Haplogroup G (mtDNA)

Last updated
Haplogroup G
Possible time of origin35,700 YBP [1]
Possible place of origin East Asia
Ancestor M12'G
DescendantsG1, G2, G3, G4
Defining mutations709, 4833, 5108 [2]

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Contents

Origin

Haplogroup G is a descendant of haplogroup M. Haplogroup G is divided into subclades G1, G2, G3, and G4.

Distribution

It is an East Asian haplogroup. [3] Today, haplogroup G is found at its highest frequency in indigenous populations of the lands surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk. [4] [5] Haplogroup G is one of the most common mtDNA haplogroups among modern Ainu, Siberian, Mongol, Tibetan and Central and North Asian Turkic peoples people (as well as among people of the prehistoric Jōmon culture in Hokkaidō). It is also found at a lower frequency among many other populations of East Asia, Central Asia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. [6] [7] [8] [9] However, unlike other mitochondrial DNA haplogroups typical of populations of northeastern Asia, such as haplogroup A, haplogroup C, and haplogroup D, haplogroup G has not been found among indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Table of Frequencies by ethnic group

PopulationFrequencyCountSourceSubtypes
Itelmen 0.68147 Starikovskaya 2005 G1=32
Koryak 0.419155 Starikovskaya 2005 G1=65
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka)0.28132 Volodko 2008 G1=9
Negidal 0.27333 Starikovskaya 2005 G1=9
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.233133 Fornarino 2009 G2a=19, G(xG2a)=12
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.20020 Comas 2004 G2a=4
Ainu 0.19651 [10] G1=8, G2=2
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.18244 Ji 2012 G2a=3, G3b=3, G2(xG2a)=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.17047 Jin 2009 G2a=5, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=2, G3=1
Korean (Arun Banner)0.16748 Kong 2003 G2(xG2a)=3, G2a=3, G1a=1, G3=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.16724 Ji 2012 G=4
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.16349 Yao 2004 G2a=3, G2(xG2a)=3, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.15819 Ji 2012 G=3
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)0.14682 Volodko 2008 G1=12
Kyrgyz (Talas)0.14648 Yao 2004 G2a=7
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.14555 Ji 2012 G2a=4, G2(xG2a)=3, G3b=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.12847 Yao 2004 G2a=5, G3=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.12540 Fornarino 2009 G2a=4, G(xG2a)=1
Japanese (Gifu)0.1161617 Fuku 2007 G=188
Ulch 0.11587 Starikovskaya 2005 G1=9, G2=1
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.11444 Kong 2003 G(xG1a, G2, G3)=5
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.10756 Wen 2004 G(xG2, G3)=2, G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G3=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.10647 Derenko 2007 G2a=4, G1=1
Tuvan 0.10595 Starikovskaya 2005 G2=6, G3=4
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.10519[ citation needed ]G2=2
Japanese 0.104211 Maruyama 2003 G4a=12, G2a=6, G4b=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G(xG2, G4a, G4b)=1
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.10329 Ji 2012 G3b=2, G2a=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.10329 Ji 2012 G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1
Korean (South Korea)0.103185 Jin 2009 G2(xG2a)=7, G2a=6, G3=4, G1a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Japanese (Tokyo)0.102118 Zheng 2011 G=12
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.10199 Derenko 2007 G2a=9, G3=1
Han (Beijing)0.10040 Jin 2009 G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Manchurian 0.10040 Jin 2009 G1a=3, G2a=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.09841[ citation needed ]G2=4
Japanese (Tōkai)0.096282 Umetsu 2005 G1a=13, G(xG1a, G1b)=12, G1b=2
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky)0.095105 Fedorova 2013 G1b=9, G2a(xG2a5)=1
Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.094149 Derenko 2012 G2=13, G3=1
