRussiaDownriver Negidal7NANA0.0 [22]
North AsiaRussiaUgedey20NANA5.0 [22]
North AsiaRussiaNivkh17NANA0.0 [22]
North AsiaRussiaKamchatka, Koryak27NANA0.0 [22]
North AsiaRussiaKamchatka, Itel\'man18NANA22.2 [22]
North AsiaRussiaChukotka, Chukchi24NANA4.2 [22]
North AsiaRussiaChukotka, Asiatic Eskimo33NANA0.0 [22]
CaucasusRussiaAbazinians14NANA14.0 [27]
CaucasusRussiaChechenians19NANA5.0 [27]
CaucasusRussiaDarginians26NANA0.0 [27]
CaucasusRussiaIngushians22NANA0.0 [27]
CaucasusRussiaKabardinians59NANA2.0 [27]
CaucasusRussiaLezgi (Dagestan)25NANA0.0 [27]
CaucasusRussiaOssetians (Ardon)28NANA4.0 [27]
CaucasusRussiaOssetians (Digora)31NANA0.0 [27]
CaucasusRussiaRutulians24NANA0.0 [27]
CaucasusGeorgiaAbkhazians12NANA33.0 [27]
CaucasusArmeniaArmenians100NANA6.0 [27]
CaucasusAzerbaijanAzerbaijanians72NANA7.0 [27]
CaucasusGeorgiaGeorgians77NANA10.0 [27]
EuropeTurkey39NANA13.0 [27]
Middle EastIran Isfahan 50NANA18.0 [27]
Middle EastIran Tehran 80NANA20.0 [27]
South AsiaPakistanBalti13NANA15.0 [53]
South AsiaPakistanBrahui110NANA8.2 [53]
South AsiaPakistanBurusho94NANA27.7 [53]
South AsiaPakistanPakistan Hazara23NANA60.9 [53]
South AsiaPakistanKalash44NANA9.1 [53]
South AsiaPakistanPakistan Kashmiri12NANA25.0 [53]
South AsiaPakistanMakrani Baluch25NANA24.0 [53]
South AsiaPakistanMakrani Negroid33NANA18.2 [53]
South AsiaPakistanPakistan Parsi90NANA26.7 [53]
South AsiaPakistanPathan (Pashtun)93NANA10.8 [53]
South AsiaPakistanPakistan Sindhi122NANA12.3 [53]
EuropeAlbaniaAlbanian51NANA9.8 [54]
EuropeFranceFrench Basque22NANA0.0 [54]
EuropeSpainSpanish Basque45NANA0.0 [54]
EuropeItalyCalabrian37NANA0.0 [54]
EuropeSpainCatalan24NANA0.0 [54]
EuropeItalyCentral/Northern50NANA4.0 [54]
EuropeCroatiaCroatian58NANA29.3 [54]
EuropeCzech Republic/SlovakiaCzech/Slovak45NANA26.7 [54]
EuropeNetherlandsDutch27NANA3.7 [54]
EuropeGeorgiaGeorgian63NANA7.9 [54]
EuropeGermanyGerman16NANA6.2 [54]
EuropeGreeceGreek76NANA11.8 [54]
EuropeHungaryHungarian45NANA60.0 [54]
Middle EastLebanonLebanese31NANA9.7 [54]
EuropeRepublic of MacedoniaMacedonian20NANA35.0 [54]
EuropePolandPolish55NANA56.4 [54]
EuropeSaami24NANA8.3 [54]
EuropeItalySardinian77NANA0.0 [54]
EuropeSyriaSyrian20NANA10.0 [54]
EuropeTurkeyTurkish30NANA6.6 [54]
AsiaRussiaUdmurt43NANA37.2 [54]
EuropeUkraineUkrainian50NANA54.0 [54]
South AsiaPakistan85NANA16.5 [55]
South AsiaIndia Rajput (of Rajasthan)29NANA31.3 [55]
South AsiaPakistanSouthern91NANA31.9 [55]
Southeast AsiaCambodia6NANA0.0 [55]
East AsiaChina128NANA0.0 [55]
East AsiaJapan23NANA0.0 [55]
North AsiaSiberia18NANA0.0 [55]
South AsiaIndiaTribe (Austro-Asiatic)64NANA0.0 [55]
South AsiaIndiaTribe (Dravidian)18NANA2.8 [55]
South AsiaIndiaTribe (Tibeto-Burman)87NANA4.6 [55]
South AsiaIndiaTribe (Indo-European)21NANA19.1 [55]
South AsiaIndiaDravidian Upper Caste59NANA28.8 [55]
South AsiaIndiaDravidian Middle Caste85NANA11.8 [55]
South AsiaIndiaDravidian Lower Caste29NANA24.1 [55]
South AsiaIndiaIndo-European Upper Caste86NANA45.4 [55]
South AsiaIndiaIndo-European Middle Caste48NANA50.4 [55]
South AsiaIndiaIndo-European Lower Caste50NANA26.0 [55]
South AsiaIndiaKashmiri Gujars49NA0.0040.86 [56]
South AsiaIndiaKashmiri Pandits51NA3.9219.61 [56]
South AsiaIndiaGujarat Brahmins64NA0.0032.81 [56]
South AsiaIndiaBihar Paswan27NA0.0040.74 [56]
