Haplogroup R (mtDNA)

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Haplogroup R
Haplogroup R (mtDNA) & subclades.PNG
Possible time of origin66.8±14.2 kya [1]
Possible place of origin Southeast Asia [2]
Ancestor N
Descendants R0, R1, R1b, R2'JT, R3, R5, R6'7, R8, R9, R11'B, R12'21, R14, R22, R23, R30, R31, P, U
Defining mutations12705, 16223 [3]

Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of sub-Saharan Africa. [4]

Contents

Haplogroup R is a descendant of the macro-haplogroup N. Among the R clade's descendant haplogroups are B, U (and thus K), F, R0 (and thus HV, H, and V), and JT (the ancestral haplogroup of J and T).

Origin

Soares et al. (2009) estimate the age of haplogroup R at roughly 50,000 to 70,000 years ago. [1]

This is consistent with an emergence in the course of the Coastal Migration out of East Africa to West, South and Southeast Asia. [5] It has been suggested that the early lineage of haplogroups M, N and R along the coastal route during the period of roughly 70,000 to 60,000 years ago. [6] The northern route out of Africa is another possibility, where the expansion of haplogroup R may originate from South East Asia. [7]

Haplogroup R has wide diversity and antiquity in the indigenous population of South Asia. Tribes and castes of Western and Southern India show higher diversity than the other regions, possibly suggesting their autochthonous status. [8] Larruga et al. (2017) found mtDNA R spread out to Eurasia and Australia from a core area along the Southeast Asian coast. [4]

Archaeogenetics

The Ust'-Ishim man fossil of Siberia, dated ca. 45,000 years old, belongs to haplogroup R* (formerly classified as U*). [9] [10]

Haplogroup R has also been observed among Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Northern Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods. [11]

Subclade R2 was observed in the remains of a Neolithic human from western Iran in Tepe Abdul Hosein. [12]

Distribution

Haplogroup R and its descendants are distributed all over Australasia, Americas, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, East Asia, Europe, North Africa and Horn of Africa.

The basal R* clade is found among the Soqotri (1.2%), as well as in Northeast Africa (1.5%), the Middle East (0.8%), the Near East (0.8%), and the Arabian Peninsula (0.3%). [13]

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation [3] and subsequent published research.

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References

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  41. ↑ Haplogroup R14, Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
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  48. ↑ Harding, Rosalind 2006, Gene tree analyses of Aboriginal Australians. Archived 2009-09-20 at the Wayback Machine University of Oxford
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  50. ↑ mtDNA Haplogroup U1a page at cagetti.com
  51. ↑ Karima Fadhlaoui-Zid; Laura Rodríguez-Botigué; Nejib Naoui; Amel Benammar-Elgaaied; Francesc Calafell; David Comas (May 2011). "Mitochondrial DNA structure in North Africa reveals a genetic discontinuity in the Nile Valley" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 145 (1): 107–117. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21472. hdl: 10261/42802 . PMID   21312180 . Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  52. ↑ Maca-Meyer, Nicole; González, Ana M; Pestano, José; Flores, Carlos; Larruga, José M; Cabrera, Vicente M (2003). "Mitochondrial DNA transit between West Asia and North Africa inferred from U6 phylogeography". BMC Genetics. 4: 15. doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-4-15 . PMC   270091 . PMID   14563219.
  53. ↑ Mohamed, Hisham Yousif Hassan. "Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan". University of Khartoum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  54. ↑ Bernard Secher; Rosa Fregel; José M Larruga; Vicente M Cabrera; Phillip Endicott; José J Pestano; Ana M González (2014). "The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 109. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14..109S. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-109 . PMC   4062890 . PMID   24885141.
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Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)  
L0 L1–6 
L1 L2   L3    L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T
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