Haplogroup C (mtDNA)

Last updated
Haplogroup C
Map-of-human-migrations.jpg
Possible time of origin36,473.3 (SD 7392.0) years [1]
Coalescence age27,370 (95% CI 19,550 <-> 35,440) ybp [2]
23,912.2 (SD 4780.8) years [1]
21,700 (95% CI 19,200 <-> 24,400) ybp [3]
Possible place of origin East Asia [4]
Ancestor CZ
DescendantsC1, C4, C5, C7
Defining mutations489 10400 14783 15043 [5]

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Contents

Origin

Haplogroup C is believed to have arisen in East Asia [4] some 24,000 years before present. It is a descendant of the haplogroup M. Haplogroup C shares six mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with haplogroup Z and five mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with other members of haplogroup M8. This macro-haplogroup is known as haplogroup M8'CZ or simply as haplogroup M8.

Distribution

Frequency distribution of mtDNA haplogroup C in Eurasia Eurasian frequency distributions of mtDNA haplogroups C.png
Frequency distribution of mtDNA haplogroup C in Eurasia
Approximate geographical distribution of the C1 sub-clades. Approximate geographical distribution of the C1 sub-clades in modern and Mesolithic Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov populations.png
Approximate geographical distribution of the C1 sub-clades.

Haplogroup C is found in Northeast Asia [6] (including Siberia) and the Americas. In Eurasia, Haplogroup C is especially frequent among populations of arctic Siberia, such as Nganasans, Dolgans, Yakuts, Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs, and Koryaks. [7] [8] [9] Haplogroup C is one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, [6] the others being A, B, D, and X. The subclades C1b, C1c, C1d, and C4c are found in the first people of the Americas. C1a is found only in Asia.

In 2010, Icelandic researchers discovered C1e lineage in their home country, estimating an introduction date of year 1700 AD or earlier, indicating a possible introduction during the Viking expeditions to the Americas. A Native American origin for this C1e lineage is likely, but the researchers note that a European or Asian one cannot be ruled out. [10] [11] [12]

In 2014, a study discovered a new mtDNA subclade C1f from the remains of 3 people found in north-western Russia and dated to 7,500 years ago. It has not been detected in modern populations. The study proposed the hypothesis that the sister C1e and C1f subclades had split early from the most recent common ancestor of the C1 clade and had evolved independently. Subclade C1e had a northern European origin. Iceland was settled by the Vikings 1,130 years ago and they had raided heavily into western Russia, where the sister subclade C1f is now known to have resided. They proposed that both subclades were brought to Iceland through the Vikings, however C1e went extinct on mainland northern Europe due to population turnover and its small representation, and subclade C1f went extinct completely. [13]

In 2015, a study conducted in the Aconcagua mummy identified its mtDNA lineage belongs to the subclade C1bi, which contains 10 distinct mutations from C1b. [14]

