Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

Last updated
Haplogroup H
Possible time of origin20,000–25,000 YBP
Possible place of origin Southwest Asia (West Asia or Western Asia), Lesser Caucasus
Ancestor HV [1]
DescendantsH* lineages; subclades H1, H2, H3, H4, H5'36, H6, H7, H8, H9, H10, H11, H12, H13, H14, H15, H16, H18, H19, H20, H22, H23, H24, H25, H26, H28, H29, H31, H32, H33, H34, H35, H37, H38, H39, 16129(H17+H27), 16129(H21+H30) (numbers to H144) [2]
Defining mutationsG2706A, T7028C [3]

Haplogroup H is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is believed to have originated in Southwest Asia, near present day Syria, [1] around 20,000 to 25,000 years ago. Mitochondrial haplogroup H is today predominantly found in Europe, and is believed to have evolved before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). It first expanded in the northern Near East and Southern Caucasus, and later migrations from Iberia suggest that the clade reached Europe before the Last Glacial Maximum. The haplogroup has also spread to parts of Africa, Siberia and Inner Asia. Today, around 40% of all maternal lineages in Europe belong to haplogroup H.

Contents

Origin

Haplogroup H is a descendant of haplogroup HV. The Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS), which until recently was the human mitochondrial sequence to which all others were compared, belongs to haplogroup H2a2a1. [4] Several independent studies conclude that haplogroup H probably evolved in Western Asia c. 25,000 years ago.

In July 2008 ancient mtDNA from an individual called Paglicci 23, whose remains were dated to 28,000 years ago and excavated from Paglicci Cave (Apulia, Italy), were found to be identical to the Cambridge Reference Sequence in HVR1. [5] This once was believed to indicate haplogroup H, but researchers now recognize that CRS HVR1 also appears in U or HV, because there are no HVR1 mutations that separate CRS from the haplogroup R founder. Haplogroup HV derives from the haplogroup R0 which in turn derives from haplogroup R is a descendant of macro-haplogroup N like its sibling M, is a descendant of haplogroup L3.

MtDNA H had frequency of 19% among Neolithic Early European Farmers and virtually absent among Mesolithic European hunter gatherers. [6]

MtDNA H was also present in the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture. [7]

The clade has been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom and Ptolemaic periods. [8]

Additionally, haplogroup H has been found among specimens at the mainland cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550–800). [9]

Distribution

Projected spatial frequency distributions for haplogroups H*, H1, H2a, H3, H4, H5a, H6a, H7, H8 and H11 Spatial frequency distribution of different sub-lineages of mtDNA haplogroup H.png
Projected spatial frequency distributions for haplogroups H*, H1, H2a, H3, H4, H5a, H6a, H7, H8 and H11

Haplogroup H is the most common mtDNA clade in Europe. [10] It is found in approximately 41% of native Europeans. [11] [12] The lineage is also common in North Africa and the Middle East. [13]

The majority of the European populations have an overall haplogroup H frequency of 40–50%, with frequencies decreasing in the southeast. The clade reaches 20% in the Near East and Caucasus, 17% in Iran, and <10% in the Arabian Peninsula, Northern India and Central Asia. [1] [14]

Undifferentiated haplogroup H has been found among Palestinians (14%), [15] Syrians (13.6%), [15] Druze (10.6%), [15] Iraqis (9.5%), [15] Somalis (6.7%), [15] Egyptians (5.7% in El-Hayez; [16] 14.7% in Gurna [17] ), Saudis (5.3–10%), [15] Soqotri (3.1%), [18] Nubians (1.3%), [15] and Yemenis (0–13.9%). [15]

Subclades

Among all these clades, the subhaplogroups H1 and H3 have been subject to a more detailed study and would be associated to the Magdalenian expansion from SW Europe c. 13,000 years ago: [19]

H1

Projected spatial frequency distribution of haplogroup H1 Spatial frequency distribution (%25) of haplogroup H1 in western Eurasia and North Africa..png
Projected spatial frequency distribution of haplogroup H1

H1 encompasses an important fraction of Western European mtDNA lineages, reaching its local peak among contemporary Basques (27.8%). The clade also occurs at high frequencies elsewhere in the Iberian Peninsula, as well as in the Maghreb (Tamazgha). The haplogroup frequency is above 10% in many other parts of Europe (France, Sardinia, parts of the British Isles, Alps, large portions of Eastern Europe), and surpasses 5% in nearly all of the continent. [1] Its H1b subclade is most common in eastern Europe and NW Siberia. [20]

