Michael Kubovy

Last updated
Michael Kubovy Michael Kubovy.jpg
Michael Kubovy

Michael Kubovy (born 1940) [1] is an Israeli American psychologist known for his work on the psychology of perception and psychology of art.

Contents

His writings and research of visual and auditory perceptual organization helped to rekindle interest in the Gestalt School of Psychology in the late 20th century: a "rebirth" of Gestalt Psychology. This is reflected in publication of the edited collection Perceptual Organization (1981). [2] [3]

His book The Psychology of Perspective and Renaissance Art (1986) introduced the concept of "the robustness of perspective" and helped to bridge the disciplines of perceptual psychology, art history, and art criticism. [4] [5]

Early life and education

Michael Kubovy grew up in Israel, Czechoslovakia, and Argentina (because his father was an Israeli senior diplomat [6] ). He served in the IDF and in 1967, when the Six-Days War broke out, while he was a graduate student, he fought with the "Jerusalem Brigade"[ citation needed ] (composed of Jerusalem residents, including many students and faculty from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem) in Tourgeman House [7] at the border crossing between Israel and Jordan known as "Mandelbaum Gate."

He earned his Master's degree under Daniel Kahneman [8] (1968) and his doctoral degree under Amos Tversky [9] (1972), both in psychology and both from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The doctoral dissertation was titled Normative and Informational Aspects of Social Influence (1971). [10]

Career

Kubovy began his academic career at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 1971, first as a postdoctoral researcher (advised by Emanuel Donchin) investigating human information processing by means of electroencephalography, [11] and then as Visiting Assistant Professor (1972-1973). He later served as Assistant Professor and Associate Professor at Yale University (1973-1979) and as Associate Professor and Professor at Rutgers University–New Brunswick (1980-1987). [12]

He was appointed Professor of Psychology at the University of Virginia in 1987, where he taught and directed a research laboratory in the Area of Cognitive Psychology for nearly 30 years, [13] pursuing questions "in visual and auditory perception, cognition, psychology of visual art and music, the nature of pleasure, the philosophy of mind and the phenomenology of experience," conducting experiments with human observers, analyzing "visual and auditory patterns" and proposing "mathematical/statistical models of the data." [14]

Themes

Decision making

In his early work on statistical decision making, Kubovy studied the role of expected utility in perceptual decision making. An important outcome of this work was the finding that action consequences are underweighted (Healy & Kubovy, 1978; 1981), which means "in signal detection terms, [that] this result is consistent with empirically measured criterion shifts being closer to neutral than would be expected from an ideal observer model link. This work was summarized in Kubovy & Healy (1980).

Concurrent pitch segregation

In collaboration with the cognitive scientist James E. Cutting and the scientific programmer R. M. McGuire, Kubovy invented an auditory analog of the random-dot stereogram (Kubovy et al., 1974). The striking stimulus was created "by presenting eight simultaneous and continuous sine waves to both ears and by either phase-shifting or frequency-shifting one of them relative to its counterpart in the opposite ear. Particular tones were shifted in sequence such that a melody was heard which was undetectable by either ear alone." [15] The melody embedded in the tonal arrays was the tune "Daisy Bell," selected for this recording because it was the first song performed by means of computer speech synthesis (used for the same reason in Stanley Kubrick's film 2001: A Space Odyssey , 1968). The melody was called "cyclotean" by analogy to the "cyclopean image" in the perception of random-dot stereograms.

An application to echoic memory soon followed (Kubovy & Howard, 1976). Then followed a decade of attempts to show that pitch was as much a carrier of "form" in auditory perception (Kubovy & Daniel, 1983). As the latter shows the results were there, but were heterogeneous, perhaps even disappointing.  However, this work did lead to the theory of indispensable attributes (Kubovy, 1981). Over the years this led to two further developments summarized in two widely-cited overview articles (Kubovy & Van Valkenburg, 2001; Kubovy & Schutz, 2010).