Table of Frequencies by ethnic group

PopulationFrequencyCountSourceSubtypes
Evenks (Stony Tunguska)0.76939 Duggan 2013 C4a2=7, C4a1c=6, C4b1=5, C5d1=4, C4b=3, C4b3=3, C4a1c1a=1, C5b1b=1
Evenk 0.71871 Starikovskaya 2005 C(xC1, C5)=41, C5=10
Yukaghir 0.670100 Volodko 2008 C(xC1, C5)=54, C5=13
Evenk (East)0.64445 Derenko 2007 C(xC1, C5)=17, C5=12
Tofalar 0.62158 Derenko 2003 C(xC1, C5)=31, C5=5
Evens (Sebjan)0.55618 Duggan 2013 C4b=6, C4a1c=3, C5b1b=1
Yukaghirs 0.55020 Duggan 2013 C4a1c=4, C4b3a=2, C4b7=2, C4a2=1, C5a2=1, C5d1=1
Yukaghirs (Yakutia)0.54522 Fedorova 2013 C4b3a=5, C5d1=3, C4a1c=1, C4a2=1, C4b1=1, C5a2a=1
Evens (Tompo)0.51927 Duggan 2013 C4a1c=6, C4a2=3, C4b=2, C4b1=2, C5d1=1
Nganasans 0.51339 Volodko 2008 C(xC1, C5)=12, C5=8
Tozhu Tuvans 0.47948 Derenko 2003 C(xC1, C5)=16, C5=7
Evenks (Yakutia)0.472125 Fedorova 2013 C4b1=13, C4a1c=11, C4b9=9, C4a2=8, C4b=5, C5b1b=4, C5a2=3, C5d1=2, C4a1=1, C4a1d=1, C4b3a=1, C5a1=1
Tuvans 0.472231[ citation needed ]C(xC1, C5)=88, C5=21
Yakut 0.469254[ citation needed ]C(xC1, C5)=95, C5=24
Evens (Berezovka)0.46715 Duggan 2013 C4b3a=4, C4b=1, C4b1=1, C4b7=1
Evenk (West)0.46673 Derenko 2007 C(xC1, C5)=29, C5=5
Evenks (Taimyr)0.45824 Duggan 2013 C4a1c=5, C4b1=4, C4a1c1a=1, C4a2=1
Yakut (Central)0.457164 Fedorova 2013 C4a1c=16, C4a2=14, C5b1b=13, C4b1=8, C4a1d=7, C4b=4, C4b1a=3, C5a1=3, C4a1=2, C5b1a=2, C4b3a=1, C5a2=1, C7a1c=1
Evens (Yakutia)0.457105 Fedorova 2013 C4a1c=15, C5d1=11, C4a2=4, C4b3a=3, C4b1=2, C4b7=2, C4b9=2, C4b=2, C5a1=2, C7a1c=2, C4b1a=1, C4b2=1, C5a2a=1
Evenks (Nyukzha)0.41346 Fedorova 2013 C4a2=10, C4b1=3, C4a1c=2, C4a1d=1, C4b1a=1, C5a2=1, C7a1c=1
Yakut (Northern)0.405148 Fedorova 2013 C4a1c=17, C4b1=16, C4a2=11, C5b1a=4, C5b1b=4, C4b9=3, C4b=2, C5a1=2, C5d1=1
Koryaks 0.40015 Duggan 2013 C4b=3, C5a2=3
Dolgans 0.390154 Fedorova 2013 C4a1c=33, C4b1=9, C5b1b=5, C4b3a=3, C4a2=2, C4b1a=2, C5b1a=2, C4b8=1, C4b=1, C5d1=1, C7a1c=1
Even 0.377191[ citation needed ]C(xC1, C5)=50, C5=22
Koryak 0.368182[ citation needed ]C(xC1, C5)=39, C5=28
Yakut (Vilyuy)0.360111 Fedorova 2013 C4a1c=14, C4a2=10, C4b=5, C4b1=4, C4b1a=2, C5a2=2, C5b1b=2, C4a1=1
Evens (Kamchatka)0.33339 Duggan 2013 C4b1=6, C4b3a=3, C4a1c=2, C5a2=1, C5d1=1
Altai-Kizhi 0.32290 Derenko 2007 C(xC1, C5)=21, C5=8
Chuvantsi 0.31332 Volodko 2008 C(xC1, C5)=10
Oroqen 0.29544 Kong 2003 C(xC1, C5)=9, C5=4
Teleut 0.28353 Derenko 2007 C(xC1, C5)=11, C5=4
Evens (Sakkyryyr)0.26123 Duggan 2013 C4a1c=2, C4b=2, C4a1d=1, C4b1=1
Udegey 0.22631 Duggan 2013 C4b1=6, C4a1d=1
Mongolian (Ulaanbaatar)0.21347 Jin 2009 C=10
