Haplogroup F (mtDNA)

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Haplogroup F
Peopling of eurasia.jpg
Possible time of origin43,400 YBP [1]
Possible place of origin Asia
Ancestor R9
DescendantsF1, F2, F3, F4
Defining mutations249d, 6392, 10310 [2]

Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is most common in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It has not been found among Native Americans. [3]

Contents

It is a primary branch of haplogroup R9.

Distribution

The F haplogroup is fairly common in East Asia. High frequencies of the clade are found among the Lahu from Yunnan (33% - 77%, average 52%), Nicobar Islands (50%), Shors from Kemerovo Oblast of Siberia (41%), and Arunachal Pradesh, India (31%). [4] There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Khakas, Kets, Han Chinese (and, thus, nearly all of China), Lombok, Sumba, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its distribution extends with low frequency to the Tharu of southern Nepal and the Bashkirs of the southern Urals. [5] [6] [7]

Haplogroup F also occurs at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands (<10%). [8] It is also found at low frequencies on the Hvar island in Croatia (8.3%).

Subclades

F1a clearly predominates among the representatives of haplogroup F in Southeast Asia, but subclades of this haplogroup have been found in populations as far north as the Buryats and Ulchi of Siberia.

F1b tends to become more frequent as a fraction of total F in populations of the northern parts of East Asia and Central Asia, such as Mongols, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, and Japanese. It also has been found among the Yi people. There are odd exclaves of F1b in Gaininsk Bashkirs of Perm Oblast and Croats of Hvar Island. [5] [9]

F1d is the second most frequent sub-clade in Newar (Nepal). Haplogroup F1d reaches the greatest proportion in Newar (11.97%) of Nepal and Kshatriya (16%) of North India. [10]

F2 has been found mainly in the form of F2a, which has been observed in more than 10% of a couple samples of Nu and Lisu from Gongshan, Yunnan. [11] F2 has been found with frequencies exceeding 5% in several other populations of Southwest China, Guangxi, and Hainan, including the Han majority population. Outside of southwestern China, F2 has been found with frequency greater than 5% in a sample of Oirat Mongols from Xinjiang and a sample of Khakas from Khakassia, with the former population boasting particularly high diversity within this clade.

F3 is especially common among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago, but it also has been found in many populations of Southwest China and South-Central China, and in a sample of Hans from Xinjiang.

F4 has been found mainly in aboriginal populations of Taiwan and Hainan, with some representatives among samples of Filipinos from Luzon, Indonesians from Sumatra, and Hans and Uzbeks from Xinjiang.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup F subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation [2] and subsequent published research.

