Kevin Bacon

Last updated

Kevin Bacon
Kevin Bacon in 2022.jpg
Bacon in 2022
Born
Kevin Norwood Bacon

(1958-07-08) July 8, 1958 (age 66)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
OccupationActor
Years active1977–present
Works Filmography
Spouse
​
(m. 1988)​
Children2, including Sosie Bacon
Father Edmund Bacon
Relatives
Website baconbros.com

Kevin Norwood Bacon [1] (born July 8, 1958) [2] is an American actor. Known for his leading man and character roles, Bacon has received numerous accolades, including a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and a nomination for a Primetime Emmy Award.

Contents

Bacon made his feature film debut in National Lampoon's Animal House (1978) and performed in Diner (1982) before his breakthrough role in the musical-drama film Footloose (1984). Since then, he has starred in critically acclaimed films such as JFK (1991), A Few Good Men (1992), Apollo 13 (1995), Mystic River (2003), and Frost/Nixon (2008). Other notable credits include Friday the 13th (1980), Tremors (1990), The River Wild (1994), The Woodsman (2004), Crazy, Stupid, Love (2011), X-Men: First Class (2011), and Patriots Day (2016). Bacon has also directed the films Losing Chase (1996) and Loverboy (2005).

On television, Bacon received a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for his role as Lt. Col. Michael Strobl in the HBO original film Taking Chance (2009). He starred in the Fox drama series The Following from 2013 to 2015. Bacon played the title role in Amazon Prime Video series I Love Dick from 2016 to 2017; he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his work on the show. From 2019 to 2022, he starred in the Showtime series City on a Hill . [3]

The Guardian named Bacon one of the best actors never to have received an Academy Award nomination. [4] In 2003, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. [5]

Bacon's prolific career in a variety of genres has led him to become associated with the concept of interconnectedness among people, as evidenced by the trivia game "Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon". He is a brand ambassador for British mobile network operator EE and has been featured in several ads for the company. [6] Bacon is married to actress Kyra Sedgwick.

Early life and education

Bacon was born and raised in a close-knit family in Philadelphia. [2] He is the youngest of six children. His mother, Ruth Hilda (née Holmes; 1916–1991), taught at an elementary school and was a liberal activist, [2] while his father, Edmund Bacon (1910–2005), was an urban planner who served as executive director of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission and authored the seminal text Design of Cities . [7]

Bacon attended Julia R. Masterman School in the Spring Garden section of Philadelphia for both middle and high school. [8]

At age 16, in 1975, Bacon won a full state-funded scholarship to the Pennsylvania Governor's School for the Arts at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, [9] a five-week arts program where he studied theater under Glory Van Scott. The experience solidified Bacon's passion for the arts. [10] [7]

Acting career

Early work

Bacon left home at age 17 to pursue a theater career in New York City, where he appeared in a production at the Circle in the Square Theater School. "I wanted life, man, the real thing", he later recalled to Nancy Mills of Cosmopolitan . "The message I got was 'The arts are it. Business is the devil's work. Art and creative expression are next to godliness.' Combine that with an immense ego and you wind up with an actor." [11] Bacon's debut in the fraternity comedy National Lampoon's Animal House (1978) did not lead to the fame he had sought, and Bacon returned to waiting tables and auditioning for small roles in theater. [7] He briefly worked on the television soap operas Search for Tomorrow (1979) and Guiding Light (1980–81) in New York.

1980s

In 1980, he appeared in the slasher film Friday the 13th. [12] Some of his early-stage work included Getting Out , performed at New York's Phoenix Theater, and Flux , at Second Stage Theatre during their 1981–1982 season. [13]

In 1982, he won an Obie Award for his role in Forty Deuce , [14] and soon afterward he made his Broadway debut in Slab Boys , with then-unknowns Sean Penn and Val Kilmer. However, it was not until he portrayed Timothy Fenwick that same year in Barry Levinson's film Diner  –costarring Steve Guttenberg, Daniel Stern, Mickey Rourke, Tim Daly, and Ellen Barkin  –that he made an indelible impression on film critics and moviegoers alike. [15]

Bolstered by the attention garnered by his performance in Diner, Bacon starred in Footloose (1984). [13] Richard Corliss of TIME likened Footloose to the James Dean classic Rebel Without a Cause and the old Mickey Rooney/Judy Garland musicals, commenting that the film includes "motifs on book burning, mid-life crisis, AWOL parents, fatal car crashes, drug enforcement, and Bible Belt vigilantism." [16] To prepare for the role, Bacon enrolled at a high school as a transfer student named "Ren McCormick" and studied teenagers before leaving in the middle of the day. [7] [17] Bacon earned strong reviews for Footloose. [18] Bacon's critical and box office success led to a period of typecasting in roles similar to the two he portrayed in Diner and Footloose, and he had difficulty shaking this on-screen image. For the next several years he chose films that cast him against either type and experienced, by his own estimation, a career slump.