Chukchi 0.09166 Starikovskaya 2005 G1=6
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.09111[ citation needed ]G2=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.08945 Kong 2003 G1a=2, G2a=2
Hui (Xinjiang)0.08945 Yao 2004 G2a=2, G1a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.088217 Asari 2007 G1a=11, G(xG1a, G1b)=7, G1b=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.08547 Kong 2003 G(xG1a, G2, G3)=4
Zhuang
(Napo County, Guangxi)		0.085130[ citation needed ]G2=8
G(xG2)=3
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.08336 Wen 2004 G(xG2, G3)=2, G3=1
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.082110 Derenko 2007 G2a=7, G1=1, G(xG1, G2a, G3)=1
Buryat 0.08025 Starikovskaya 2005 G2=1, G3=1
Buryat 0.079126 Kong 2003 G2a=8, G2(xG2a)=2
Korean (South Korea)0.079203 Umetsu 2005 G1a=9, G(xG1a, G1b)=7
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.07468 Wen 2004 G2(xG2a)=5
Dargin (Dagestan)0.07128 Marchani 2008 G=2
Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.06958 Yao 2004 G2a=2, G3=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.069160 Umetsu 2005 G(xG1a, G1b)=8, G1a=3
Korean (South Korea)0.068103 Derenko 2007 G2a=3, G1=2, G3=2
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)0.068633 Fuku 2007 G=43
Yakut (northern Yakutia)0.068148 Fedorova 2013 G2a5=6, G2a(xG2a5)=2, G1b=2
Chukchi (Anadyr)0.06715 Derenko 2007 G1=1
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.06745 Wen 2004 G(xG2, G3)=3
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.06730 Wen 2004 G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Tuvinian 0.067105 Derenko 2007 G2a=4, G1=2, G3=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.06531[ citation needed ]G2a=2
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.06332[ citation needed ]G2=2
Korean (South Korea)0.061261 Kim 2008 G(xG2)=11, G2=5
Mansi 0.06198 Starikovskaya 2005 G2=6
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.060100 Uchiyama 2007 G4a=2, G1a=1, G1b=1, G2a1(xG2a1a)=1, G2a1a=1
Han (Beijing Normal University)0.058121 Zheng 2011 G=7
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.05735 Wen 2004 G3=2
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.05753 Yao 2004 G1a=1, G2a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Altai Kizhi 0.05690 Derenko 2007 G1=4, G2a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.05654 Ji 2012 G2(xG2a)=1, G2a=1, G3b=1
Han (Denver, Colorado)0.05573 Zheng 2011 G=4
Kazakh (Kazakhstan)0.05555 Yao 2004 G2a=3
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.054336 Umetsu 2005 G1a=13, G(xG1a, G1b)=5
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.05456 Starikovskaya 2005 G1=3
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020 Comas 2004 G2a=1
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.05040[ citation needed ]G2=2
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020 Comas 2004 G2a=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05040 Comas 2004 G2a=2
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.05040 Wen 2004 G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Orok (Sakhalin)0.04961 Bermisheva 2005 G=3
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.049102[ citation needed ]G(xG2, G3)=4, G2a1=1
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk)0.049164 Fedorova 2013 G2a(xG2a5)=6, G2a5=2
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.049103[ citation needed ]G3=2, G(xG2, G3)=2, G2=1
Vietnamese 0.04842 Jin 2009 G1a=1, G3=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.047256 Umetsu 2005 G(xG1a, G1b)=9, G1a=3
Tujia (western Hunan)0.04764 Wen 2004 G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1, G3=1
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.04544 Derenko 2007 G2a=1, G3=1
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky)0.04522 Fedorova 2013 G1b=1
Hazara (North West Frontier Province & Balochistan)0.04323 Quintana-Murci 2004 G=1
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.04248 Kong 2003 G2(xG2a)=2
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)0.04173 Derenko 2007 G2a=2, G1=1
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.04050 Wen 2004 G2a=2