South AsiaIndiaBihar Brahmins38NA0.0060.53 [56]
South AsiaIndiaHimachal Pradesh Brahmin30NA0.0047.37 [56]
South AsiaIndiaIndian Punjab Brahmins49NA0.0035.71 [56]
South AsiaIndiaWest Bengal Brahmins30NA0.0072.22 [56]
South AsiaIndiaUttar Pradesh Brahmins31NA0.0067.74 [56]
South AsiaIndiaUttar Pradesh Kols38NA0.0014.81 [56]
South AsiaIndiaMadhya Pradesh Saharia57NA22.828.07 [56]
South AsiaIndiaMadhya Pradesh Brahmins42NA0.0038.1 [56]
South AsiaIndiaMaharashtra Brahmins32NA0.0043.33 [56]
Europe Moldova Moldavians, Carahasani [57] [58] 72NANA34.7 [58]
EuropeMoldavaMoldavians Sofia, Drochia, Moldava54NANA20.4 [58]
Europe Romania Dniester-Carpathian region -NANA20.4 [58]
EuropeUkraineUkrainians, Rașcov (Rashkovo), Camenca district53NANA41.5 [58]
EuropeMoldavaGagauzes, Kongaz 48NANA12.5 [58]
EuropeUkraineGagauzes, Etulia 41NANA26.8 [58]
East AsiaChina Dongxiang (Mongolian descent)4928.0 [59]
East AsiaChina Salar (Central Asian Turkish descent [59] )52NA17.0 [59]
East AsiaChinaBo\'an (Bonan) Mongolian descent47NA26.0 [59]
CaucasusArmenia Ararat 44NA0.000.0 [60]
CaucasusArmenia/Georgia\"Northern Armenians\"189NA0.534.2 [60]
CaucasusArmeniaSyunik (South Armenia)140NA0.009.3 [60]
CaucasusAzerbaijan/ArmeniaKarabakh215NA0.005.6 [60]
Middle EastIranIsfahan, New Julfa, (Armenian descent)56NA0.001.8 [60]
EuropeTurkeynear Armenia90NA1.113.3 [60]
EuropeTurkeyIstanbul University173NA0.0010.4 [60]
CaucasusAzerbaijanBaku29NA0.0010.3 [60]
Middle EastSyriaDamascus University44NA0.002.3 [60]
CaucasusGeorgia Tbilisi 68NA0.004.4 [60]
EuropeGreeceAthens132NA0.006.1 [60]
EuropeMongoliasoldiers mainly from Khalkh402NA0.002.5 [60]
EuropeHungary215NA1.4024.2 [61]
EuropeWalesNorth Wales98NANA1.0 [62]
EuropeEnglandEnglish Midlands136NANA4.4 [62]
EuropeEnglandEast Anglia173NANA4.6 [62]
EuropeNetherlandsFriesland94NANA7.4 [62]
EuropeNorway83NANA21.7 [62]
EuropeUnited KingdomBritish25NANA0.0 [24]
EuropeScotlandOrkney26NANA27.0 [24]
EuropeRussia Pomor 28NANA36.0 [24]
EuropeRussiaRussian, North49NANA43.0 [24]
AsiaRussiaRussian, Tashkent 89NANA47.0 [24]
EuropeRussia Kazan Tatar 38NANA24.0 [24]
EuropeRussia Saami 23NANA22.0 [24]
AsiaRussia Nenets 54NANA11.0 [24]
Middle EastLebanon50NANA0.0 [24]
Middle EastIran Tehran 24NANA4.0 [24]
Middle EastIran Shiraz 12NANA0.0 [24]
Middle EastIran Esfahan 16NANA0.0 [24]
Caucasus Georgia Svans (Svanetians)25NANA8.0 [24]
CaucasusGeorgia Kazbegi 25NANA4.0 [24]
CaucasusGeorgiaSouth Ossetians17NANA6.0 [24]
Caucasus Azerbaijan Lezgi in Azerbaijan12NANA8.0 [24]
CaucasusAzerbaijanAzerbaijanians21NANA10.0 [24]
CaucasusArmeniaArmenians47NANA9.0 [24]
Central Asia Afghanistan Pashtuns 49NANA51.02 [63]
Central AsiaAfghanistan Tajiks 56NANA30.36 [63]
Central AsiaAfghanistan Hazara 60NANA6.66 [63]
Central AsiaAfghanistan Uzbeks 17NANA17.64 [63]
Central AsiaAfghanistan Balochs 13NANA0.0 [63]
Central AsiaAfghanistan Nuristanis 5NANA60.0 [63]
Central Asia Turkmenistan Turkmen30NANA7.0 [24]
Central AsiaTurkmenistanTurkmenistan Kurd 17NANA12.0 [24]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Sinte Romani 15NANA0.0 [24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanIranian (Samarkand)53NANA11.0 [24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanTajik (Samarkand)40NANA25.0 [24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanArab Bukhara 42NANA19.0 [24]
