Haplogroup R (mtDNA) Last updated June 05, 2025 Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup R Possible time of origin 66.8± 14.2 kya [ 1] Possible place of origin Southeast Asia [ 2] Ancestor N Descendants R0 , R1, R1b , R2'JT , R3, R5, R6'7, R8, R9, R11'B , R12'21, R14, R22, R23, R30, R31, P , U Defining mutations 12705, 16223 [ 3]
Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of sub-Saharan Africa . [ 4]
Haplogroup R is a descendant of the macro-haplogroup N . Among the R clade's descendant haplogroups are B , U (and thus K ), F , R0 (and thus HV , H , and V ), and JT (the ancestral haplogroup of J and T ).
Origin Soares et al. (2009) estimate the age of haplogroup R at roughly 50,000 to 70,000 years ago. [ 1]
This is consistent with an emergence in the course of the Southern Dispersal out of East Africa to West, South and Southeast Asia. [ 5] It has been suggested that the early lineage of haplogroups M, N and R along the coastal route during the period of roughly 70,000 to 60,000 years ago. [ 6] The northern route out of Africa is another possibility, where the expansion of haplogroup R may originate from Southeast Asia . [ 7]
Haplogroup R has wide diversity and antiquity in the indigenous population of South Asia . Tribes and castes of Western and Southern India show higher diversity than the other regions, possibly suggesting their autochthonous status. [ 8] Larruga et al. (2017) found mtDNA R spread to Eurasia and Australia from a core area along the Southeast Asian coast. [ 4]
Distribution Haplogroup R and its descendants are distributed all over Australasia , Americas , Southeast Asia , South Asia , Central Asia , West Asia , East Asia , Europe , North Africa and Horn of Africa .
The basal R* clade is found among the Soqotri (1.2%), as well as in Northeast Africa (1.5%), the Middle East (0.8%), the Near East (0.8%), and the Arabian Peninsula (0.3%). [ 13]
Subclades Haplogroup R R0 or pre-HV R1 pre-JT or R2'JT R3 : Found in Armenia. [ 22] Also observed in an ancient individual from Hungary , dating to 7000 years ago [ 23] R5 : Widely spread in the Indian subcontinent . Specially in Madhya Pradesh (India ) at 17%. [ 24] R6'7 (16362) The most important presence is among Austroasiatic language -speakers from India (10%). [ 25] R8 : The highest frequency occurs towards East India , especially within Orissa (12%), and it is found among the Austroasiatic tribes (Munda and Khasi speakers). It is also present in low frequency among speakers of Dravidian, Indo-European, and Tibeto-Burman (e.g. Nyishi , Changpa , Sherpa ). [ 28] R9 (16304) R11'B (16189) R12'21 R14 : Found in Papua New Guinea [ 41] and in Austronesian speakers of East Timor and Lembata . [ 42] R22 or R12: Very frequent in the Shompen (10/29 = 34.5%). [ 43] Elsewhere found mainly in south-central Indonesia (11.4% Mataram , 8.0% Waingapu , 7.3% Bali , 1.9% Borneo ) and in Cham of Bình Thuận , Vietnam (7/168 = 4.2%), [ 44] with singleton or sporadic occurrences in Thailand , Sumatra , Java , Sulawesi , and Alor . [ 33] R23 : Small clade found in Bali and Sumba (Indonesia). [ 33] R30 R31 R32 P: It is characteristic of Sahul . Found in Philippines and East Indonesia . U Tree This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation [ 3] and subsequent published research.
R R0 (formerly pre-HV) R0a'b R0a R0a1 R0a1a R0a1a1 R0a1a2 R0a1a3 R0a1a4 R0a1-T152C! R0a-60.1T R0a2'3 R0a2 R0a2a R0a2b R0a2c R0a2d R0a2e R0a2f R0a2g R0a2h R0a2i R0a2-T195C! R0a2k R0a2l R0a2m R0a2n R0a3 R0a4 R0b HV HV0 (formerly pre-V) HV1 HV-A73G! HV4 HV4a HV4a1 HV4a1-C16291T HV4a1a HV4a1a1 HV4a1a2 HV4a1a3 HV4a1a4 HV4a2 HV4b HV4c HV5 HV-T16311C! HV6 HV7 HV8 HV9 HV10 HV11 HV14 HV15 HV16 HV17 HV22 HV23 HV24 HV12 HV13 HV18 HV19 HV21 H R1 R2'JT R2 R2-T13500C R2-T13500C-T195C! R2b R2c R2d JT R5 R6'7 R8 - India R8a - Sri Lanka R8a1 R8a1a R8a1a1 R8a1a1a R8a1a1b R8a1a1c R8a1a1d R8a1a2 R8a1a3 - South Africa, Norway R8a1-T16093C R8a2 R8b (16304) R9 R9b - Cambodia, Thailand (Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province and Roi Et Province ), [ 55] Guinea R9b1 - China, Uyghur, Thailand (Mon in Central Thailand , Thai in Western Thailand ), Laos (Lao in Vientiane [ 55] ), Vietnam (La Hủ ), Denmark R9b1a R9b1a1 - Philippines (Mamanwa ) R9b1a1a - China, Thailand (Karen and Thai Lue in Northern Thailand , Lao Isan in Roi Et Province , [ 55] Thai in Central Thailand and Eastern Thailand ), Cambodia (Banteay Meanchey ), Malaysia (Semelai , aboriginal Malay ), Singapore, Indonesia (Tengger , Palembang , Padang , Manado ), Vietnam (Giarai ) R9b1a2 - Taiwan (Tsou ), Thailand (Lao Isan in Loei Province , Thai in Western Thailand ) R9b1a3 - Thailand, China (Han , Dai ), Vietnam (Dao , Nùng , etc. ), Kazakhstan R9b1b - China, Vietnam, Cambodia (Siem Reap ), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province , Tai Yuan from Central Thailand , Mon from Northern Thailand ) R9b2 - Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam R9c - China (Barghut from Hulun Buir ), Taiwan R9c1 R9c1a - Philippines, Indonesia, Taiwan (Makatao ), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province ) R9c1b R9c1b1 - China (Han ), Vietnam (Kinh , Dao ), Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province , Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province , Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand , Thai Lue in Northern Thailand ), Myanmar R9c1b2 - Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province ), Taiwan (Makatao , etc. ), Philippines (Ifugao , Bugkalot ), East Timor F R-T16189C! 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