Table of frequencies by ethnic group

PopulationFrequencyCountSourceSubtypes
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)0.77135 [11] F1a=18, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=9
Senoi (Malaysia)0.44252 [19] F1a1a=23
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.43330 [11] F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=6, F1a=4, F1c=2, F1b=1
Shor (Kemerovo)0.41582 [4] F1=33, F2a=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)0.34432 [11] F1a=10, F2a=1
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.33315 [11] F1a=3, F1b=1, F1c=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.31332 [20] F3=2, F1b=2, F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1c=1
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.30020[ citation needed ]F1b=4, F1a=2
Lingao (Hainan)0.29031[ citation needed ]F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=2, F2=2, F1(xF1a)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1, F4=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.28642 [20] F2a=4, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F3=1
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.27311 [20] F1b=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.26926 [20] F1a(xF1a1)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.26319 [11] F1a=2, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.26319 [20] F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Vietnamese0.26242[ citation needed ]F1a=10, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1
Taiwan (aborigines) 0.253640[ citation needed ]F4=72, F3=54, F1a1(xF1a1a)=21, F1a(xF1a1)=14, F2=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.25068 [11] F1a=6, F1c=4, F2a=4, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok)0.25044 [19] F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a3=1, F1a4=1, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.25016 [21] F=4
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.25016 [11] F1b=2, F1a=1, F2a=1
Khakassian (Khakassia)0.24657 [4] F1=11, F2a=3
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.24445 [11] F1a=8, F1b=2, F2a=1
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)0.24025 [20] F1b=2, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1
Ket 0.23738 [22] F=9
Han (Beijing)0.22540[ citation needed ]F1a=4, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1b=2
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)0.22091[ citation needed ]F=20
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou)0.219137[ citation needed ]F1a=15, F2=8, F3=7
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.21233 [11] F1a=6, F1b=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.20729[ citation needed ]F1a=5, F1b=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.20729[ citation needed ]F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a3=1, F2b=1, F(xF1, F2)=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.20035 [20] F1b=3, F3=2, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1
Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba)0.20050 [19] F1a4=3, F1a3=2, F1a1a=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3b=1
Manchurian 0.20040[ citation needed ]F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1
Thai 0.20040[ citation needed ]F1b=8
Li (Hainan)0.197346[ citation needed ]F1a1(xF1a1a)=30, F2=20, F1(xF1a)=4, F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1a1a=3, F3=3, F4=3, F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=1
Han (Xinjiang)0.19147[ citation needed ]F1a=2, F3=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F2a2=1, F2a3=1, F4=1
Thailand 0.190105 [23] F1=18, F(xF1)=2
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.18937 [11] F2a=4, F1b=2, F1a=1
Han (southern California)0.187390[ citation needed ]F=73
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.18449[ citation needed ]F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=3, F1b=3, F1a=2, F2b=1
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.17928[ citation needed ]F1a=4, F1b=1
Han (Taiwan)0.1751117[ citation needed ]F=196
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University)0.174121[ citation needed ]F=21
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.16718 [11] F1a=2, F1b=1
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.16730 [11] F2a=5
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.16131[ citation needed ]F1a=3, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F(xF1, F2)=1
Nepal (Newar)0.155 [10] F1c1a = 2.4%, F1d = 12%, F1g = 2.4%, F2b1 = 1.1%
CHD (Han from Denver)0.15173[ citation needed ]F=11
Filipino (Palawan)0.15020[ citation needed ]F3b2=3
Indonesian (52 Pekanbaru, 42 Medan, 34 Bangka, 28 Palembang, & 24 Padang)0.150180 [19] F1a1a=9, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=8, F1a5=3, F4=3, F1a3=2, F1a4=2
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.15020 [21] F=3