Central AsiaUzbekistan Crimean Tartar 22NANA32.0 [24]
Central AsiaUzbekistan Karakalpak 44NANA18.0 [24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Kashkadarya19NANA16.0 [24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Bukhara58NANA28.0 [24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Surkhandarya68NANA29.0 [24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Khorezm70NANA30.0 [24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Tashkent43NANA28.0 [24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Fergana Valley63NANA22.0 [24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanSamarkand45NANA13.0 [24]
Central Asia Tajikistan <<link:2>> (near Afghanistan)25NANA68.0 [24]
Central AsiaTajikistan Bartangi 30NANA40.0 [24]
Central AsiaTajikistan Shugnan 44NANA23.0 [24]
Central AsiaTajikistan Yagnobi 31NANA16.0 [24]
Central AsiaTajikistanTajiks/Panjikent 22NANA64.0 [24]
Central AsiaTajikistanTajiks/Dushanbe 16NANA19.0 [24]
Central Asia Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz52NANA63.0 [24]
Central AsiaKyrgyzstan Dungan (Sino-Tibetan)40NANA10.0 [24]
Central Asia Kazakhstan Kazakhs54NANA4.0 [24]
Central AsiaKazakhstan Uighur 41NANA22.0 [24]
South AsiaIndiaSouth India Sourashtran46NANA39.0 [24]
South AsiaIndiaSouth India Kallar Dravidian84NANA4.0 [24]
South AsiaIndiaSouth India Yadhava129NANA13.0 [24]
North AsiaRussia Tuvinian 42NANA14.0 [24]
North Asia Mongolia 24NANA4.0 [24]
East Asia Korea 45NANA0.0 [24]
East AsiaChina Liqian from Yongchang 87NANA1.1 [64]
East AsiaChina Yugur from Sunan in Gansu 52NANA1.9 [64]
East AsiaChina Tibetan from Guide, Qinghai 39NANA2.6 [64]
East AsiaChina Uyghurs from Urumqi 49NANANA [64]
EuropeItalySardinia100.0NANA [65]
EuropeEnglandCornwall510.0NANA [65]
EuropeSpainBasque260.0NANA [65]
EuropePortugalNorthern3280.0NANA [65]
North AfricaAlgeria270.0NANA [65]
North Africa1290.0NANA [65]
North AfricaTunisia'Jerbian' Arabs (from the island of Djerba)46NA4.34.3 [66]
EuropeFinland5710.0NANA [65]
EuropeBulgaria2412.0NANA [65]
EuropeNetherlands8413.0NANA [65]
EuropeGermany Bavarian 8015.0NANA [65]
EuropeSweden Gotlander 6416.0NANA [65]
EuropeYugoslavian10016.0NANA [65]
EuropeRussia Chuvash 1718.0NANA [65]
EuropeSwedenNorthern4819.0NANA [65]
EuropeRomania4520.0NANA [65]
EuropeIceland2821.0NANA [65]
EuropeSaami4821.0NANA [65]
EuropeHungary3622.0NANA [65]
EuropeEstonia20727.0NANA [65]
EuropeRussia Mari 4829.0 (Tambets disagrees)NANA [65]
EuropeUkraineUkraine2730.0NANA [65]
EuropeGermany3030.0NANA [65]
EuropeNorway5231.0NANA [65]
EuropeLithuania3834.0NANA [65]
EuropeSlovenia7037.0NANA [65]
EuropeCzech Republic5338.0NANA [65]
EuropeBelarus4139.0NANA [65]
EuropeLatvia3441.0NANA [65]
AsiaRussia12247.0NANA [65]
EuropeSlovakia7047.0NANA [65]
EuropePoland11254.0NANA [65]
EuropeIreland571.0NANA [65]
EuropeOssetia472.0NANA [65]
EuropeCyprus452.0NANA [65]
EuropeItaly992.0NANA [65]
EuropeSpain1262.0NANA [65]
EuropePortugalSouthern572.0NANA [65]
EuropeBelgium924.0NANA [65]
EuropeTurkey1675.0NANA [65]
EuropeFrance405.0NANA [65]
EuropeGeorgia646.0NANA [65]
EuropeArmenia896.0NANA [65]
EuropeDenmark567.0NANA [65]
EuropeScotlandWestern1207.0NANA [65]
EuropeScotland437.0NANA [65]
EuropeGreece368.0NANA [65]
EuropeEnglandEast Anglia1729.0NANA [65]
