Notes and references
Notes
- ↑ All seasons are for the Southern Hemisphere.
Related Research Articles
Antarctic krill is a species of krill found in the Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean. It is the dominant animal species of Earth. It is a small, swimming crustacean that lives in large schools, called swarms, sometimes reaching densities of 10,000–30,000 individual animals per cubic metre. It feeds directly on minute phytoplankton, thereby using the primary production energy that the phytoplankton originally derived from the sun in order to sustain their pelagic life cycle. It grows to a length of 6 centimetres (2.4 in), weighs up to 2 grams (0.071 oz), and can live for up to six years. It is a key species in the Antarctic ecosystem and in terms of biomass, is one of the most abundant animal species on the planet.
Cyclopterus lumpus, the lumpsucker or lumpfish, is a species of marine fish in the family Cyclopteridae (lumpsuckers). It is the only member of the genus Cyclopterus. It is found in the North Atlantic and adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean, ranging as far south as Chesapeake Bay on the North American coast and Spain on the European coast.
Diel vertical migration (DVM), also known as diurnal vertical migration, is a pattern of movement used by some organisms, such as copepods, living in the ocean and in lakes. The migration occurs when organisms move up to the uppermost layer of the sea at night and return to the bottom of the daylight zone of the oceans or to the dense, bottom layer of lakes during the day. The word diel comes from the Latin dies day, and means a 24-hour period. In terms of biomass, it is the greatest migration in the world. It is not restricted to any one taxon as examples are known from crustaceans (copepods), molluscs (squid), and ray-finned fishes (trout). Various stimuli are responsible for this phenomenon, the most prominent being response to changes in light intensity, though evidence suggests that biological clocks are an underlying stimulus as well. The phenomenon may arise for a number of reasons, though it is most typically to access food and avoid predators. While this mass migration is generally nocturnal, with the animals ascending from the depths at nightfall and descending at sunrise, the timing can be altered in response to the different cues and stimuli that trigger it. Some unusual events impact vertical migration: DVM is absent during the midnight sun in Arctic regions and vertical migration can occur suddenly during a solar eclipse.
Acartia is a genus of marine calanoid copepods. They are epipelagic, estuarine, zooplanktonic found throughout the oceans of the world, primarily in temperate regions.
Thalassiosira symmetrica is a species of marine centric diatoms. It differs with T. eccentrica in the value processes and distribution patterns. The latter species is more abundant in inshore waters, while T. symmetrica has been found in oceanic waters.
Bettina Meyer is a German Antarctic researcher, best known for her work on the ecology and physiology of invertebrates in the pelagic zone. She is the head of the ecophysiology of pelagic key species working group at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI).
Anita Gerry Johanna Buma is a Dutch Antarctic researcher, best known for her work on ecophysiology of marine microalgae. She was the first Dutch female researcher in Antarctica.
Calanus hyperboreus is a copepod found in the Arctic and northern Atlantic. It occurs from the surface to depths of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft).
Calanus pacificus is a species of copepod found in the Pacific Ocean. The female has an average length of about 3.1 millimetres (0.12 in), and the male has a value of about 2.9 millimetres (0.11 in).
Calanus propinquus is a copepod found in Antarctica, and the surrounding waters.
Calanoides acutus is a copepod found in Antarctica and the surrounding waters.
Metridia longa is a copepod found in the Arctic, the north Atlantic, the Pacific, and surrounding waters. The female has an average length of about 4.2 millimetres (0.17 in), and the males have an average length of about 3.5 millimetres (0.14 in).
Metridia pacifica is a copepod found in the north Pacific and surrounding waters.
Pseudocalanus newmani is a copepod found in Arctic and northern Pacific waters. It was described by Frost in 1989. It is found in the Arctic and surrounding waters. There are multiple generations. Unlike some copepods, P. newmani undergoes reverse diel vertical migration, descending during the night, and ascending during the day, although it may undergo normal or no migration at all depending on predation. This copepod is primarily herbivorous.
Calanus sinicus is a copepod found in the northwest Pacific.
Rhincalanus gigas is a large Antarctic copepod.
Rhincalaus nasutus is a copepod in the family Rhincalanidae.
Temora stylifera is a copepod primarily found in the Atlantic and surrounding waters.
Pseudocalanus minutus is a small copepod found in the Arctic Ocean and surrounding waters.
Euchaetidae is a family of marine copepods. The family is cosmopolitan and occurs in all the oceans, including the Southern and Arctic Oceans. Euchaetidae are medium to large-sized copepods.
References
- 1 2 Razouls C.; de Bovée F.; Kouwenberg J.; Desreumaux N. (2018). "Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Marine Planktonic Copepods". Sorbonne Université, CNRS. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
- 1 2 Niehoff, Barbara; Schnack-Schiel, Sigrid; Cornils, Astrid; Brichta, Mauricio (2002). "Reproductive activity of two dominant Antarctic copepod species, Metridia gerlachei and Ctenocalanus citer, in late autumn in the eastern Bellingshausen Sea". Polar Biology. 25 (8): 583–590. doi:10.1007/s00300-002-0378-7. ISSN 1432-2056.
- 1 2 Schnack-Schiel, Sigrid B.; Hagen, Wilhelm (1995). "Life-cycle strategies of Calanoides acutus, Calanus propinquus, and Metridia gerlachei (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 52 (3–4): 541–548. doi:10.1016/1054-3139(95)80068-9. ISSN 1054-3139.
- ↑ Calbet, Albert; Irigoien, Xabier (1997). "Egg and faecal pellet production rates of the marine copepod Metridia gerlachei northwest of the Antarctic Peninsula". Polar Biology. 18 (4): 273–279. doi:10.1007/s003000050188. ISSN 0722-4060.
- 1 2 Lopez, M.D.G.; Huntley, M.E. (1995). "Feeding and diel vertical migration cycles of Metridia gerlachei (Giesbrecht) in coastal waters of the Antarctic Peninsula". Polar Biology. 15 (1). doi:10.1007/BF00236120. ISSN 0722-4060.
- ↑ Huntley, Mark E.; Escritor, Florence (1992). "Ecology of Metridia gerlachei Giesbrecht in the western Bransfield Strait, Antarctica". Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers. 39 (6): 1027–1055. doi:10.1016/0198-0149(92)90038-U. ISSN 0198-0149.
- ↑ Metz, C; Schnack-Schiel, SB (1995). "Observations on carnivorous feeding in Antarctic calanoid copepods". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 129: 71–75. doi: 10.3354/meps129071 . ISSN 0171-8630.
- ↑ Hopkins, T. L. (1985). "Food web of an Antarctic midwater ecosystem". Marine Biology. 89 (2): 197–212. doi:10.1007/BF00392890. ISSN 0025-3162.