Methanoperedens nitroreducens | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Archaea |
Kingdom: | Methanobacteriati |
Phylum: | Halobacteriota |
Class: | Methanomicrobia |
Order: | Methanosarcinales |
Family: | Methanoperedenaceae |
Genus: | Methanoperedens |
Species: | M. nitroreducens |
Binomial name | |
Methanoperedens nitroreducens Haroon et al. 2013 | |
Methanoperedens nitroreducens (from Latin: methano, meaning "methane", peredens, meaning "consuming", nitro, meaning "nitrate", and reducens, meaning "leading back") is a candidate species of methanotrophic archaea that oxidizes methane by coupling to nitrate reduction. [1]
M. nitroreducens are irregular cocci with a diameter of 1-3 μm. [2]
Ideal conditions for M. nitroreducens growth consist of temperatures around 72–95 °F (22–35 °C) and neutral to slightly basic pH of 7-8. [2] M. nitroreducens has been cultured in a bioreactor, but a pure culture has not yet been cultivated. [2]
M. nitroreducens is one of only two organisms that are currently known to be able to couple methane oxidation with nitrate or nitrite reduction, the other being Methylomirabilis oxyfera . M. nitroreducens utilizes the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM), [2] a process which serves as an important sink of environmental methane, lowering the gas' overall impact on climate change. [3] This process was originally discovered to be paired with sulfate reduction, but is now known to also be paired with nitrate and metal ion (Mn4+ or Fe3+) reduction. M. nitroreducens uses reverse methanogenesis with nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor. [2] [3]
M. nitroreducens is the first anaerobic methanotrophic archaea found to have genes for the full reverse methanogenesis pathway. [2] The full pathway of acetyl-CoA has also been found in M. nitroreducens. [3] It has been suggested that AOM is facilitated by Borgs, unusual large extrachromosomal DNA elements found in Methanoperedens. [4]
M. nitroreducens survives in oxygen-free environments and can typically be found in deeper down in freshwater ecosystems. [1] [5] M. nitroreducens is more likely to exist and be competitive in an environment enriched in nitrate as opposed to sulfate or other potential terminal electron acceptors. [5] M. nitroreducens competes against other organisms who reduce nitrate with other carbon sources. [5]
Requiring both methane and nitrate, this organism is commonly found in the area between oxic and anoxic zones. [1] While originally known as an anaerobic species, [2] it has oxygen tolerance mechanisms. When it is in contact with oxygen, M. nitroreducens will up-regulate genes needed to protect against oxidative stress. [1] This differs from other anaerobic species who suffer irreversible damage when exposed to oxygen, [6] hinting at future applications for this archaeal species.
M. nitroreducens was first described by Haroon et al. in 2013 after adding methane, ammonium, and nitrate to a bioreactor, which led to a single organism proliferating. [2]
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