EuropeIceland18123.8NANA [67]
EuropeNorway11217.9NANA [67]
EuropeSweden11017.3NANA [67]
EuropeDenmark1216.7NANA [67]
EuropeIreland2220.5NANA [67]
EuropeScotland616.6NANA [67]
EuropeBritain329.4NANA [67]
EuropeGermany329.4NANA [67]
EuropeGreece424.8NANA [67]
EuropeItaly3322.7NANA [67]
AsiaRussia3043.3NANA [67]
EuropeEstonia7436.5NANA [68]
EuropeRussia Komi-Permyaks 4223.8NANA [68]
EuropeRussiaRussian (Perm)3743.2NANA [68]
EuropeRussia - MordoviaMordovian Erzya4639.1NANA [68]
EuropeRussia - MordoviaMordovian Moksi4621.7NANA [68]
EuropeEstoniaEstonia Russian2626.9NANA [68]
EuropeUkraineUkrainian650.0NANA [68]
EuropeBulgariaBulgarian80817.5NANA [69]
EuropeTurkeyNortheast Turkish1118.2NANA [68]
EuropeTurkeyCentral Anatolian1811.1NANA [68]
EuropeTurkeySouthwest Turkish2910.3NANA [68]
EuropeTurkeySoutheast Turkish1315.4NANA [68]
EuropeCyprusTurkish Cypriots2213.6NANA [68]
Middle EastTalysh2010.0NANA [68]
CaucasusAzerbaijanAzeri2412.5NANA [68]
EuropeCroatiaMainland10834.3NANA [70]
EuropeBosnia-HerzogivinaBosnians6924.6NANA [70]
EuropeBosnia-HerzogivinaHerzogivinians14112.1NANA [70]
EuropeSerbiaSerbians11315.9NANA [70]
EuropeKosovaAlbanians1144.4NANA [70]
EuropeRepublic of MacedoniaMacedonians7915.2NANA [70]
EuropeRepublic of MacedoniaRomani571.8NANA [70]
EuropeCroatiaMainland10933.9NANA [31]
EuropeCroatiaKrk7428.0NANA [31]
EuropeCroatiaBrač4913.0NANA [31]
EuropeCroatiaHvar918.0NANA [31]
EuropeCroatiaKorčula13427.0NANA [31]
Europe Russia North38034.20NANA [71]
EuropeRussiaCentral36446.50NANA [71]
EuropeRussiaSouth48455.40NANA [71]
EuropePortugal5531.27NANA [72]
EuropeSwedenSwedes14118.4NANA [73]
EuropeEstoniaEstonians20933.5NANA [73]
EuropeLatviaLatvians8638.4NANA [73]
EuropeRussia Mari 11147.7 (Rosser disagrees)NANA [73]
EuropeRussia Mordvin 8326.5NANA [73]
EuropeRussia Komi 9433NANA [73]
EuropeRussia Udmurt 8710.3NANA [73]
EuropeRussia Chuvash 7931.6NANA [73]
EuropeRussia Volga Tatars 12634.1NANA [73]
EuropeFranceFrench610NANA [73]
EuropeHungaryHungarians11320.4NANA [73]
EuropeRussiaRussians6142.6NANA [73]
North AsiaRussia Khant 474.3NANA [73]
North AsiaRussia Nganasan 380NANA [73]
North AsiaRussia Nenets 1480NANA [73]
North AsiaRussia Selkup 13119.1NANA [73]
North AsiaRussia Ket 480NANA [73]
North AsiaRussia Dolgan 6716.4NANA [73]
North AsiaRussia Yakut 1551.9NANA [73]
North AsiaRussia Buryat 811.2NANA [73]
North AsiaRussia Evenk 961NANA [73]
North AsiaRussia Evens 316.5NANA [73]
North AsiaRussiaAltaians9846.9NANA [73]
EuropeNorwayNorwegians7223.6NANA [73]
EuropeDenmarkDanes19416.5NANA [74]
EuropeTurkeyKurds Zazaki speakers27NANA25.9 [75]
EuropeTurkeyKurds Kurmanji speakers87NANA12.7 [75]
Middle EastIraqKurds95NANA11.6 [76]
Caucasus Georgia Kurds25NANA0.0 [75]
Middle EastJordan Amman 101NANA2.0 [77]
Middle EastJordan Dead Sea 45NANA0.0 [77]
Middle East Iraq Baghdad, different ethnic groups139NANA [78]
EuropeRussia Arkhangelsk 28NA0.0017.9 [79]
North AsiaRussia Khanty 27NA0.0014.8 [79]
EuropeRussia (Komi Republic) Izhma Komi from Izhemsky District 54NA0.0029.6 [79]
EuropeRussia (Komi Republic) Komi from Priluzsky District 49NA0.0032.7 [79]
EuropeRussia Kursk region Russian40NA0.0052.5 [79]
EuropeRussia Tver region Russian38NA0.0057.9 [79]
R1b frequency in surveyed groups by continent and country