As of 2010, the highest frequency of the H1 subclade has been found among the Tuareg inhabiting the Fezzan region in Libya (61%). [21] The basal H1* haplogroup is found among the Tuareg inhabiting the Gossi area in Mali (4.76%). [22]

The rare H1cb subclade is concentrated among Fulani groups inhabiting the Sahel. [23]

Haplogroup H has been found in various fossils that were analysed for ancient DNA, including specimens associated with the Linearbandkeramik culture (H1e, Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, 1/22 or ~5%; H1 or H1au1b, Karsdorf, 1/2 or 50%), Germany Middle Neolithic (H1e1a, Esperstedt, 1/1 or 100%), Iberia Early Neolithic (H1, El Prado de Pancorbo, 1/2 or 50%), Iberia Middle Neolithic (H1, La Mina, 1/4 or 25%), and Iberia Chalcolithic (H1t, El Mirador Cave, 1/12 or ~8%). [24] Haplogroup H has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. At the Tenerife site, these clade-bearing individuals were found to belong to the H1cf subclade (1/7; ~14%); at the Gran Canaria site, the specimens carried the H2a subhaplogroup (1/4; 25%). [25] Additionally, ancient Guanche (Bimbaches) individuals excavated in Punta Azul, El Hierro, Canary Islands were all found to belong to the H1 maternal subclade. These locally born individuals were dated to the 10th century and carried the H1-16260 haplotype, which is exclusive to the Canary Islands and Algeria. [26]

Frequencies of haplogroup H1 in the world (Ottoni et al. 2010)
Region or PopulationH1%No. of subjects
Africa
Libyan Tuareg61129
Tuareg (West Sahel)23.390
Berbers (Morocco)20.2217
Morocco12.2180
Berbers (Tunisia)13.4276
Tunisia10.6269
Mozabite9.880
Siwas (Egypt)1.1184
Western Sahara14.8128
Mauritania6.9102
Senegal0100
Fulani (Chad–Cameroon)0186
Cameroon0142
Chad077
Buduma (Niger)030
Nigeria069
Ethiopia082
Amhara (Ethiopia)090
Oromo (Ethiopia)0117
Sierra Leone0155
Guineans (Guiné Bissau)0372
Mali083
Kikuyu (Kenya)024
Benin0192
Asia
Central Asia0.7445
Pakistan0100
Yakuts1.758
Caucasus
Caucasus (north)8.868
Caucasus (south)2.3132
Northwestern Caucasus4.7234
Armenians2.3175
Daghestan2.5269
Georgians1193
Karachay-Balkars4.4203
Ossetians2.4296
Europe
Andalusia24.3103
Basques (Spain)27.8108
Catalonia13.9101
Galicia17.7266
Pasiegos (Cantabria)23.551
Portugal25.5499
Spain (miscellaneous)18.9132
Italy (north)11.5322
Italy (center)6.3208
Italy (south)8.7206
Sardinia17.9106
Sicily1090
Finland1878
Volga-Ural Finnic speakers13.6125
Basques (France)17.540
Béarnaise14.827
France12.3106
Estonia16.7114
Saami057
Lithuania1.7180
Hungary11.3303
Czech Republic10.8102
Ukraine9.9191
Poland9.386
Russia13.5312
Austria10.62487
Germany6100
Romania9.4360
Netherlands8.834
Greece (Aegean islands)1.6247
Greece (mainland)6.379
Macedonia7.1252
Albania2.9105
Turks3.3360
Balkans5.4111
Croatia8.384
Slovaks7.6119
Slovak (East)16.8137
Slovak (West)14.270
Middle East
Arabian Peninsula094
Arabian Peninsula (incl. Yemen, Oman)0.8493
Druze3.458
Dubai (United Arab Emirates)0.4249
Iraq1.9206
Jordanians1.7173
Lebanese4.2167
Syrians0159

H3

H3 is found throughout the whole of Europe and in the Maghreb, [1] and is believed to have originated among Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in south-western Europe between 9 000 and 11 000 years ago. H3 represents the second largest fraction of the H genome after H1 and has a somewhat similar distribution, with peaks in Portugal, Spain, Scandinavia and Finland. It is common in Portugal (12%), Sardinia (11%), Galicia (10%), the Basque country (10%), Ireland (6%), Norway (6%), Hungary (6%) and southwestern France (5%). [1] [27] [28] Studies have suggested haplogroup H3 is highly protective against AIDS progression. [29]