Perceptual organization

In November 1977, Kubovy and the psychologist James R. Pomerantz organized a two-day symposium under the auspices of the Psychonomic Society. At the preceding meeting of the Society, they observed "cognitive psychologists' desire for a phenomenological and intellectual interaction with Gestalt psychology." Kubovy and Pomerantz later noted that

our colleagues mentioned Gestalt as some might praise a novel like Lolita: with faint embarrassment, brought on by concern that one's audience might think one enjoyed it for the wrong reasons. [16]

The participants—who included Fred Attneave, Irving Biederman, Albert Bregman, Norma Graham, Julian Hochberg, Béla Julesz, Daniel Kahneman, Roger Shepard, and Michael Turvey, among others—agreed to contribute to a subsequent volume in which they would "convey the speculative and metatheoretical ground of their research" in the Gestalt tradition, in addition to "the solid data and carefully wrought theories that are the figure of their research." Published as Perceptual Organization (1981), the volume was introduced by Kubovy and Pomerantz:

Perceptual organization has been synonymous with Gestalt psychology, and Gestalt psychology has fallen into disrepute. In the heyday of Behaviorism, the few cognitive psychologists of the time pursued Gestalt phenomena. But today, Cognitive Psychology is married to Information Processing. (Some would say that it was a marriage of convenience.) After the wedding, Cognitive Psychology has come to look like a theoretically wrinkled Behaviorism; very few of the mainstream topics of Cognitive Psychology make explicit contact with Gestalt phenomena. In the background, Cognition's first love—Gestalt—is pining to regain favor. [17]

The book (reprinted by Routledge in 2017 [18] ) was pivotal to Gestalt phenomena entering the mainstream of psychological science.

In subsequent years, Kubovy led multiple studies of perceptual organization, building the foundation for a new area of perceptual research. Much of this work concentrated on developing new methodologies that allow one "to explore perceptual organization more rigorously than had hitherto been possible. These methodologies rely on the spontaneity and the multistability of grouping while taking care to minimize the effects of whatever voluntary control observers might have over what they see." [19] These studies include, among others: Kubovy (1994), Kubovy & Wagemans (1995), Bertamini et al. (1997), Kubovy et al. (1998), Gepshtein & Kubovy (2000; 2005; 2007), Strother & Kubovy (2006), and Kubovy & Van Den Berg (2008).

The psychology of perspective

Kubovy's book The Psychology of Perspective and Renaissance Art was published in 1986 by Cambridge University Press (paperback in 1988). The book "recounts the lively history of the invention of perspective in the fifteenth century, and shows how, as soon as the invention spread, it was used to achieve subtle and fascinating aesthetic effects." [20]

It is here that Kubovy introduced the influential concept of "the robustness of perspective, later summarized by Yang & Kubovy (1999) as follows:

Viewed from the center of projection, a perspective picture presents the pictorial depth information of a scene. Knowing the center of projection, one can reconstruct the depicted scene. Assuming another viewpoint is the center of projection will cause one to reconstruct a transformed scene. Despite these transformations, we appreciate pictures from other viewpoints. [21]

Kubovy also argued against the influential claim advanced by Nelson Goodman (in Languages of Art) that all visual experience (including perception of perspectival representations) was merely a convention. In his polemic against Goodman's notion that geometric rules of pictorial representation are established by consensus, Kubovy argued that

geometry does not rule supreme in the Land of Perspective [...] In fact, if in the Land of Perspective geometry plays a role analogous to the role played by Congress in the United States, then perception has the function of the Constitution. Whatever is prescribed by the geometry of central projection is tested against its acceptability to perception. If a law is unconstitutional, it is rejected and must be rewritten to accord with perception. (p. 125)

The book received multiple accolades, described by Ernst Gombrich [22] as "excellent," and by Samuel Egerton, Jr. as a volume "full of tantalizing observations which students of word and image will find endlessly applicable." [23] The American philosopher and cultural critic David Carrier of Carnegie Mellon University summarized Kubovy's work as follows:

This clearly written, well illustrated book provides the best introduction I have read to the central problems [of perspective]. Starting with a highly original interpretation of Mantegna's Archers Shooting at Saint Christopher in which, Kubovy argues, the arrow entering the eye of the watching king is a metaphor for the art of perspective, he offers an account of Brunelleschi's pioneering experimentation with perspective, trompe l'oeil baroque ceilings, the effects of seeing perspectival pictures from 'off-center' positions, the highly complex perspective of Leonardo's Last Supper , and critique of Nelson Goodman's claim that perspective is merely a convention. This wide-ranging study combines art historical observations, appeal to experimental psychology and concern with the philosophical literature in a text which is at once erudite and not needlessly difficult to read. [24]

The book was translated into several languages, including Italian (as La freccia nell'occhio in 1992) and Spanish (as Psicología de la perspectiva y el arte del Renacimiento in 1996). The title of the Italian translation (which means "The arrow in the eye") reflects Kubovy's original choice of the book title, disfavored by the English publisher.