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.15040 [11] F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.14947[ citation needed ]F1a=3, F1b=3, F2a=1
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu)0.146157 [19] F3b=9, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=4, F1a3=3, F1a4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1a=1
Indonesian (Bali)0.14682 [19] F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.146103 [20] F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=3, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=2, F3=1
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.14050 [11] F1a=6, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Indonesian (Ambon)0.14043 [19] F1a3=3, F1a4=2, F1a1a=1
Cun (Hainan)0.13330[ citation needed ]F4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1
Hui (Xinjiang)0.13345[ citation needed ]F1b=2, F1c=2, F1a=1, F2a3=1
Batak (Palawan)0.12931[ citation needed ]F1a3=3, F3b2=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.12931 [11] F1b=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Mongolian (Khovd Province)0.128429 [14] F(xF1e1a)=7, F1=3, F1a=2, F1a1=4, F1a1a(xF1a1a1)=4, F1a2=2, F1b=2, F1b1(xF1b1b)=5, F2=1, F2a=14, F2b1=4, F4a=7
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.12524 [20] F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1b=1, F3=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.12241 [20] F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1)=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.118102[ citation needed ]F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1b=3, F2(xF2a, F2b)=2, F3a=2, F3(xF3a)=1
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.11435[ citation needed ]F=4
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.11444[ citation needed ]F1a=2, F2=2, F1b=1
Filipino (Luzon)0.113177 [24] F1a3=6, F1a4=6, F3b=5, F4b=2, F1a1a=1
Indonesian (Alor)0.11145 [19] F1a4=3, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1
Indonesian (Sulawesi, incl. 89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu)0.110237 [19] F1a4=12, F1a3=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a1a=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a5=1, F1b=1
Tujia (western Hunan)0.10964 [11] F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.107168 [25] F1a1a=10, F1(xF1a)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.10519[ citation needed ]F=2
Altai Kizhi (Altai Republic)0.102324 [26] F1=25, F2=8
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.10010 [20] F1a(xF1a1)=1
Filipino (Visayas)0.098112 [24] F1a4=7, F1a3=3, F3b=1
Korean (South Korea)0.097185[ citation needed ]F1a=8, F1b=8, F2(xF2a)=2
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)0.0971365 [27] F=132
Filipino 0.09464 [24] F1a3=3, F1a4=3
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.09432 [20] F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a1a=1
Tibetan (Tibet)0.093216[ citation needed ]F1a=13, F1b=4, F2=3
Mongolian (Mongolia)0.0922420 [14] F1a=55, F1b=71, F1c=13, F1(xF1d, F1e1)=33, F2=44, F3a=2, F4a=7
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian)0.09155[ citation needed ]F=5
Altai (Altai Republic)0.091110 [28] F=10
Mongolian (Khentii Province)0.091132 [14] F1=1, F1a=3, F1b=5, F1c=2, F2b=1
Buryat 0.087126[ citation needed ]F1b=6, F1a=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2
Tofalar 0.08746 [22] F1b=4
Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.08658[ citation needed ]F2a3=2, F4=2, F1b=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)0.086105 [4] F1=8, F2a=1
Korean (South Korea)0.083850 [29] F1a(xF1a3)=7, F1a1=17, F1b1=19, F1(xF1c, F1d)=11, F2=14, F3a=2, F4a1a=1
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.083336[ citation needed ]F=28
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.08348[ citation needed ]F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.08336 [11] F2a=2, F1b=1
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)0.08324 [11] F1a=1, F1b=1
Korean (South Korea)0.080593 [30] F=3, F1=7, F1ac=2, F1a=12, F1c=2, F1b=16, F2a=3
Korean (Ulsan)0.0791094 [31] F=86
Korean (northern China)0.07851[ citation needed ]F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1, F1a=1, F1b=1, F1c=1
Daur (Hulunbuir)0.076209 [32] F1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a1=1, F1b1(xF1b1b)=2, F1c1a=1, F2(xF2d)=5, F4a1b=1
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo)0.076118[ citation needed ]F=9
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.07553[ citation needed ]F1b=3, F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.075160[ citation needed ]F=12
Danga (Hainan)0.07540[ citation needed ]F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F2=1, F3=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.074256[ citation needed ]F=19
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.07454[ citation needed ]F1a=2, F1b=2