Example of H3 sub-groups are: [28]

The basal H3* haplogroup is found among the Tuareg inhabiting the Gossi area in Mali (4.76%). [22]

H5

H5 may have evolved in West Asia, where it is most frequent and diverse in the Western Caucasus. However, its H5a subclade has a stronger representation in Europe, though at low levels. [31]

H2, H6 and H8

The H2, H6 and H8 haplogroups are somewhat common in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. [19] They may be the most common H subclades among Central Asians and have also been found in West Asia. [20] H2a5 has been found in the Basque Country, [32] and in Norway, Ireland and Slovakia. [3] H6a1a1a is common among Ashkenazi Jews. [33]

H4

H4 is often found in the Iberian Peninsula, [32] Britain and Ireland at levels between 1-5% of the population. It is associated with Neolithic migrations.

H4 and H13, along with H2 account for 42% of the hg H lineages in Egypt. [34]

H7

The H7 subhaplogroup is present in both Europe and West Asia. Its subclade H7c1 is present in Druze people and in Saudi Arabia. [35] H7c2 is present in such peoples as Ashkenazi Jews, Sardinians, and Dutch people. [36] H7e is present in Ashkenazi Jews, Germans, Sardinians, and others. [37] H7a1b is found today in Scotland, England, Denmark, Finland and Sardinia. [38]

H9

H9 is present in Yemenis. [39] The subclade H9a exists in Welsh people, [40] Calabrians [41] and Crimean Karaites. [42] [43] H9a samples were recovered from two ancient people in Lebanon. [44]

H10

Haplogroup H10 is subclade which came into existence between 6,300 and 10,900 years ago. Its descendant branches are H10a, H10b, H10c, H10d, H10e, H10f, H10g, and H10h. [45]

Haplogroup H10e has been found at a neolithic site, namely the Bom Santo cave near Lisbon. This is the oldest sample of H10 which has ever been found and it has been dated to 3735 BCE (+- 45 years). [46]

H11

H11 is commonly found in Central Europe. [32]

H12

Italians are notable carriers of H12 and its two branches. H12a has been detected in such regions as Sicily [47] and Calabria. [48]

H13

The H13 subhaplogroup is present in both Europe and West Asia. H13 is also found in the Caucasus; H13c was found in a 9,700 year old sample in Mesolithic Georgia [49] and H13a2a and H13a2b are found in Armenians in Armenia. [50] [51]

H14

The root level of H14 is found in northwestern Europeans, such as in Ireland. [52]

Its subclade H14a is encountered among such populations as Armenians from Turkey, [53] Sardinians from Italy, [54] and Persian Jews and Iraqi Jews. [55] The branch H14a2 is present among Romani people from Spain [56] and Croats [57] and is common in Iran. [52]

Its subclade H14b has a presence in many European and West Asian populations including Assyrian people, [58] Persians [59] and Armenians from Iran, [60] and people in Tuscany (central Italy), [61] Switzerland, Germany, Ireland, Spain, and Qatar. [52] The branch H14b1 is especially prevalent in France but also found in neighboring Monaco and in Scotland. [52] The branch H14b3 has been found in Armenians from Artsakh [62] and people from Armenia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Italy, and Scotland. [52] H14b4 is in Italy and Germany. [52]

H15

H15 includes the base level and the branches H15a and H15b. H15a1b is present in Greeks. [63] H15b is present in Armenians, Druze, Ashkenazi Jews, Danes, and other peoples of Europe and the Near East. [64]

H16

H16 is encountered in numerous European populations, such as Norway and England. [52] Its subclade H16a is found in Czechs [65] and in Germany, Scotland, and the Netherlands. [52] H16a1 is similarly found in Europe, including in Denmark. [66] H16b is another common branch and among other places is present in Sardinia. [67] H16c was found in archaeological human remains from Iron Age cemetery in Lejasbitēni, Latvia; [68] it is currently found in Sweden, Great Britain, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, Latvia and elsewhere. [52] H16d is found in Italy, France, Ireland, England, and other parts of Europe. [52] H16e is especially common in Sweden. [52]

In July 2008 ancient mtDNA from an individual called Paglicci 23, whose remains were dated to 28,000 years ago and excavated from Paglicci Cave (Apulia, Italy), were found to be identical to the Cambridge Reference Sequence in HVR1. [5]

H17

H17 is especially prevalent in Ireland but also found in England, Scotland, Wales, Sweden, and Germany. [52] H17a is similarly found across Europe, such as in Sardinia [69] and Lithuania. [52]

H18

H18 occurs on the Arabian Peninsula. [70]

H20 and H21

These haplogroups are both found in the Caucasus region. [31] H20 also appears at low levels in the Iberian Peninsula (less than 1%), Arabian Peninsula (1%) and Near East (2%). [70]

H22 through H95a

These subclades are found mostly in Europe, South-West Asia and Central Asia.