Psychology of pleasure

In the 1990s, Kubovy developed the conception of the "pleasures of the mind" which he proposed to distinguish from "pleasures of the body." In his seminal article on the subject (Kubovy, 1999), the notion of pleasures of the mind was traced back to Epicurus, "who regarded pleasures of the mind as superior to pleasures of the body because they were more varied and durable." Kubovy argued that pleasures of the mind "have been neglected by contemporary psychology" and that "their scope and their differentiation from other pleasures and from emotions need to be explored and eventually specified." He noted that "basic emotions are different from pleasures of the mind because emotions are constituents of pleasures of the mind." Kubovy suggested that pleasures of the mind be studied by pursuing specific conjectures, such as:

Conjecture 1. The pleasures of the mind are collections of emotions distributed over time. Conjecture 2. The pleasures of the mind are collections of emotions distributed over time whose global evaluation depends on the intensity of the peak emotion and favorability of the end.

Results of this work led Kubovy to conclude that pleasures of the mind "differ from each other in three ways: the emotions they consist of, their temporal organization, and the objects of these emotions."

The structure of lives

In the 2000s, Kubovy proposed to distinguish two conceptions of the structure of human life. One conception is the "stream of behavior," which Kubovy called "flat," and which he attributed to William James and his famous notion of the stream of thought:

Psychology has always treated behavior and experience as embedded in a unidimensional flow in time, the "stream of behavior." This means that events and actions occupy non-overlapping time-intervals in this stream. Nevertheless a phenomenological analysis reveals that the structure of lives is richer and far more interesting." [25]

The other conception is that of "concurrent strands." Using Herbert A. Simon's notion of near-decomposability, Kubovy proposed to describe the structure of lives

as a composite of nearly independent strands that run concurrently, and are asynchronous. This is a "deep structure" of lives in contrast to the current conception, which conceives of lives as "flat." [26]

To explain the new conception of concurrent but asynchronous strands, Kubovy proposed a thought experiment:

Imagine a building with rooms that have thick exterior and interior walls. These rooms are divided into thin-walled cubicles. Now suppose a storm suddenly forces the building into a temperature disequilibrium, so that there are sizable temperature differences within cubicles, between adjoining cubicles, between adjoining rooms, and between the building and the outdoors. Suppose also that the storm shut off the heating and the AC, and that the outside temperature remains steady, and that at this moment we begin to measure the evolution of the indoor temperatures.

The temperature within cubicles will rapidly become uniform; gradually, the temperature of the cubicles in each room will approach equality; more slowly, the temperatures of the different rooms will converge. Finally, the temperature of the rooms will be equal to the outside temperature.

Now imagine that the building is the life of a person, who we will call π. The rooms are strands, and the cubicles are substrands. Now suppose that each cubicle contains a space-heater whose thermostat is set at a different temperature. The temperatures in different cubicles in the same room, being poorly insulated from each other, despite the different thermostat settings, will tend to fluctuate together. This is also true—but to a lesser degree—of the temperatures in different rooms.

The near-decomposability of lives into strands implies that—over the course of π's life—strands will fluctuate together. But in the shorter run, strands will be independent.

Kubovy argued that "such compartmentalization is not only normal, but an indicator of mental and physical health. Its failure is, at the very least, an indication of stress."