Korean (northern China)0.03951 Jin 2009 G2a=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Kumik (Dagestan)0.03826 Marchani 2008 G=1
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.03826[ citation needed ]G2=1
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)0.036111 Fedorova 2013 G2a(xG2a5)=2, G2a5=1, G1b=1
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.03628[ citation needed ]G(xG1a, G2)=1
Cun (Hainan)0.03330[ citation needed ]G=1
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.03330 Wen 2004 G(xG2, G3)=1
Lingao (Hainan)0.03231[ citation needed ]G=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.03231 Wen 2004 G(xG2, G3)=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.03132[ citation needed ]G(xG2, G3)=1
Nogai (Dagestan)0.03033 Marchani 2008 G=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou)0.029137 Ji 2012 G1=3, G2=1
Han (southern California)0.028390 Ji 2012 G=11
Telenghit (Altai Republic)0.02871 Derenko 2007 G2a=2
Yakut (Yakutia)0.02836 Derenko 2007 G2a=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.02639[ citation needed ]G(xG2, G3)=1
Yakut 0.026117 Kong 2003 G2a=2, G1a=1
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, and Zhigansky)0.024125 Fedorova 2013 G1b=2, G2a(xG2a5)=1
Uzbek (Surkhandarya, Uzbekistan)0.02442 Quintana-Murci 2004 G=1
Evenk (Buryatia)0.02245 Derenko 2007 G3=1
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)0.02291 Umetsu 2005 G(xG1a, G1b)=2
Han (Taiwan)0.0211117 Ji 2012 G=24
Han (Xinjiang)0.02147 Yao 2004 G2a=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)0.02147 Yao 2004 G2a=1
Hindu (New Delhi)0.02148 Fornarino 2009 G(xG2a)=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agachsky, Altai Republic)0.02098 Derenko 2012 G2=1, G3=1
Turkish (Anatolia, Turkey)0.02050 Quintana-Murci 2004 G=1
Khanty 0.019106 Pimenoff 2008 G2=2
Uyghur (Kazakhstan)0.01855 Yao 2004 G2(xG2a)=1
Khakassian (Khakassia)0.01857 Derenko 2007 G3=1
Mansi 0.01663 Pimenoff 2008 G2=1
Okinawa 0.015326 Umetsu 2005 G(xG1a, G1b)=3, G1a=2
Persian (eastern Iran)0.01282 Derenko 2007 G2a=1
Pakistani (Karachi, Pakistan)0.010100 Quintana-Murci 2004 G=1
Li (Hainan)0.009346[ citation needed ]G=3
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka)0.006154 Fedorova 2013 G1b=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.006168[ citation needed ]G=1
Taiwan aborigines 0.002640[ citation needed ]G=1
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.00010[ citation needed ]-
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)0.00018 Volodko 2008 -
Filipino (Palawan)0.00020 Scholes 2011 -
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.00020[ citation needed ]-
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.00024 Fornarino 2009 -
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.00024[ citation needed ]-
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)0.00025[ citation needed ]-
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.00025 Derenko 2007 -
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.00027[ citation needed ]-
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)0.00029 Fornarino 2009 -
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.00029[ citation needed ]-
Batak (Palawan)0.00031 Scholes 2011 -
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.00031[ citation needed ]-
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.00035[ citation needed ]-
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.00035 Ji 2012 -
Aleut (Commander Islands)0.00036 Volodko 2008 -
Eskimo (Sireniki)0.00037 Volodko 2008 -
Eskimo (Naukan)0.00039 Volodko 2008 -
Nganasan 0.00039 Volodko 2008 -
Thai 0.00040 Jin 2009 -
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.00042[ citation needed ]-
Eskimo (Chaplin)0.00050 Volodko 2008 -
Teleut (Kemerovo)0.00053 Derenko 2007 -
Han (Hunan & Fujian)0.00055 Zheng 2011 -
Saami (Finland)0.00069 Tambets 2004 -
Shor (Kemerovo)0.00082 Derenko 2007 -
Eskimo (Canada)0.00096 Volodko 2008 -
Saami (Sweden)0.00098 Tambets 2004 -
Aleut (Aleutian Islands)0.000163 Volodko 2008 -
Saami (Norway)0.000278 Tambets 2004 -
Eskimo (Greenland)0.000385 Volodko 2008 -