Buryat 0.212419[ citation needed ]C(xC1, C5)=66, C1=3, C5=20
Khakassian 0.208110 Derenko 2003 C(xC1, C5)=28, C5=2
Barghut 0.201149[ citation needed ]C4a1a1=6, C4a1a2=3, C4a1b2=3, C4a2a1=2, C4b1a=2, C4b1=2, C4=2, C5b=2, C4a1a=1, C4a1a1a2=1, C4a1a2a2=1, C4a2a2=1, C5a1=1, C5a2=1, C5b1a=1, C7=1
Tubalar 0.19472 Starikovskaya 2005 C(xC1, C5)=12, C5=2
Altaian 0.191110 Derenko 2003 C(xC1, C5)=21
Evenks (Iengra)0.19021 Duggan 2013 C4a2=2, C4b1=1, C5a2=1
Udege 0.17446 Starikovskaya 2005 C(xC1, C5)=8
Mongolian (Ulaanbaatar)0.17047 Derenko 2007 C4=4, C*(xC1,C4,C5)=3, C5=1
Telenghit 0.16971 Derenko 2007 C(xC1, C5)=10, C5=2
Mongolian 0.153150[ citation needed ]C(xC1, C5)=18, C1=2, C5=3
Negidal 0.15233 Starikovskaya 2005 C(xC1, C5)=3, C5=2
Kyrgyz (Kyzylsu)0.145138[ citation needed ]C=20
Kyrgyz 0.140200[ citation needed ]C(xC1, C5)=18, C1=1, C5=9
Ulch 0.13887[ citation needed ]C(xC1, C5)=6, C1=1, C5=5
Turkmen 0.135178[ citation needed ]C(xC1, C5)=14, C5=10
Chukchi 0.132417[ citation needed ]C(xC1, C5)=27 C5=28
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.13253 Yao 2004 C(xC1, C5)=5 C5=2
Itelmen 0.13046 Schurr 1999 C5=6
Shor 0.12282 Derenko 2007 C(xC1, C5)=9 C5=1
Orok 0.11561 Bermisheva 2005 C1=7
Kyrgyz (Taxkorgan)0.10368 Peng 2017 C4=6, C5=1
Thai 0.10040 Jin 2009 C=4
Nanai 0.09485 Tamm 2007 C(xC1, C5)=5, C1=1, C5=2
Kazakh 0.086511[ citation needed ]C(xC1, C5)=32, C1=4, C5=8
Mongolian (Inner Mongolia)0.08397[ citation needed ]C(xC1, C5)=5
Altaian (Kazakhstan)0.08298[ citation needed ]C(xC1, C5)=8
Kyrgyz (Artux)0.07454 Peng 2017 C4=4
Tajik 0.07382 Derenko 2007 C(xC1, C5)=6
Sarikoli 0.07086 Peng 2017 C4a1a+A14878G=2, C4a1=2, C4b1=1, C4+T152C!+T4742C+T8602C=1
Daur 0.06645 Kong 2003 C(xC1, C5)=2, C1=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.06447 Yao 2004 C(xC1, C5)=3
Uzbek 0.061130 Quintana-Murci 2004 C(xC1, C5)=6, C5=2
Vietnamese 0.04842 Jin 2009 C=2
Han Chinese 0.0451930[ citation needed ]C(xC1, C5)=72, C5=15
Thai 0.034552[ citation needed ]C(xC1, C5)=19
Korean (mostly Ulsan)0.0301094[ citation needed ]C=33
Manchu 0.02540 Jin 2009 C=1
Korean 0.024694[ citation needed ]C=17
Korean (China)0.02051 Jin 2009 C=1
Korean (Korea)0.016185 Jin 2009 C=3
Korean 0.015537 Tanaka 2004 C5=4, C(xC1,C5)=4
Korean 0.010103 Derenko 2007 C(xC1,C4,C5)=1
Eskimo 0.008254[ citation needed ]C(xC1, C5)=2
Japanese 0.0051312 Tanaka 2004 C1=4, C5=1, C(xC1,C5)=1
Japanese (Tokyo)0.000118 Zheng 2011 -
Ainu 0.00051[ citation needed ]-
Nivkh 0.00038 Duggan 2013 -
Han (Beijing)0.00040 Jin 2009 -
Nivkh 0.00056 Starikovskaya 2005 -