Personal life

Michael's father, Aryeh Leon Kubovy (Kubowitzki) (1896–1966) was born in the city Kuršėnai in Lithuania. [27] Educated in the Université libre de Bruxelles and University of Liège, he earned a doctorate in classical philology for his dissertation on the use of Greek and Latin loan words in the language of Jewish Rabbinical Literature (Chazal). [28] A Belgian citizen from 1926, he became a well-known Zionist leader and lawyer, serving as the editor of the Zionist biweekly התקווה (Hope) in French, publishing a Zionist Socialist magazine פאָלק און ארבעט (People and Work) in Yiddish, while taking active part in the Belgian socialist movement. When in Israel, Aryeh Kubovy served as the Israeli Ambassador to Czechoslovakia and Poland (1951-1952) and later to Argentina, Paraguay, and Chile (1953-1959). In 1959 he became the chairman of Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust Yad Vashem (יָד וַשֵׁם‎) in Jerusalem. [29] Michael's mother, the poet, author, and journalist Myriam Goldstein-Kubovy (1897-1992), was born in Antwerp. She was a leader of the Zionist movement in Belgium and later of the international Zionist organization Pioneer Women in the United States. [30]

Kubovy is married to the composer and sound artist Judith Shatin, who was William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor and Chair of McIntire Department of Music at the University of Virginia, [31] and who founded and directed the Virginia Center for Computer Music.

Kubovy's son from the first marriage (to Miri Kubovy [32] ) is the director, writer, and producer Itamar Kubovy (born 1967), who was the first Executive Creative Director of the American modern dance company Pilobolus. [33]

Awards and recognition

2018: Perceptual structures: A Festschrift for Michael Kubovy, 41st European Conference on Visual Perception [34]

2013: Paolo Bozzi prize in Ontology, Turin, Italy

2009: Resident scholar, Casa Zia Lina of the Swiss Thyll Foundation, the Island of Elba, Italy

2007: Member, International Franqui Prize Jury

2004: Residency, Rockefeller Foundation's Study & Conference Center, Bellagio, Italy

2003: The Wertheimer Lecture, Frankfurt, Germany

2003: The Kanizsa Lecture, Trieste, Italy

2001: Guggenheim Fellow, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation

1999: Irvin Rock Memorial Lecture, University of California at Berkeley

1998: James McKeen Cattell Fund Fellowship

1995: Elected Fellow, Society of Experimental Psychologists

1990: Senior Fellow, Commonwealth Center for Cultural and Literary Change, The University of Virginia

1989: Fellow, American Psychological Society

Selected publications

Articles on decision making

Healy, A. F., & Kubovy, M. (1978). The effects of payoffs and prior probabilities on indices of performance and cutoff location in recognition memory. Memory & Cognition, 6(5), 544-553.

Healy, A. F., & Kubovy, M. (1981). Probability matching and the formation of conservative decision rules in a numerical analog of signal detection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7(5), 344.

Kubovy, M., & Gilden, D. (1991). Apparent randomness is not always the complement of apparent order. In G. Lockhead & J. R. Pomerantz (Eds.), The Perception of Structure, 115–127. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Kubovy, M. & Healy, A. F. (1980). Process models of probabilistic categorization. In Wallsten, T. (Ed.) Cognitive processes in choice and decision behavior , 239–262. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Books and articles on perception and cognition

Kubovy, M. (1981). Concurrent pitch segregation and the theory of indispensable attributes.. In Kubovy, M. and Pomerantz, J. R., editors, Perceptual organization, pages 55–98. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, USA. [Kubovy, M. (2017). Concurrent-pitch segregation and the theory of indispensable attributes. In Perceptual organization (pp. 55–98). Routledge. (Reprint)]

Bertamini, M., & Kubovy, M (Eds.). (2006). Human Perception. Aldershot, Ashgate, UK.

Kubovy, M., Epstein, W., & Gepshtein, S. (2012). Visual perception: Theoretical and methodological foundations. In Healy, A. F. & Proctor, R. W. (Eds), Experimental Psychology, 87-119, Volume 4 in Weiner, I. B. (Editor-in-Chief) Handbook of Psychology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.

Van Valkenburg, D., & Kubovy, M. (2004). From Gibson's fire to Gestalts: A bridgebuilding theory of perceptual objecthood. In J. Neuhoff (Ed.), Ecological Psychoacoustics, 113–147. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Science.

Books and articles on art and experience

Kubovy, M. (1988). The Psychology of Perspective and Renaissance Art. Cambridge University Press.

Kubovy, M. (1999). On the pleasures of the mind. In Kahneman D, Diener E, Schwarz N, eds. Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 134-154.

Kubovy, M. (2015). The deep structure of lives. Philosophia Scientiæ. Travaux d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences, 19(3), 153-176.