Mongolian (Sükhbaatar Province)0.073246 [14] F=1, F1a=5, F1b=8, F1c=3, F2i=1
Uyghur 0.07355[ citation needed ]F1b=2, F1a=1, F1c=1
Filipino (Mindanao)0.07170 [24] F3b=2, F1a4=2, F1a3=1
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea)0.069261[ citation needed ]F1=12, F(xF1)=6
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.06929[ citation needed ]F1a=2
Semelai (Malaysia)0.06661 [19] F1a1a=4
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.065217 Asari 2007 F=14
Mongolian (Dornod Province)0.065370 [14] F1(xF1c, F1d)=6, F1a=7, F1b=7, F2=4
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.06531 [20] F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3=1
Korean (South Korea)0.064203[ citation needed ]F=13
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.06447 [4] F1=3
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.06447[ citation needed ]F1b=2, F1a=1
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm)0.063221 [5] F=14
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.06316 [21] F=1
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.060100 [33] F1b=3, F1a=2, F2a=1
Kazakh (Zhetysu)0.060200 [34] F1=11, F2=1
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.060133 [6] F1c=7, F1(xF1c, F1d)=1
Japanese (Gifu)0.0591617 [35] F=96
Japanese (Tōkai)0.057282[ citation needed ]F=16
Teleut (Kemerovo)0.05753 [4] F1=3
Altai Kizhi 0.05690 [4] F1=3, F2a=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.055110 [4] F1=6
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.05555[ citation needed ]F1a=2, F2=1
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.05456 [11] F1c=2, F1a=1
Japanese 0.052211 [36] F1b=9, F1a=2
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.05139 [20] F1b=1, F3=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)0.05198 [37] F1=5
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020 [21] F=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.05040 [6] F1c=1, F1d=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020 [21] F=1
Korean (South Korea)0.049103 [4] F1=5
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.04544[ citation needed ]F1b=2
Yakut 0.043117[ citation needed ]F2a=3, F1b=2
Tuvan 0.04295 [22] F(xF1b)=3, F1b=1
Kyrgyz (Talas)0.04248[ citation needed ]F1a=1, F1b=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.04224[ citation needed ]F=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.04099 [4] F1=4
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.03727 [20] F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Kazakh 0.03655[ citation needed ]F1b=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.034149 [37] F1=4, F2=1
Buryat (Buryatia)0.031295 [4] F1=7, F2a=2
Ulch people 0.031160[ citation needed ]F1a=5
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.02935 [11] F2a=1
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.02540 [20] F1a1(xF1a1a)=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.02540 [21] F=1
Okinawa 0.025326[ citation needed ]F=8
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.02147[ citation needed ]F1c=1
Ainu 0.02051[ citation needed ]F1b=1
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan)0.01471 [22] F1b=1
Telenghit (Altai Republic)0.01471 [4] F1=1
Tubalar 0.01472 [22] F1b=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)0.01473 [4] F1=1
Ulchi (Old & New Bulava, Ulchsky, Khabarovsk)0.01187 [22] F(xF1b)=1
Mansi 0.01098 [22] F=1
Khanty 0.009106 [7] F1=1
Chukchi (Anadyr)0.00015 [4] -
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020 [21] -
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020 [21] -
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020 [21] -
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020 [21] -
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020 [21] -
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.00024 [6] -
Nganasan 0.00024 [22] -
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast)0.00025 [22] -
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.00025 [4] -
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)0.00029 [6] -
Batek (Malaysia)0.00029 [19] -
Mendriq (Malaysia)0.00032 [19] -
Negidal 0.00033 [22] -
Temuan (Malaysia)0.00033 [19] -
Yakut (Yakutia)0.00036 [4] -
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)0.00040 [11] -
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.00044 [4] -
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.00045[ citation needed ]-
Evenk (Buryatia)0.00045 [4] -
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk)0.00046 [22] -
Itelmen 0.00047 [22] -
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)0.00047[ citation needed ]-
Korean (Arun Banner)0.00048[ citation needed ]-
Jahai (Malaysia)0.00051 [19] -
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.00056 [22] -
Mansi 0.00063 [7] -
Chukchi 0.00066[ citation needed ]-
Siberian Eskimo 0.00079 [22] -
Persian (eastern Iran)0.00082 [4] -
Koryak 0.000155 [22] -