After a cameo in John Hughes's 1987 comedy Planes, Trains and Automobiles , [19] Bacon starred in John Hughes's 1988 comedy She's Having a Baby , [13] and the following year he was in another comedy called The Big Picture . [20]

1990s

In 1990, Bacon had two successful roles. He played a character who saved his town from under-the-earth "graboid" monsters in the comedy/horror film Tremors , [21] and he portrayed an earnest medical student experimenting with death in Joel Schumacher's Flatliners . [13]

In Bacon's next project he starred opposite Elizabeth Perkins in He Said, She Said . Despite lukewarm reviews and low audience turnout, He Said, She Said was illuminating for Bacon. Required to play a character with sexist attitudes, he admitted that the role was not that large a stretch for him. [13]

By 1991, Bacon began to give up the idea of playing leading men in big-budget films and to remake himself as a character actor. "The only way I was going to be able to work on 'A' projects with really 'A' directors was if I wasn't the guy who was starring", he confided to The New York Times writer Trip Gabriel. "You can't afford to set up a $40 million movie if you don't have your star." [22] He performed that year as gay prostitute Willie O'Keefe in Oliver Stone's JFK [23] and went on to play a prosecuting attorney in the military courtroom drama A Few Good Men . [24] Later that year he returned to the theater to play in Spike Heels, directed by Michael Greif. [13]

In 1994, Bacon earned a Golden Globe nomination for his role in The River Wild , [13] opposite Meryl Streep. He described the film to Chase in Cosmopolitan as a "grueling shoot", in which "every one of us fell out of the boat at one point or another and had to be saved".

His next film, Murder in the First , earned him the Broadcast Film Critic's Association Award in 1995, [13] the same year that he starred in the blockbuster hit Apollo 13 . [25] Bacon played a trademark dark role once again in Sleepers (1996). [26] This part starkly contrasted with his appearance in the lighthearted romantic comedy, Picture Perfect (1997). [13]

Bacon made his debut as a director with the television film Losing Chase (1996), which was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards, and won one. [27] Bacon again resurrected his oddball mystique that year as a mentally-challenged houseguest in Digging to China [13] and as a disc jockey corrupted by payola in Telling Lies in America . [13] As the executive producer of Wild Things (1998), Bacon reserved a supporting role for himself and went on to star in Stir of Echoes (1999), directed by David Koepp. [28]

2000s

Bacon at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival Kevin Bacon Cannes 2004.jpg
Bacon at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival

In 2000, he appeared in Paul Verhoeven's Hollow Man. [29] Bacon, Colin Firth and Rachel Blanchard depict a ménage à trois in their film, Where the Truth Lies . [30] Bacon and director Atom Egoyan condemned the MPAA ratings board decision to rate the film "NC-17" rather than the preferable "R". Bacon commented: "I don't get it, when I see films (that) are extremely violent, extremely objectionable sometimes in terms of the roles that women play, slide by with an R, no problem, because the people happen to have more of their clothes on." [31] That same year, he played the gruff father in the family film My Dog Skip . [32]

In 2003, Bacon acted with Sean Penn and Tim Robbins in Clint Eastwood's movie Mystic River . He was again acclaimed for a dark starring role playing an offending pedophile on parole in The Woodsman (2004), for which he was nominated for best actor and received the Independent Spirit Award. [33]

In 2005, Bacon was in the comedy film Beauty Shop with Queen Latifah. He appeared in the HBO Films production of Taking Chance (2009), based on an eponymous story written by Lieutenant Colonel Michael Strobl, an American Desert Storm war veteran. [34] The film premiered on HBO on February 21, 2009. Bacon won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie for his role.