H24 is found in Romance-speaking countries' populations (France, Spain, and Romani people from Spain) [71] as well as in Germany, Ireland, Scotland, and England. [52]

H45 is found in Ireland and Spain. [52] Its subclade H45a is especially found in Finland [72] but also found in Sweden. [52] H45b exists among multiple kinds of western Europeans, including people in Ireland, [73] Scotland, England, and Germany. [52]

H47 has been found in Syria, Italy, and Armenians and infrequently in Ashkenazi Jews. [74] Its subclade H47a is exclusively European, being found in such countries as England, Ireland, Czechia, and Bulgaria. [52]

H53 is encountered in such countries as Spain (including among Basques) [75] and Poland [76] and as far east as Xinjiang in western China (among Uyghurs). [77]

H69 is a European branch found in Finns, [78] Irish people, [79] and inhabitants of Sweden, Germany, and Switzerland. [52]

H91a is associated with the Uyghur ethnic minority of western China. [80]

H96 and above

These were the most recently discovered and named major branches of H.

H105 is found in Italy and Hungary. [52]

H106 is found in Italy, France, Austria, England, and Germany. [52]

H107 is encountered in Russia. [81]

Tree

Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup H Phylogeny of haplogroup H.png
Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup H

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup H subclades is based on Build 17 (February 2016) of the Phylotree, an internationally accepted standard. [82] The full tree can be viewed at Phylotree.

Genetic traits

Haplogroup H was found as a possible increased risk factor for ischemic cardiomyopathy development. [83]

See also

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)  
L0 L1–6 
L1 L2   L3    L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup</span> Group of similar haplotypes

A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation. More specifically, a haplotype is a combination of alleles at different chromosomal regions that are closely linked and that tend to be inherited together. As a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, it is usually possible to predict a haplogroup from haplotypes. Haplogroups pertain to a single line of descent. As such, membership of a haplogroup, by any individual, relies on a relatively small proportion of the genetic material possessed by that individual.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cambridge Reference Sequence</span> The reference sequence of the human mitochondrial DNA

The Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) for human mitochondrial DNA was first announced in 1981.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup X (mtDNA)</span> Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is found in North America, Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa.

Haplogroup K, formerly Haplogroup UK, is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is defined by the HVR1 mutations 16224C and 16311C. It is now known that K is a subclade of U8.

Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to haplogroup T. Within the field of medical genetics, certain polymorphisms specific to haplogroup J have been associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated around 25,100 years ago in the Near East.

Haplogroup V is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is believed to have originated over 14,000 years ago in Southwestern Europe.

Haplogroup HV is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA). The clade arose from haplogroup R, likely during the early Upper Paleolithic. Its various subclades are found widely distributed across Northern and Eastern Europe, Central, Western and South Asia, as well as North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the Canary Islands.

Haplogroup L2 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup with a widespread modern distribution, particularly in Subequatorial Africa. Its L2a subclade is a somewhat frequent and widely distributed mtDNA cluster on the continent, as well as among those in the Americas.

Haplogroup W is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated about 21,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) period in West Asia. The haplogroup is unusual in that it is now widely distributed geographically, but is common in only a few small areas of East Africa, West Asia and Europe. It is especially common among the El Molo and Rendille peoples of Kenya, various regions of Iran, the Lemko people of Slovakia, Poland and Ukraine, the island of Krk in Croatia, the department of Finistère in France and some parts of Scotland and Ireland.

Haplogroup JT is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetic history of Europe</span>

The genetic history of Europe includes information around the formation, ethnogenesis, and other DNA-specific information about populations indigenous, or living in Europe.

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup H5 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup descended from Haplogroup H (mtDNA). H5 is defined by T16304C in the HVR1 region and 456 in the HVR2 region.

Haplogroup R0 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Haplogroup E-P147 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E-P147, along with the less common haplogroup E-M75, is one of the two main branches of the older haplogroup E-M96. The E-P147 clade is commonly observed throughout Africa and is divided into two subclades: the less common, haplogroup E-M132, and the more common, haplogroup E-P177.