ContinentPopulation#No.Total%R-P25*R-V88R-M269R-M73
AfricaNorthern Africa6915.9%0.0%5.2%0.7%0.0%
AfricaCentral Sahel Region46123.0%0.0%23.0%0.0%0.0%
AfricaWestern Africa1230.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
AfricaEastern Africa4420.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
AfricaSouthern Africa1050.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
EuropeWestern Europeans46557.8%0.0%0.0%57.8%0.0%
EuropeNorth western Europeans4355.8%0.0%0.0%55.8%0.0%
EuropeCentral Europeans7742.9%0.0%0.0%42.9%0.0%
EuropeNorth Eastern Europeans741.4%0.0%0.0%1.4%0.0%
EuropeRussians606.7%0.0%0.0%6.7%0.0%
EuropeEastern Europeans14920.8%0.0%0.0%20.8%0.0%
EuropeSouth eastern Europeans51013.1%0.0%0.2%12.9%0.0%
AsiaWestern Asians3285.8%0.0%0.3%5.5%0.0%
AsiaSouthern Asians2884.8%0.0%0.0%1.7%3.1%
AsiaSouth eastern Asians100.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
AsiaNorth eastern Asians300.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
AsiaEastern Asians1560.6%0.0%0.0%0.6%0.0%
TOTAL5326
R2

Haplogroup R2 is most common in South Asia and south Central Asia, as well as diaspora populations, such as the Romanis.

Frequency of R2a (R-M124) in Social and Linguistic Subgroups of Indian Populations [55]
Tibeto-BurmanAustro-AsiaticDravidianIndo-European
Tribe5.75%10.94%5.00%-
Lower Caste--13.79%10.00%
Middle Caste--3.53%18.75%
Upper Caste--10.17%16.28%
Frequency of Haplogroup R2a (R-M124) in the Arab World from DNA studies
CountSample SizeR-M124 Frequency %
UAE [80] 82173.69%
Qatar [81] 1721.39%
Kuwait [82] 11530.65%
Yemen [81] 11040.96%
Jordan [77] 21461.37%
Lebanon [83] 29350.21%
Palestine [84] 1492.04%
Egypt [85] 11470.68%
R2b frequency Central-South Asia
R2b%Population
10.3% Burusho
6.8% Kalash
1.0% Pashtuns
3.4%Gujarat
0.63%Pakistan

P1a (P-B253, formerly P2)

The Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon in the Philippines have also provided the only known samples of P1a (P-B253). [9]

Notes

  1. SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 not tested (%)
  2. SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 negative (%)
  3. SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 positive (%)
  4. 1 2 The first sample recruited for the study by Bowden, Balaresque, et al., followed the usual sampling strategy: Evidence of two generations of residence in a studied location were sufficient to qualify a donor to participate in the study of DNA localised to a particular geographical area. They contrasted this 'modern' group with a 'medieval' group they recruited, in whom they required additional "cultural markers" of ancestry.
  5. 1 2 For a sample with local (either: West Lancashire; or the Wirral) ancestry likely going back to the time of the Viking influx into Northern England, Bowden, Balaresque, et al. used special inclusion criteria:
    "Subjects for the second sample ('medieval') were also required to have at least two generations of residence, and to have their earliest recorded patrilineal ancestor born in the relevant area. However, in addition they were required to carry surnames that were present in the relevant region prior to 1572 as judged by documentary sources"
    Bowden, Balaresque, et al. (2008)

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