2010s

Bacon at the Toronto Film Festival in 2015 Black Mass PC 05 (21267276740).jpg
Bacon at the Toronto Film Festival in 2015

On July 15, 2010, it was confirmed that Bacon would appear in Matthew Vaughn's X-Men: First Class as mutant villain Sebastian Shaw. [35] [36] The film was released in 2011, the same year as the romantic comedy Crazy, Stupid, Love , in which Kevin portrayed a co-worker involved in an affair.

In March 2012, Bacon was featured in a performance of Dustin Lance Black's play, 8 – a staged reenactment of the federal trial that overturned California's Prop 8 ban on same-sex marriage – as Attorney Charles J. Cooper. [37] The production was held at the Wilshire Ebell Theatre and broadcast on YouTube to raise money for the American Foundation for Equal Rights. [38] [39]

From 2013 to 2015, Bacon starred as Ryan Hardy in the FOX television series The Following . [40] In 2013, he won a Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television for that role. [41] In 2015, he appeared in the crime film Black Mass , which starred Johnny Depp.

In 2015, he said in a Huffington Post interview he would like to return to the Tremors franchise. [42] However, Bacon did not appear in Tremors 5: Bloodline (2015). He starred in Patriots Day in 2016, which was about the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing.

Other ventures

In 1995, Kevin formed a band called The Bacon Brothers with his brother, Michael. The duo has released seven albums. [43] Bacon also sings in a variety of other media; he has serenaded his goats on Instagram, [44] and sings with the band the Old 97's in his role as himself in The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special . [45]

Beginning in 2012, Bacon has appeared in a major advertising campaign for EE in the United Kingdom, based on the Six Degrees concept and his various film roles. [46] [47] In 2015, he became a commercial spokesperson for the U.S. egg industry. [48]

Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon

Bacon is the subject of the trivia game titled "Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon", based on the idea that, due to his prolific screen career covering a diverse range of genres, any Hollywood actor can be linked to another in a handful of steps based on their association with Bacon. The name of the game derives from the idea of six degrees of separation. Although he was initially dismayed by the game, the meme stuck, and Bacon eventually embraced it, forming the charitable initiative SixDegrees.org, a social networking service intended to link people and charities to each other. [49]

The measure of proximity to Bacon has been mathematically formalized as the Bacon number and can be referenced at websites including Oracle of Bacon, which is in turn based upon Wikipedia data (and formerly from Internet Movie Database data). In 2012, Google added a feature to their search engine, whereby searching for an actor's name followed by the words "Bacon Number" will show the ways in which that actor is connected to Kevin Bacon. [50] This feature is no longer active.

A similar measurement exists in the mathematics community, where one measures how far one is removed from co-writing a mathematical paper with the prolific and itinerant mathematician Paul Erdős. This is done by means of the Erdős number, which is 0 for Paul Erdős himself, 1 for someone who co-wrote an article with him, 2 for someone who co-wrote with someone who co-wrote with him, etc. People have combined the Bacon number and the Erdős number to form the Erdős–Bacon number, which is the sum of the two. [51]

Personal life

Kevin Bacon in 2014 Kevin Bacon 2 SDCC 2014.jpg
Kevin Bacon in 2014

Bacon has been married to actress Kyra Sedgwick since September 4, 1988; they met on the set of the PBS version of Lanford Wilson's play Lemon Sky . He has said: "The time I was hitting what I considered to be bottom was also the time I met my wife, our kids were born, good things were happening. And I was able to keep supporting myself; that always gave me strength." [11] Bacon and Sedgwick have starred together in Pyrates, Murder in the First , The Woodsman , and Loverboy . They have two children, Travis Sedgwick (b. 1989) and Sosie Ruth (b. 1992). They reside on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. [52] Bacon was previously in a five-year relationship with actress Tracy Pollan, in the 1980s. [53]

Bacon has spoken out for the separation of church and state, [54] [55] and told The Times in 2005 that he did not "believe in God." [56] He has also said that he is not anti-religion. [57]

Bacon and Sedgwick appeared in will.i.am's video "It's a New Day", which was released following Barack Obama's 2008 presidential win.