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup K1a1b1a is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macro-haplogroup L</span> Human mitochondrial lineage

In human mitochondrial genetics, L is the mitochondrial DNA macro-haplogroup that is at the root of the anatomically modern human mtDNA phylogenetic tree. As such, it represents the most ancestral mitochondrial lineage of all currently living modern humans, also dubbed "Mitochondrial Eve".

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Achilli A, Rengo C, Magri C, Battaglia V, Olivieri A, Scozzari R, et al. (November 2004). "The molecular dissection of mtDNA haplogroup H confirms that the Franco-Cantabrian glacial refuge was a major source for the European gene pool". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (5): 910–8. doi:10.1086/425590. PMC   1182122 . PMID   15382008.
  2. ↑ "H144 MTree". Archived from the original on 2023-02-27.
  3. 1 2 van Oven M, Kayser M (February 2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–94. doi: 10.1002/humu.20921 . PMID   18853457. S2CID   27566749.
  4. ↑ Behar DM, van Oven M, Rosset S, Metspalu M, Loogväli EL, Silva NM, et al. (April 2012). "A "Copernican" reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root". American Journal of Human Genetics. 90 (4): 675–84. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.002. PMC   3322232 . PMID   22482806.
  5. 1 2 Caramelli D, Milani L, Vai S, Modi A, Pecchioli E, Girardi M, et al. (July 2008). "A 28,000 years old Cro-Magnon mtDNA sequence differs from all potentially contaminating modern sequences". PLOS ONE. 3 (7): e2700. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2700C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002700 . PMC   2444030 . PMID   18628960.
  6. ↑ Brotherton P, Haak W, Templeton J, Brandt G, Soubrier J, Jane Adler C, et al. (2013). "Neolithic mitochondrial haplogroup H genomes and the genetic origins of Europeans". Nature Communications. 4: 1764. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.1764.. doi:10.1038/ncomms2656. PMC   3978205 . PMID   23612305.
  7. ↑ Nikitin AG, Potekhina I, Rohland N, Mallick S, Reich D, Lillie M (2017). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of eneolithic trypillians from Ukraine reveals neolithic farming genetic roots". PLOS ONE. 12 (2): e0172952. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1272952N. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172952 . PMC   5325568 . PMID   28235025.
  8. ↑ Schuenemann VJ, Peltzer A, Welte B, van Pelt WP, Molak M, Wang CC, et al. (May 2017). "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods". Nature Communications. 8: 15694. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815694S. doi:10.1038/ncomms15694. PMC   5459999 . PMID   28556824.
  9. ↑ Sirak K, Frenandes D, Novak M, Van Gerven D, Pinhasi R (2016). "Abstract Book of the IUAES Inter-Congress 2016 – A community divided? Revealing the community genome(s) of Medieval Kulubnarti using next- generation sequencing". Abstract Book of the Iuaes Inter-Congress 2016. IUAES: 115.
  10. ↑ Ghezzi D, Marelli C, Achilli A, Goldwurm S, Pezzoli G, Barone P, et al. (June 2005). "Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup K is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease in Italians". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (6): 748–52. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201425 . hdl: 2434/781361 . PMID   15827561.
  11. ↑ Sykes B (2001). The Seven Daughters of Eve. London; New York: Bantam Press. ISBN   978-0393020182.
  12. ↑ "Maternal Ancestry". Oxford Ancestors. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  13. ↑ "Haplogroup H". Atlas of the Human Journey – The Genographic Project. National Geographic. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011.
  14. ↑ Metspalu M, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Parik J, Hudjashov G, Kaldma K, et al. (August 2004). "Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans". BMC Genetics. 5: 26. doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-5-26 . PMC   516768 . PMID   15339343.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Non A. "Analyses if Genetic Data Within A=an Interdisciplinary Framework to Investigate Recent Human Evolutionary History and Complex Disease" (PDF). University of Florida. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  16. ↑ Kujanová M, Pereira L, Fernandes V, Pereira JB, Cerný V (October 2009). "Near eastern neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 140 (2): 336–46. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21078. PMID   19425100.
  17. ↑ Stevanovitch A, Gilles A, Bouzaid E, Kefi R, Paris F, Gayraud RP, et al. (January 2004). "Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity in a sedentary population from Egypt". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 1): 23–39. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x. PMID   14748828. S2CID   44901197.