Subclades

Subclade G2 is the most widely distributed, being found with low frequency in many populations all the way from eastern Europe (Poles, Ukrainians, Lipka Tatars) and western Siberia (Mansi, Khanty) to Japan (Japanese, Ainu) and from Iran (Persian) to southern China (Hmong and Tujia in Hunan and Mien in Guangxi) and Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia). G2 (and especially its subclade G2a) is notably frequent among many Mongolic- or Turkic-speaking populations of northern East Asia and Central Asia. G2a also has been found with high frequency in some samples of Tharus from southern Nepal. [11] [12] The subclade G2a3 has been observed in Russia, an Azeri in Iran, [13] and a Uyghur in Artux, Xinjiang, China; [14] its subclade G2a3a has been observed among Komis and Udmurts. [15] Subclade G2a4 has been observed in China, Taiwan, and in a Ukrainian from the Lviv region of western Ukraine. Subclade G2a5 has been observed in Japan, Korea, and among Buryats, Barghuts, and various Turkic peoples (Karachay, Balkar, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Karakalpak, Telengit, Tubalar, Yakut).

Subclade G1 is almost completely responsible for the high frequency of haplogroup G in populations located around the Sea of Okhotsk (Itelmen, Koryak, Negidal, Ulch, Ainu, Chukchi, Nivkh, etc.). G1 in Luoravetlans (Koryak & Chukchi) is essentially G1b, and this subclade is also found with generally low frequency in populations of Yakutia to the west (Evens, Yukaghirs, Evenks, Yakuts, Dolgans) as well as in Japan. [16] G1a has been found in samples from China (Daur, Hui, Kazakh, Sarikoli, [14] Korean, Manchu, Yi, [17] Jino, [17] Yunnan Dai, [17] Jiangxi Han, [17] and a sample of the general population of the city of Shenyang), Tajikistan (Pamiris [14] ), Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and central Siberia (Yakut, Altai-kizhi). G1c has been found in China, Korea, and a Seletar.

Subclade G3 is relatively rare. It has been found mainly among Koreans, [18] Tibetans, and presently Turkic- or Mongolic-speaking populations in southern Siberia and vicinity, and occasionally among Evenks in Buryatia, Japanese, Pumi, Naxi, [17] Uyghurs, [14] Sarikolis, [14] Tajiks, Pashtuns and Hazaras in Afghanistan, Kashmir, Han Chinese in Sichuan, [17] Hmong and Tujia in western Hunan, and Vietnamese.

Subclade G4 has been found in Japan and possibly in one Chinese individual from Guizhou. [17]

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup G subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation [2] and subsequent published research.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup M (mtDNA)</span> Widespread human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. An enormous haplogroup spanning all the continents, the macro-haplogroup M, like its sibling the macro-haplogroup N, is a descendant of the haplogroup L3.

Haplogroup K, formerly Haplogroup UK, is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is defined by the HVR1 mutations 16224C and 16311C. It is now known that K is a subclade of U8.

Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to haplogroup T. Within the field of medical genetics, certain polymorphisms specific to haplogroup J have been associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated around 25,100 years ago in the Near East.

Haplogroup HV is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA). The clade arose from haplogroup R, likely during the early Upper Paleolithic. Its various subclades are found widely distributed across Northern and Eastern Europe, Central, Western and South Asia, as well as North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the Canary Islands.

Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is most common in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It has not been found among Native Americans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup A (mtDNA)</span> Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup C (mtDNA)</span>

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup D (mtDNA)</span>

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in East Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup L3</span> Widespread human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade has played a pivotal role in the early dispersal of anatomically modern humans.

Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated about 21,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) period in West Asia. The haplogroup is unusual in that it is now widely distributed geographically, but is common in only a few small areas of East Africa, West Asia and Europe. It is especially common among the El Molo and Rendille peoples of Kenya, various regions of Iran, the Lemko people of Slovakia, Poland and Ukraine, the island of Krk in Croatia, the department of Finistère in France and some parts of Scotland and Ireland.

Haplogroup D1 or D-M174 is a subclade of haplogroup D-CTS3946. This male haplogroup is found primarily in East Asia, Magar-ethnic Nepal and the Andaman Islands. It is also found regularly with lower frequency in Central Asia and Mainland Southeast Asia, and, more rarely, in Europe and the Middle East.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup Q-M242</span> Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common among Native Americans

Haplogroup Q or Q-M242 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It has one primary subclade, Haplogroup Q1 (L232/S432), which includes numerous subclades that have been sampled and identified in males among modern populations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup Y</span> Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Haplogroup H is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is believed to have originated in Southwest Asia, near present day Syria, around 20,000 to 25,000 years ago. Mitochondrial haplogroup H is today predominantly found in Europe, and is believed to have evolved before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). It first expanded in the northern Near East and Southern Caucasus soon, and later migrations from Iberia suggest that the clade reached Europe before the Last Glacial Maximum. The haplogroup has also spread to parts of Africa, Siberia and Inner Asia. Today, around 40% of all maternal lineages in Europe belong to haplogroup H.