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation [5] and subsequent published research.

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve , Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Chochmingwu.

See also

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)  
L0 L1–6 
L1 L2   L3    L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buryats</span> Siberian ethnic group

The Buryats are a Mongolic ethnic group native to southeastern Siberia who speak the Buryat language. They are one of the two largest indigenous groups in Siberia, the other being the Yakuts. The majority of the Buryats today live in their titular homeland, the Republic of Buryatia, a federal subject of Russia which sprawls along the southern coast and partially straddles Lake Baikal. Smaller groups of Buryats also inhabit Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug and the Agin-Buryat Okrug which are to the west and east of Buryatia respectively as well as northeastern Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. They traditionally formed the major northern subgroup of the Mongols.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup M (mtDNA)</span> Widespread human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. An enormous haplogroup spanning all the continents, the macro-haplogroup M, like its sibling the macro-haplogroup N, is a descendant of the haplogroup L3.

Haplogroup K, formerly Haplogroup UK, is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is defined by the HVR1 mutations 16224C and 16311C. It is now known that K is a subclade of U8.

Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to haplogroup T. Within the field of medical genetics, certain polymorphisms specific to haplogroup J have been associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

Haplogroup HV is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup B (mtDNA)</span>

In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is most common in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It has not been found among Native Americans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup N (mtDNA)</span> Widespread human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) clade. A macrohaplogroup, its descendant lineages are distributed across many continents. Like its sibling macrohaplogroup M, macrohaplogroup N is a descendant of the haplogroup L3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup A (mtDNA)</span> Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup D (mtDNA)</span>

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in East Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago.

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Z is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup C-M130</span> Human Y chromosome DNA grouping found primarily in Asia

Haplogroup C is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup, defined by UEPs M130/RPS4Y711, P184, P255, and P260, which are all SNP mutations. It is one of two primary branches of Haplogroup CF alongside Haplogroup F. Haplogroup C is found in ancient populations on every continent except Africa and is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup among males belonging to many peoples indigenous to East Asia, Central Asia, Siberia, North America and Australia as well as a some populations in Europe, the Levant, and later Japan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup N-M231</span> Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in North Eurasia

Haplogroup N (M231) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup defined by the presence of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker M231.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tungusic peoples</span> Ethno-linguistic family

Tungusic peoples are an ethnolinguistic group formed by the speakers of Tungusic languages. They are native to Siberia, China, and Mongolia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup C-M217</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup C-M217, also known as C2, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the most frequently occurring branch of the wider Haplogroup C (M130). It is found mostly in Central Asia, Eastern Siberia and significant frequencies in parts of East Asia and Southeast Asia including some populations in the Caucasus, Middle East, South Asia, East Europe. It is found in a much more widespread areas with a low frequency of less than 2%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup Y</span> Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Haplogroup H is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is believed to have originated in Southwest Asia, near present day Syria, around 20,000 to 25,000 years ago. Mitochondrial haplogroup H is today predominantly found in Europe, and is believed to have evolved before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). It first expanded in the northern Near East and Southern Caucasus soon, and later migrations from Iberia suggest that the clade reached Europe before the Last Glacial Maximum. The haplogroup has also spread to parts of Africa, Siberia and Inner Asia. Today, around 40% of all maternal lineages in Europe belong to haplogroup H.

Haplogroup C-M48 also known as C2b1a2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup M8 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