  18. ↑ Cerný V, Pereira L, Kujanová M, Vasíková A, Hájek M, Morris M, Mulligan CJ (April 2009). "Out of Arabia-the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 138 (4): 439–47. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20960. PMID   19012329.
  19. 1 2 Pereira L, Richards M, Goios A, Alonso A, Albarrán C, Garcia O, et al. (January 2005). "High-resolution mtDNA evidence for the late-glacial resettlement of Europe from an Iberian refugium". Genome Research. 15 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1101/gr.3182305. PMC   540273 . PMID   15632086.
  20. 1 2 Loogväli EL, Roostalu U, Malyarchuk BA, Derenko MV, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, et al. (November 2004). "Disuniting uniformity: a pied cladistic canvas of mtDNA haplogroup H in Eurasia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (11): 2012–21. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msh209 . PMID   15254257.
  21. ↑ Ottoni C, Primativo G, Hooshiar Kashani B, Achilli A, Martínez-Labarga C, Biondi G, et al. (October 2010). "Mitochondrial haplogroup H1 in north Africa: an early holocene arrival from Iberia". PLOS ONE. 5 (10): e13378. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...513378O. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013378 . PMC   2958834 . PMID   20975840.
  22. 1 2 Pereira L, Cerný V, Cerezo M, Silva NM, Hájek M, Vasíková A, et al. (August 2010). "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (8): 915–23. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21. PMC   2987384 . PMID   20234393.
  23. ↑ Kulichová I, Fernandes V, Deme A, Nováčková J, Stenzl V, Novelletto A, et al. (October 2017). "Internal diversification of non-Sub-Saharan haplogroups in Sahelian populations and the spread of pastoralism beyond the Sahara". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 164 (2): 424–434. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23285. PMID   28736914.
  24. ↑ Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S, Pósa A, Stégmár B, Keerl V, et al. (November 2017). "Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers". Nature. 551 (7680): 368–372. Bibcode:2017Natur.551..368L. doi:10.1038/nature24476. PMC   5973800 . PMID   29144465.
  25. ↑ Rodríguez-Varela R, Günther T, Krzewińska M, Storå J, Gillingwater TH, MacCallum M, et al. (November 2017). "Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans". Current Biology. 27 (21): 3396–3402.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059 . hdl: 2164/13526 . PMID   29107554.
  26. ↑ Alejandra C, Fregel R, Trujillo-Mederos A, Hervella M, De-La-Rúa C, Arnay-De-La-Rosa M (2017). "Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 78: 20–28. Bibcode:2017JArSc..78...20O. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004.
  27. ↑ "Origins, spread and ethnic association of European haplogroups and subclades". Eupedia.
  28. 1 2 Hay M. "Haplogroup H (mtDNA)". Access date 2015/10/02
  29. ↑ Hendrickson SL, Hutcheson HB, Ruiz-Pesini E, Poole JC, Lautenberger J, Sezgin E, et al. (November 2008). "Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups influence AIDS progression". AIDS. 22 (18): 2429–39. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831940bb. PMC   2699618 . PMID   19005266.
  30. ↑ "The Haplogroup H&HV mtGenome Project: H3". mtDNA Test Results for Members. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  31. 1 2 Roostalu U, Kutuev I, Loogväli EL, Metspalu E, Tambets K, Reidla M, et al. (February 2007). "Origin and expansion of haplogroup H, the dominant human mitochondrial DNA lineage in West Eurasia: the Near Eastern and Caucasian perspective". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (2): 436–48. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msl173 . PMID   17099056.
  32. 1 2 3 Alvarez-Iglesias V, Mosquera-Miguel A, Cerezo M, Quintáns B, Zarrabeitia MT, Cuscó I, et al. (2009). "New population and phylogenetic features of the internal variation within mitochondrial DNA macro-haplogroup R0". PLOS ONE. 4 (4): e5112. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5112A. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005112 . PMC   2660437 . PMID   19340307.
  33. ↑ Costa MD, Pereira JB, Pala M, Fernandes V, Olivieri A, Achilli A, Perego UA, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Hatina J, Woodward SR, Eng KK, Macaulay V, Carr M, Soares P, Pereira L, Richards MB (2013). "A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages". Nature Communications. 4: 2543. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2543C. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543. PMC   3806353 . PMID   24104924.