Haplogroup R0 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup O-M117</span> Descendant branch of haplogroup O2a (formerly O3a)

Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 or Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 is a subclade of O2a2b1-M134 that occurs frequently in China and in neighboring countries like Bhutan, Nepal, and Korea, also found among Sino-Tibetan language speaking people.

This article explains the genetic makeup and population history of East Asian peoples and their connection to genetically related populations, as well as Oceanians and partly, Central Asians and South Asians, which are collectively referred to as "East Eurasians" in population genomics.

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup M8 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

References

  1. ↑ Soares, Pedro; Luca Ermini; Noel Thomson; Maru Mormina; Teresa Rito; Arne Röhl; Antonio Salas; Stephen Oppenheimer; Vincent Macaulay; Martin B. Richards (4 June 2009). "Supplemental Data Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 84 (6): 82–93. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. PMC   2694979 . PMID   19500773.
  2. 1 2 van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi: 10.1002/humu.20921 . PMID   18853457.
  3. ↑ Haplogroup G.
  4. ↑ mtDNA Haplogroup Testing Archived 2006-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ Volodko, Natalia V.; Starikovskaya, Elena B.; Mazunin, Ilya O.; et al. (2008). "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (5): 1084–1100. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019. PMC   2427195 . PMID   18452887.
  6. ↑ Umetsu, Kazuo; Tanaka, Masashi; Yuasa, Isao; et al. (2005). "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations". Electrophoresis. 26 (1): 91–98. doi:10.1002/elps.200406129. PMID   15624129. S2CID   44989190.
  7. ↑ Fuku, Noriyuki; Soo Park, Kyong; Yamada, Yoshiji; et al. (2007). "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80 (3): 407–415. doi:10.1086/512202. PMC   1821119 . PMID   17273962.
  8. ↑ Asari, M; et al. (2007). "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population". Leg Med. 9 (5): 237–240. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007. PMID   17467322.
  9. ↑ Ranaweera, Lanka; Kaewsutthi, Supannee; Win Tun, Aung; Boonyarit, Hathaichanoke; Poolsuwan, Samerchai; Lertrit, Patcharee (2014). "Mitochondrial DNA history of Sri Lankan ethnic people: Their relations within the island and with the Indian subcontinental populations". Journal of Human Genetics. 59 (1): 28–36. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2013.112 . PMID   24196378. S2CID   41185629.
  10. ↑ Tajima A, Hayami M, Tokunaga K, et al. (2004). "Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages". Journal of Human Genetics. 49 (4): 187–193. doi: 10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x . PMID   14997363.
  11. ↑ Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; et al. (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 154. Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9..154F. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 . PMC   2720951 . PMID   19573232.
  12. ↑ Pimenoff, Ville N; Comas, David; Palo, Jukka U; et al. (2008). "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (10): 1254–1264. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.101 . PMID   18506205. S2CID   19488203.
  13. ↑ Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Bahmanimehr A, Denisova G, Perkova M, et al. (2013), "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians." PLoS ONE 8(11): e80673. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080673
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Min-Sheng Peng, Weifang Xu, Jiao-Jiao Song, et al. (2018), "Mitochondrial genomes uncover the maternal history of the Pamir populations." European Journal of Human Genetics https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-017-0028-8
  15. ↑ Kristiina Tambets, Bayazit Yunusbayev, Georgi Hudjashov, et al., "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations." Genome Biology (2018) 19:139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1
  16. ↑ Uchiyama, Taketo; Hisazumi, Rinnosuke; Shimizu, Kenshi; et al. (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture". Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology. 12 (1): 83–96. doi: 10.3408/jafst.12.83 .
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Qing-Peng Kong, Chang Sun, Hua-Wei Wang, et al. (2011), "Large-Scale mtDNA Screening Reveals a Surprising Matrilineal Complexity in East Asia and Its Implications to the Peopling of the Region." Molecular Biology and Evolution 28(1):513–522. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq219
  18. ↑ Jin, H-J; Tyler-Smith, C; Kim, W (2009). "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers". PLOS ONE. 4 (1): e4210. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4210J. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004210 . PMC   2615218 . PMID   19148289.

Works cited

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)  
L0 L1–6 
L1 L2   L3    L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.