References

  1. 1 2 Behar et al., 2012b
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Derenko,M., Malyarchuk,B., Grzybowski,T., Denisova,G., Rogalla,U., Perkova,M., Dambueva,I., and Zakharov,I., "Origin and post-glacial dispersal of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups C and D in northern Asia." PLoS ONE 5 (12), E15214 (2010).
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 YFull MTree 1.02.7045 (as of January 11, 2021)
  4. 1 2 Derenko, Miroslava; Malyarchuk, Boris; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Denisova, Galina; Rogalla, Urszula; Perkova, Maria; Dambueva, Irina; Zakharov, Ilia (2010). "Origin and Post-Glacial Dispersal of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups C and D in Northern Asia". PLOS ONE. 5 (12): e15214. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...515214D. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015214 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   3006427 . PMID   21203537."More than a half of the northern Asian pool of mtDNA is fragmented into a number of subclades of haplogroups C and D, two of the most frequent haplogroups throughout northern, eastern, central Asia and America. Previous studies have proposed that haplogroups C and D originated around 30–50 kya in eastern Asia, from where they subsequently expanded northwards to southern Siberia, and further deep into northern Asia and the Americas, and westwards along the Steppe Belt extending from Manchuria to Europe [14], [15]. It has been also shown that haplogroups C and D were strongly involved in the late-glacial expansions from southern China to northeastern India [16]. In addition, because of their high frequency and wide distribution, haplogroups C and D most likely participated in all subsequent episodes of putative gene flow in northern Eurasia. These include (i) the Paleolithic colonization of Siberia that is associated with the development of macroblade industries (40–30 kya), (ii) further recolonization and possible replacement of early Siberians by microblade-making human populations from the Lake Baikal, Yenisei River, and Lena River basin regions (20 kya), (iii) appearance of pottery-making Neolithic tradition in the forest-steppe belt of northern Eurasia starting at about 14.5 kya and its expanding into the East European Plane (7 kya), (iv) the Neolithic dispersal of agriculture in eastern Asia, (v) the expansion of the Afanasievo and Andronovo cultures (5–3 kya), and (vi) more recent events of gene flow to eastern and central Europe. "
  5. 1 2 van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi: 10.1002/humu.20921 . PMID   18853457. S2CID   27566749.
  6. 1 2 Haplogroup C.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Volodko, Natalia V.; Starikovskaya, Elena B.; Mazunin, Ilya O.; et al. (2008). "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (5): 1084–1100. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019. PMC   2427195 . PMID   18452887.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Duggan, AT; Whitten, M; Wiebe, V; Crawford, M; Butthof, A; et al. (2013). "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e83570. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...883570D. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083570 . PMC   3861515 . PMID   24349531.
  9. ↑ Fedorova, Sardana A; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; et al. (2013). "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2013 (13): 127. Bibcode:2013BMCEE..13..127F. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-127 . PMC   3695835 . PMID   23782551.
  10. ↑ Sunna Ebenesersdóttir, Sigríður (2010). "A new subclade of mtDNA haplogroup C1 found in icelanders: Evidence of pre-columbian contact?". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 144 (1): 92–99. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21419. PMID   21069749.
  11. ↑ Vikings brought Amerindian to Iceland 1,000 years ago: study, November 17, 2010
  12. ↑ First Americans 'reached Europe five centuries before Columbus voyages', 16 Nov 2010
  13. ↑ Der Sarkissian, Clio; Brotherton, Paul; Balanovsky, Oleg; Templeton, Jennifer E. L.; Llamas, Bastien; Soubrier, Julien; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Khartanovich, Valery; Cooper, Alan; Haak, Wolfgang (2014). "Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing in Mesolithic North East Europe Unearths a New Sub-Clade within the Broadly Distributed Human Haplogroup C1". PLOS ONE. 9 (2): e87612. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...987612D. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087612 . PMC   3913659 . PMID   24503968.
  14. ↑ Gómez-Carballa & Catelli 2015.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Guang‐Lin He, Meng‐Ge Wang, Xing Zou, Hui‐Yuan Yeh, Chang‐Hui Liu, Chao Liu, Gang Chen, and Chuan‐Chao Wang. Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity at the crossroads of North China and South Siberia reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity[J]. J Syst Evol, 2023, 61(1): 230-250.