  34. ↑ Bekada A, Fregel R, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, Pestano J, Benhamamouch S, González AM (2013). "Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56775. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856775B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056775 . PMC   3576335 . PMID   23431392.
  35. ↑ Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews. Academic Studies Press. p. 41. doi:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn. ISBN   978-1644699843. S2CID   254519342.
  36. ↑ Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews. Academic Studies Press. p. 41. doi:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn. ISBN   978-1644699843. S2CID   254519342.
  37. ↑ Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews. Academic Studies Press. pp. 42–43. doi:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn. ISBN   978-1644699843. S2CID   254519342.
  38. ↑ Dulias, Katharina; Birch, Steven; Wilson, James F.; Justeau, Pierre; Gandini, Francesca; Flaquer, Antònia; Soares, Pedro; Richards, Martin B.; Pala, Maria; Edwards, Ceiridwen J. (July 2019). "Maternal relationships within an Iron Age burial at the High Pasture Cave, Isle of Skye, Scotland". Journal of Archaeological Science. 110: 104978. Bibcode:2019JArSc.110j4978D. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2019.104978. S2CID   203083206.
  39. ↑ GenBank Accession number:  KM986583.1
  40. ↑ GenBank Accession number:  MH782168.1
  41. ↑ GenBank Accession number:  JX153272.1
  42. ↑ Brook, Kevin Alan (Summer 2014). "The Genetics of Crimean Karaites" (PDF). Karadeniz Araştırmaları (Journal of Black Sea Studies). 11 (42): 78–79. doi:10.12787/KARAM859.
  43. ↑ Homo sapiens haplogroup H9a mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: OQ981914.1.
  44. ↑ Matisoo-Smith, E.; Gosling, A. L.; Platt, D.; Kardailsky, O.; Prost, S.; Cameron-Christie, S.; Collins, C. J.; Boocock, J.; Kurumilian, Y.; Guirguis, M.; Pla Orquín, R.; Khalil, W.; Genz, H.; Abou Diwan, G.; Nassar, J.; Zalloua, P. (2018). "Ancient mitogenomes of Phoenicians from Sardinia and Lebanon: A story of settlement, integration, and female mobility". PLOS ONE. 13 (1): e0190169 in S1 Table. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1390169M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190169 . PMC   5761892 . PMID   29320542.
  45. ↑ Behar DM, van Oven M, Rosset S, Metspalu M, Loogväli EL, Silva NM, Kivisild T, Torroni A, Villems R (April 2012). "A "Copernican" reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root". American Journal of Human Genetics. 90 (4): 675–84. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.002. PMC   3322232 . PMID   22482806.
  46. ↑ Faustino de Carvalho A (2014). Bom Santo cave (Lisbon) and the middle neolithic societies of southern Portugal. Faro: Universidade do Algarvede. ISBN   9789899766631. OCLC   946308166.
  47. ↑ GenBank Accession number:  MW528315.1
  48. ↑ GenBank Accession number:  JX153458.1
  49. ↑ Jones, Eppie R.; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria; Connell, Sarah; Siska, Veronika; Eriksson, Anders; Martiniano, Rui; McLaughlin, Russell L.; Gallego Llorente, Marcos; Cassidy, Lara M.; Gamba, Cristina; Meshveliani, Tengiz; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Müller, Werner; Belfer-Cohen, Anna; Matskevich, Zinovi; Jakeli, Nino; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Currat, Mathias; Lordkipanidze, David; Hofreiter, Michael; Manica, Andrea; Pinhasi, Ron; Bradley, Daniel G. (16 November 2015). "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 8912. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J. doi:10.1038/ncomms9912. PMC   4660371 . PMID   26567969.
  50. ↑ GenBank Accession number:  MF362786.1
  51. ↑ GenBank Accession number:  KX230571.1
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 MtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
  53. ↑ Homo sapiens isolate 40_Mu mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MK491393.1.
  54. ↑ Homo sapiens isolate csct_007727 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KY410191.1.
  55. ↑ Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews. Academic Studies Press. p. 129. doi:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn. ISBN   978-1644699843. S2CID   254519342.
  56. ↑ Homo sapiens isolate M943_H14a2_Roma mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF055878.1.
  57. ↑ Homo sapiens haplogroup H14a2 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MG786850.1.
  58. ↑ Homo sapiens isolate Assyrian_C188_H14b mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MK217254.1.
  59. ↑ Homo sapiens haplogroup H14b* mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KC911548.1.
  60. ↑ Homo sapiens haplogroup H14b mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KX784190.1.
  61. ↑ Homo sapiens isolate 33151 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KY399186.1.
  62. ↑ Homo sapiens isolate Artsakh_69 haplogroup H14b3 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MF362858.1.