The pair lost part of their savings in the Ponzi scheme of infamous swindler Bernie Madoff. [58] [59]

Bacon and Sedgwick learned in 2011, via their appearance on the PBS TV series Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, that they are ninth cousins, once removed. [60] They also appeared in a video [61] promoting the "Bill of Reproductive Rights", supporting among other things a woman's right to choose and have access to birth control. [62]

Accolades

Awards and nominations

AssociationYearCategoryTitleResult
Awards Circuit Community Awards1995Best Cast Ensemble [63] Apollo 13 Nominated
2003Best Cast Ensemble [64] Mystic River Nominated
Blockbuster Entertainment Awards 2001 Favorite Actor – Science Fiction [65] Hollow Man Won
Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 2003 Best Ensemble Cast [66] Mystic River Won
Bravo Otto Awards 1984 Best Actor Footloose Nominated
CableACE Awards 1997 Directing a Movie or Miniseries Losing Chase Nominated
Chlotrudis Awards 2005Best Actor The Woodsman Nominated
Critics' Choice Movie Awards 1996 Best Actor Murder in the First Won
Ghent International Film Festival 2004 Special Mention The Woodsman Won
Giffoni Film Festival 1997 Best Actor Digging to China Won
Gold Derby Awards2004Ensemble Cast Mystic River Nominated
Golden Globe Awards 1995 Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture The River Wild Nominated
2010 Best Actor in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television Taking Chance Won
2018 Best Actor in a Television Series – Comedy or Musical I Love Dick Nominated
Independent Spirit Awards 2005 Best Male Lead The Woodsman Nominated
Italian Online Movie Awards2004Best Supporting Actor Mystic River Nominated
MTV Movie + TV Awards 2001 Best Villain Hollow Man Nominated
Online Film & Television Association Awards2009Best Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Taking Chance Nominated
2015Best Actor in a Drama Series The Following Nominated
People's Choice Awards 2014 Favorite Dramatic Television Actor The Following Nominated
2015 Favorite Crime Drama Television Actor The Following Nominated
Primetime Emmy Awards 2009 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Taking Chance Nominated
Satellite Awards 2005 Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama The Woodsman Nominated
2009 Best Actor in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television Taking Chance Nominated
Saturn Awards 2013 Best Actor on Television The Following Won
2014 Best Actor on Television The Following Nominated
Scream Awards 2011 Best Villain X-Men: First Class Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards 1996 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Murder in the First Nominated
1996 Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Apollo 13 Won
2004 Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Mystic River Nominated
2009 Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Frost/Nixon Nominated
2010 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries Taking Chance Won
Teen Choice Awards 2005 Choice Movie – Sleazbag Beauty Shop Nominated
2011 Choice Movie – Villain X-Men: First Class Nominated
TV Guide Awards 2013 Favorite Actor The Following Nominated

Other honors

Bacon's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Motion Picture - 6356 Hollywood, Blvd. Kevin Bacon's Star Walk of Fame.jpg
Bacon's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Motion Picture – 6356 Hollywood, Blvd.