  16. ↑ Filipa Simão, Christina Strobl, Carlos Vullo, et al., "The maternal inheritance of Alto Paraná revealed by full mitogenome sequences." FSI Genetics Volume 39, P66-72, March 01, 2019. Published online December 19, 2018. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.12.007
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Starikovskaya, E.B., Sukernik, R.I., Derbeneva, O.A., Volodko, N.V., Ruiz-Pesini, E., Torroni, A., Brown, M.D., Lott, M.T., Hosseini, S.H., Huoponen, K. and Wallace, D.C., "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native American haplogroups." Annals of Human Genetics 69 (PT 1), 67-89 (2005).
  18. 1 2 3 4 Ingman, M.; Gyllensten, U. (2007). "Rate variation between mitochondrial domains and adaptive evolution in humans". Human Molecular Genetics. 16 (19): 2281–2287. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddm180 . PMID   17617636.
  19. 1 2 Sebastian Lippold; et al. (2014). "Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences". bioRxiv   10.1101/001792 .
  20. ↑ Derenko, Miroslava; Malyarchuk, Boris; Grzybowski, Tomasz; et al. (2007). "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81 (5): 1025–1041. doi:10.1086/522933. PMC   2265662 . PMID   17924343.
  21. 1 2 3 Marchi, Nina; Hegay, Tatyana; Mennecier, Philippe; Georges, Myriam; Laurent, Romain; Whitten, Mark; Endicott, Philipp; Aldashev, Almaz; Dorzhu, Choduraa; Nasyrova, Firuza; Chichlo, Boris; Ségurel, Laure; Heyer, Evelyne (2017). "Sex-specific genetic diversity is shaped by cultural factors in Inner Asian human populations". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 162 (4): 627–640. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23151. PMID   28158897.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 U.A. Perego, N. Angerhofer, M. Pala, et al., "The initial peopling of the Americas: a growing number of founding mitochondrial genomes from Beringia." Genome Res. 20 (9), 1174-1179 (2010).
  23. ↑ S. Kumar, C. Bellis, M. Zlojutro, et al., "Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins." BMC Evol. Biol. 11 (1), 293 (2011).
  24. 1 2 R.S. Malhi, J.S. Cybulski, R.Y. Tito, et al., "Brief communication: Mitochondrial haplotype C4c confirmed as a founding genome in the Americas." Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 141 (3), 494-497 (2010).
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Peng, Min-Sheng; Xu, Weifang; Song, Jiao-Jiao; Chen, Xing; Sulaiman, Xierzhatijiang; Cai, Liuhong; Liu, He-Qun; Wu, Shi-Fang; Gao, Yun; Abdulloevich, Najmudinov Tojiddin; Afanasevna, Manilova Elena; Ibrohimovich, Khudoidodov Behruz; Chen, Xi; Yang, Wei-Kang; Wu, Miao; Li, Gui-Mei; Yang, Xing-Yan; Rakha, Allah; Yao, Yong-Gang; Upur, Halmurat; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2018). "Mitochondrial genomes uncover the maternal history of the Pamir populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 26 (1): 124–136. doi:10.1038/s41431-017-0028-8. PMC   5839027 . PMID   29187735.
  26. ↑ Fu, Qiaomei; Posth, Cosimo; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Petr, Martin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Furtwängler, Anja; Haak, Wolfgang; Meyer, Matthias; Mittnik, Alissa; Nickel, Birgit (June 2016). "The genetic history of Ice Age Europe". Nature. 534 (7606): 200–205. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..200F. doi:10.1038/nature17993. hdl:10211.3/198594. ISSN   1476-4687. PMC   4943878 . PMID   27135931.
  27. 1 2 3 Kilinc, G.M., Kashuba, N., Yaka, R., Sumer, A.P., Yuncu, E., Shergin, D., Ivanov, G.L., Kichigin, D., Pestereva, K., Volkov, D., Mandryka, P., Kharinskii, A., Tishkin, A., Ineshin, E., Kovychev, E., Stepanov, A., Alekseev, A., Fedoseeva, S.A., Somel, M., Jakobsson, M., Krzewinska, M., Stora, J., and Gotherstrom, A., "Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes." Sci Rep 8 (1), 8969 (2018)
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Dryomov SV, Nazhmidenova AM, Starikovskaya EB, Shalaurova SA, Rohland N, Mallick S, et al. (2021), "Mitochondrial genome diversity on the Central Siberian Plateau with particular reference to the prehistory of northernmost Eurasia." PLoS ONE 16(1):e0244228.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244228
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Chandrasekar, A; Kumar, S; Sreenath, J; Sarkar, BN; Urade, BP; et al. (2009). "Updating Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup M in India: Dispersal of Modern Human in South Asian Corridor". PLOS ONE. 4 (10): e7447. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7447C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007447 . PMC   2757894 . PMID   19823670.
  30. ↑ Mielnik-Sikorska, M; Daca, P; Malyarchuk, B; Derenko, M; Skonieczna, K; et al. (2013). "The History of Slavs Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54360. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854360M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054360 . PMC   3544712 . PMID   23342138.
  31. ↑ Malyarchuk,B., Derenko,M., Denisova,G., et al., "Whole mitochondrial genome diversity in two Hungarian populations." Mol. Genet. Genomics (2018).