See also

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In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup D (mtDNA)</span> Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in East Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago.

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Z is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Haplogroup D1 or D-M174 is a subclade of haplogroup D-CTS3946. This male haplogroup is found primarily in East Asia, Magar-ethnic Nepal and the Andaman Islands. It is also found regularly with lower frequency in Central Asia, Siberia and Mainland Southeast Asia, and, more rarely, in Europe and the Middle East.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup N-M231</span> Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in North Eurasia

Haplogroup N (M231) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup defined by the presence of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker M231.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup O-M175</span> Haplogroup O. Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in Asia.

Haplogroup O, also known as O-M175, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is primarily found among populations in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It also is found in various percentages of populations of the Russian Far East, South Asia, Central Asia, Caucasus, Crimea, Ukraine, Iran, Oceania, Madagascar and the Comoros. Haplogroup O is a primary descendant of haplogroup NO-M214.

Haplogroup O-M122 is an Eastern Eurasian Y-chromosome haplogroup. The lineage ranges across Southeast Asia and East Asia, where it dominates the paternal lineages with extremely high frequencies. It is also significantly present in Central Asia, especially among the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup Q-M242</span> Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common among Native Americans

Haplogroup Q or Q-M242 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It has one primary subclade, Haplogroup Q1 (L232/S432), which includes numerous subclades that have been sampled and identified in males among modern populations.

In human genetics, Haplogroup O-M268, also known as O1b, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-M268 is a primary subclade of haplogroup O-F265, itself a primary descendant branch of Haplogroup O-M175.

In human genetics, Haplogroup O-M119 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-M119 is a descendant branch of haplogroup O-F265 also known as O1a, one of two extant primary subclades of Haplogroup O-M175. The same clade previously has been labeled as O-MSY2.2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup C-M217</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup C-M217, also known as C2, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the most frequently occurring branch of the wider Haplogroup C (M130). It is found mostly in Central Asia, Eastern Siberia and significant frequencies in parts of East Asia and Southeast Asia including some populations in the Caucasus, Middle East, South Asia, East Europe. It is found in a much more widespread area with a low frequency of less than 2%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup Y</span> Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup O-M117</span> Descendant branch of haplogroup O2a (formerly O3a)

Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 or Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 is a subclade of O2a2b1-M134 that occurs frequently in China and in neighboring countries like Bhutan, Nepal, and Korea, also found among Sino-Tibetan language speaking people.

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup M8 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

References

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  3. ↑ Haplogroup F.
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  15. ↑ Rebecca S Just, Melissa K Scheible, Spence A Fast, et al., "Full mtGenome reference data: development and characterization of 588 forensic-quality haplotypes representing three U.S. populations." Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2015 Jan;14:141-55. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.09.021. Epub 2014 Oct 5.
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  18. 1 2 Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, et al., "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." Mol Genet Genomics 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0.
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  27. ↑ Fuku N, Park KS, Yamada Y, Nishigaki Y, Cho YM, Matsuo H, et al. (March 2007). "Mitochondrial haplogroup N9a confers resistance against type 2 diabetes in Asians". American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (3): 407–415. doi:10.1086/512202. PMC   1821119 . PMID   17273962.
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  32. ↑ Chi-Zao Wang, Xue-Er Yu, Mei-Sen Shi, Hui Li & Shu-Hua Ma (2022). "Whole mitochondrial genome analysis of the Daur ethnic minority from Hulunbuir in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China". BMC Ecology and Evolution. 22 (1): 66. doi: 10.1186/s12862-022-02019-4 . PMC   9118598 . PMID   35585500.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ↑ Taketo U, Rinnosuke H, Kenshi S, Kazuhiko I, Kazumasa S, Kentaro K (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture". Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology. 12 (1): 83–96. doi: 10.3408/jafst.12.83 .
  34. ↑ Ayken Askapuli, Miguel Vilar, Humberto Garcia-Ortiz (2022). "Kazak mitochondrial genomes provide insights into the human population history of Central Eurasia". PLOS ONE. 17 (11): e0277771. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1777771A. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277771 . PMC   9707748 . PMID   36445929.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ↑ Fuku N, Park KS, Yamada Y, Nishigaki Y, Cho YM, Matsuo H, et al. (March 2007). "Mitochondrial haplogroup N9a confers resistance against type 2 diabetes in Asians". American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (3): 407–415. doi:10.1086/512202. PMC   1821119 . PMID   17273962.
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Sources

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)  
L0 L1–6 
L1 L2   L3    L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T
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