  63. ↑ Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews. Academic Studies Press. p. 135. doi:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn. ISBN   978-1644699843. S2CID   254519342.
  64. ↑ Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews. Academic Studies Press. p. 50. doi:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn. ISBN   978-1644699843. S2CID   254519342.
  65. ↑ Homo sapiens haplogroup H16a mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MW538532.1.
  66. ↑ Homo sapiens isolate 3157345 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: JX153510.1.
  67. ↑ Homo sapiens isolate csct_007629 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KY410158.1.
  68. ↑ Kimsis, Janis; Petersone-Gordina, Elina; Poksane, Alise; Vilcāne, Antonija; Moore, Joanna; Gerhards, Guntis; Ranka, Renate (2023). "Application of natural sciences methodology in archaeological study of Iron Age burials in Latvia: pilot study". Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology. 19 (1): 8–15. doi:10.1007/s12024-022-00553-7. PMID   36348137.
  69. ↑ Homo sapiens isolate 1963 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KY408165.1.
  70. 1 2 Ennafaa H, Cabrera VM, Abu-Amero KK, González AM, Amor MB, Bouhaha R, et al. (February 2009). "Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup H structure in North Africa". BMC Genetics. 10: 8. doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-10-8 . PMC   2657161 . PMID   19243582.
  71. ↑ Gómez-Carballa, Alberto; Pardo-Seco, Jacobo; Fachal, Laura; Vega, Ana; Cebey, Miriam; Martinón-Torres, Nazareth; Martinón-Torres, Federico; Salas, Antonio (15 October 2013). "Indian Signatures in the Westernmost Edge of the European Romani Diaspora: New Insight from Mitogenomes". PLOS ONE. 8 (10): e75397. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875397G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075397 . PMC   3797067 . PMID   24143169.
  72. ↑ Homo sapiens isolate S19_fi_ath haplogroup H45a mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MN516616.1.
  73. ↑ Homo sapiens haplogroup H45b mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MG807267.1.
  74. ↑ Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews. Academic Studies Press. pp. 53–54. doi:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn. ISBN   978-1644699843. S2CID   254519342.
  75. ↑ Homo sapiens isolate ESP_19_00000014 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MN046424.1.
  76. ↑ Homo sapiens isolate J189 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MG646120.1.
  77. ↑ Homo sapiens isolate We1474 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KU683584.1.
  78. ↑ GenBank Accession number:  MN516573.1
  79. ↑ GenBank Accession number:  KP150428.1
  80. ↑ Homo sapiens isolate We0454 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KU683042.1.
  81. ↑ Homo sapiens isolate 23_Ps haplogroup H107 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KY670896.1.
  82. ↑ "PhyloTree.org mtDNA subtree R0". Archived from the original on 2023-02-01.
  83. ↑ Fernández-Caggiano M, Barallobre-Barreiro J, Rego-Pérez I, Crespo-Leiro MG, Paniagua MJ, Grillé Z, et al. (2012). "Mitochondrial haplogroups H and J: risk and protective factors for ischemic cardiomyopathy". PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e44128. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...744128F. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044128 . PMC   3429437 . PMID   22937160.
  84. ↑ Leakey, Samira; Leakey, Samira (2020). The Sediments of Time: My Lifelong Search for the Past. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 333.
  85. ↑ Slatalla, Michelle (October 25, 2007). "Marie Antoinette, Is That You?". The New York Times . Retrieved 2024-03-10.
  86. ↑ Nadine Epstein (September–October 2012). "The Moment Magazine Great DNA Experiment". Moment Magazine. p. 44. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
  87. ↑ Gates Jr., Henry Louis (2015). Finding Your Roots: The Official Companion to the PBS Series. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 82.
  88. ↑ Gates Jr., Henry Louis (2010). Faces of America: How 12 Extraordinary People Discovered Their Pasts. New York University Press. pp. 12, 125.
  89. ↑ Gates Jr., Henry Louis (2015). Finding Your Roots: The Official Companion to the PBS Series. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 92.
  90. ↑ Nadine Epstein (September–October 2012). "The Moment Magazine Great DNA Experiment". Moment Magazine. p. 41. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
  91. ↑ Jacobs, A. J. (2017). It's All Relative: Adventures Up and Down the World's Family Tree. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 160. ISBN   978-1-4767-3449-1.
  92. ↑ Finding Your Roots. Season 4. Episode 1. 2017-10-03. PBS.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.