  32. 1 2 3 4 Derenko, M; Malyarchuk, B; Bahmanimehr, A; Denisova, G; Perkova, M; et al. (2013). "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80673. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880673D. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080673 . PMC   3828245 . PMID   24244704.
  33. ↑ Rieux, Adrien; Eriksson, Anders; Li, Mingkun; et al. (2014). "Improved Calibration of the Human Mitochondrial Clock Using Ancient Genomes". Mol Biol Evol. 31 (10): 2780–92. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu222. PMC   4166928 . PMID   25100861.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Derenko, M. V.; Grzybowski, T.; Malyarchuk, B. A.; Dambueva, I. K.; Denisova, G. A.; Czarny, J.; Dorzhu, C. M.; Kakpakov, V. T.; Miscicka-Sliwka, D.; Wozniak, M.; Zakharov, I. A. (September 2003). "Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in South Siberia". Annals of Human Genetics. 67 (5): 391–411. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00035.x. PMID   12940914. S2CID   28678003.
  35. ↑ Dryomov, S.V., Starikovskaya, E.B., Nazhmidenova, A.M. et al. Genetic legacy of cultures indigenous to the Northeast Asian coast in mitochondrial genomes of nearly extinct maritime tribes. BMC Evol Biol 20, 83 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-01652-1
  36. ↑ Klunk, J., Duggan, A.T., Redfern, R., et al., "Genetic resiliency and the Black Death: No apparent loss of mitogenomic diversity due to the Black Death in medieval London and Denmark." Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. (2019).
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kutanan, Wibhu; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Srikummool, Metawee; Kangwanpong, Daoroong; Ghirotto, Silvia; Brunelli, Andrea; Stoneking, Mark (2016). "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages". Hum Genet. 136 (1): 85–98. doi: 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y . PMC   5214972 . PMID   27837350.
  38. ↑ O. A. Derbeneva, E. B. Starikovskaya, N. V. Volodko, D. C. Wallace, and R. I. Sukernik, "Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Kets and Nganasans and Its Implications for the Initial Peopling of Northern Eurasia." Russian Journal of Genetics, Vol. 38, No. 11, 2002, pp. 1316–1321. Translated from Genetika, Vol. 38, No. 11, 2002, pp. 1554–1560.
  39. ↑ Kristiina Tambets, Bayazit Yunusbayev, Georgi Hudjashov, et al., "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations." Genome Biology (2018) 19:139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1
  40. 1 2 Ingman, M.; Kaessmann, H.; Paabo, S.; Gyllensten, U. (2000). "Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans". Nature. 408 (6813): 708–713. Bibcode:2000Natur.408..708I. doi:10.1038/35047064. PMID   11130070. S2CID   52850476.
  41. ↑ Tamm, E; Kivisild, T; Reidla, M; Metspalu, M; Smith, DG; Mulligan, CJ; Bravi, CM; Rickards, O; Martinez-Labarga, C; Khusnutdinova, EK; Fedorova, SA; Golubenko, MV; Stepanov, VA; Gubina, MA; Zhadanov, SI; Ossipova, LP; Damba, L; Voevoda, MI; Dipierri, JE; Villems, R; Malhi, RS (2007). "Beringian standstill and spread of Native American founders". PLOS ONE. 2 (9): e829. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..829T. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000829 . PMC   1952074 . PMID   17786201.
  42. ↑ Malyarchuk,B., Litvinov,A., Derenko,M., Skonieczna,K., Grzybowski,T., Grosheva,A., Shneider,Y., Rychkov,S. and Zhukova,O., "Mitogenomic diversity in Russians and Poles." Forensic Sci Int Genet 30, 51-56 (2017).
  43. ↑ Jiang,C., Cui,J., Liu,F., Gao,L., Luo,Y., Li,P., Guan,L. and Gao,Y., "Mitochondrial DNA 10609T Promotes Hypoxia-Induced Increase of Intracellular ROS and Is a Risk Factor of High Altitude Polycythemia." PLoS ONE 9 (1), E87775 (2014).
  44. ↑ Fuyun Ji, Mark S. Sharpley, Olga Derbeneva, et al., "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans." PNAS May 8, 2012 109 (19) 7391-7396; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202484109.
  45. ↑ Kutanan, Wibhu; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Changmai, Piya; et al. (2018). "Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic variation of hunter-gatherer groups in Thailand". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 1536. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.1536K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20020-0. PMC   5784115 . PMID   29367746.
  46. ↑ Kong, Q.P.; Yao, Y.G.; Sun, C.; Bandelt, H.J.; Zhu, C.L.; Zhang, Y.P. (2003). "Phylogeny of east Asian mitochondrial DNA lineages inferred from complete sequences". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 (3): 671–676. doi:10.1086/377718. PMC   1180693 . PMID   12870132.
  47. ↑ Zhang,A.M., Bandelt,H.J., Jia,X., Zhang,W., Li,S., Yu,D., Wang,D., Zhuang,X.Y., Zhang,Q., and Yao,Y.G., "Is Mitochondrial tRNA Variant m.593T>C a Synergistically Pathogenic Mutation in Chinese LHON Families with m.11778G>A?" PLoS ONE 6 (10), E26511 (2011).
  48. ↑ Wang, C.Y.; Wang, H.W.; Yao, Y.G.; Kong, Q.P.; Zhang, Y.P. (2007). "Somatic mutations of mitochondrial genome in early stage breast cancer". Int. J. Cancer. 121 (6): 1253–1256. doi: 10.1002/ijc.22822 . PMID   17514652. S2CID   36734968.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.