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Gary Boyd Roberts. "Ten Further Hollywood Figures (or Groups Thereof)". New England Historic Genealogical Society. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2008.
  2. 1 2 3 "Kevin Bacon". Biography.com. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
  3. ↑ "'City on a Hill' Canceled After Three Seasons on Showtime". The Hollywood Reporter . October 27, 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
  4. ↑ Singer, Leigh (February 19, 2009). "Oscars: the best actors never to have been nominated". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  5. ↑ "Hollywood Walk of Fame - Kevin Bacon". walkoffame.com. Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. September 30, 2003. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  6. ↑ "EE unveils 'six degrees of Bacon' launch ads". Marketing Week. October 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Kevin Bacon: 6 Things You Didn't Know". biography.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  8. ↑ "4 Stars From Philly To Hollywood". CBS Philadelphia. CBS News. October 10, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  9. ↑ "ABOUT KEVIN BACON". yahoo movies. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
  10. ↑ "Kevin Bacon biography". biography channel. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  11. 1 2 Cosmopolitan. March 1991, p. 92.
  12. ↑ "Happy Halloween: Stars who got their start in horror flicks". nydailynews.com. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Kevin Bacon". pbs.org. Archived from the original on May 30, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  14. ↑ "Kevin Bacon biography". TV Guide. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Diner' 30th Anniversary: 25 Things You Didn't Know About The Guys-and-Fries Classic". moviefone. Archived from the original on October 21, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  16. ↑ Richard Corliss (February 20, 1984). "Revel Without a Cause". TIME. Archived from the original on August 30, 2008.
  17. ↑ "Kevin Bacon Got Bullied By High Schoolers While Prepping For 'Footloose'". huffington post. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
  18. ↑ "Kevin Bacon". Biography Channel. Archived from the original on January 9, 2009.
  19. ↑ Cormier, Roger (November 22, 2017). "15 Moving Facts About 'Planes, Trains and Automobiles'". Mental Floss. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
  20. ↑ "A Second Wind Is Blowing For Kevin Bacon". new york times. September 25, 1994. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  21. ↑ Vincent Canby (January 19, 1990). "Tremors Review". The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  22. ↑ Trip Gabriel (September 25, 1994). "A Second Wind Is Blowing For Kevin Bacon". The New York Times.
  23. ↑ "Kevin Bacon" . Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  24. ↑ "A few good men". tcm. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  25. ↑ "Kevin Bacon Reprises His Roles from FOOTLOOSE, A FEW GOOD MEN, APOLLO 13, and More in UK Commercials". collider. February 28, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  26. ↑ Ebert, Roger. "Sleepers" . Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  27. ↑ Macor, Alison (February 7, 1997). "Losing Chase". The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved April 17, 2013.
  28. ↑ "Under the Radar—Horror Movies You May Have Missed: Stir of Echoes". criminal element.com. September 13, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  29. ↑ Ebert, Roger. "The hollow man" . Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  30. ↑ "Kevin Bacon Talks About "Where the Truth Lies"". about.com. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  31. ↑ Bruce Kirkland (September 14, 2005). "Kevin Bacon irked over movie rating". Toronto Sun. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  32. ↑ Scott, A.O. (January 12, 2000). "'My Dog Skip': Fetch,Boy! Fetch the Wisdom of the Ages!". New York Times. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
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  34. ↑ "Kevin Bacon 'Taking Chance' body of fallen Marine home". nydailynews. February 20, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
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  43. ↑ "The Bacon Brothers" . Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  44. ↑ "Kevin Bacon Serenading His Goats" . Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  45. ↑ "Marvel website discusses Kevin Bacon singing in the Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special" . Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  46. ↑ "Kevin Bacon rides UK's biggest rollercoaster in EE spot" . Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  47. ↑ "Kevin Bacon Reprises His Most Iconic Film Roles in British Commercial". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. parade.com. March 7, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  48. ↑ Katie Lobosco (March 13, 2015). "New egg ad comes with a side of Kevin Bacon". CNN . Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  49. ↑ "Six Degrees" . Retrieved January 2, 2008.
  50. ↑ Gilbertson, Scott (September 13, 2012). "Easter Egg: Google Connects the Dots for 'Bacon Number' Search". webmonkey. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
  51. ↑ "And the winner tonight is". Telegraph. May 1, 2002. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
  52. ↑ "Kevin Bacon has loyalty to NYC despite Philly origins, says he's 'most at peace' in bustling city". New York Daily news. May 30, 2011. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
  53. ↑ Deirdre Donahue (February 24, 1986). "America's Sweethearts" . Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  54. ↑ "Media & Press | Americans United". Au.org. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
  55. ↑ "Amy Argetsinger and Roxanne Roberts". The washington post. March 26, 2008. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
  56. ↑ "I think there is a puritanical wind that is blowing. I have never seen such a lack of separation between church and state in America. I don't believe in God, but if I did I would say that sex is a God-given right." Wendy Ide, "The Outsider Wants In", The Times (London), December 1, 2005.
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  58. ↑ "'May God spare you no mercy', victim tells Madoff". Economic Crisis. June 30, 2009. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
  59. ↑ Bacon confirmed this on Late Show with Craig Ferguson, June 8, 2009
  60. ↑ Smolenyak, Megan (July 18, 2011). "6 Degrees of Separation: Kyra Sedgwick and Kevin Bacon Are Cousins". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  61. ↑ "Watch Stuff – Bill of Reproductive Rights". Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
  62. ↑ "Bill of Reproductive Rights" . Retrieved August 19, 2014.
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  65. ↑ "'NSync Takes Home Three Blockbuster Entertainment Awards". idobi.com. April 12, 2001. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
  66. ↑ "Boston critics pick 'Mystic River'". UPI. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
  67. ↑ "Kevin Bacon". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  68. ↑ "Denver International Film Festival (2004)". IMDb. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  69. ↑ "Phoenix Film Festival (2005)". IMDb. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  70. ↑ "Santa Barbara International Film Festival (2005)". IMDb. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  71. ↑ "Critics' Choice Movie Awards Winners (Archive) - Critics' Choice Awards". Critics' Choice Awards. Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
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