Kubovy, M. (2020). Lives as collections of strands: an essay in descriptive psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(2), 497-515.

Kubovy, M. (2020). Neuroaesthetics: maladies and remedies. Art & Perception, 8(1), 1-26.

Yang, T., & Kubovy, M. (1999). Weakening the robustness of perspective: Evidence for a modified theory of compensation in picture perception. Perception & Psychophysics, 61(3), 456-467.

Articles on perceptual organization

Bertamini, M., Friedenberg, J. D., & Kubovy, M. (1997). Detection of symmetry and perceptual organization: The way a lock-and-key process works. Acta Psychologica, 95(2), 119-140.

Bianchi, I., Savardi, U., & Kubovy, M. (2011). Dimensions and their poles: A metric and topological approach to opposites. Language and Cognitive Processes, 26(8), 1232-1265.

Gepshtein, S., & Kubovy, M. (2000). The emergence of visual objects in space-time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(14), 8186-8191.

Gepshtein, S., & Kubovy, M. (2005). Stability and change in perception: spatial organization in temporal context. Experimental Brain Research, 160(4), 487-495.

Gepshtein, S., & Kubovy, M. (2007). The lawful perception of apparent motion. Journal of Vision, 7(8), 1-15.

Getz, L. M., & Kubovy, M. (2018). Questioning the automaticity of audiovisual correspondences. Cognition, 175, 101-108.

Kubovy, M. (1977). Response availability and the apparent spontaneity of numerical choices. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3(2), 359-364.

Kubovy, M. (1994). The perceptual organization of dot lattices. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1(2), 182-190.

Kubovy, M. (2014). Spatial Proximity and Similarity. In The Oxford Handbook of Computational Perceptual Organization. Edited by Gepshtein, S., Maloney L. T., and Singh, M.

Kubovy, M., Cutting, J. E., & McGuire, R. M. (1974). Hearing with the third ear: Dichotic perception of a melody without monaural familiarity cues. Science, 186(4160), 272-274.

Kubovy, M., & Gepshtein, S. (2003). Perceptual grouping in space and in space-time: An exercise in phenomenological psychophysics. In Behrmann M, Kimchi R, and Olson CR (Eds) Perceptual Organization in Vision: Behavioral and Neural Perspectives, 45-85. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, USA.

Kubovy, M., Holcombe, A. O., & Wagemans, J. (1998). On the lawfulness of grouping by proximity. Cognitive Psychology, 35(1), 71-98.

Kubovy, M., & Pomerantz, J. R. (1981). Perceptual Organization. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [Reprinted by Routledge in 2017 as Volume 16 in Psychology library editions: Perception . ]

Kubovy, M., & Schutz, M. (2010). Audio-visual objects. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 1(1), 41-61.

Kubovy, M., & Van Den Berg, M. (2008). The whole is equal to the sum of its parts: A probabilistic model of grouping by proximity and similarity in regular patterns. Psychological review, 115(1), 131.

Kubovy, M., & Van Valkenburg, D. (2001). Auditory and visual objects. Cognition, 80(1-2), 97-126.

Kubovy, M., & Wagemans, J. (1995). Grouping by proximity and multistability in dot lattices: A quantitative Gestalt theory. Psychological Science, 6(4), 225-234.

Pomerantz, J. R., & Kubovy, M. (1986). Theoretical approaches to perceptual organization: Simplicity and likelihood principles. In Boff, Kenneth R. (Ed); Kaufman, Lloyd (Ed); Thomas, James P. (Ed). (1986). Handbook of Perception and Human Performance, Vol. 2: Cognitive Processes and Performance.

Strother, L., & Kubovy, M. (2006). On the surprising salience of curvature in grouping by proximity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32(2), 226 -234.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philosophy of perception</span> Branch of philosophy

The philosophy of perception is concerned with the nature of perceptual experience and the status of perceptual data, in particular how they relate to beliefs about, or knowledge of, the world. Any explicit account of perception requires a commitment to one of a variety of ontological or metaphysical views. Philosophers distinguish internalist accounts, which assume that perceptions of objects, and knowledge or beliefs about them, are aspects of an individual's mind, and externalist accounts, which state that they constitute real aspects of the world external to the individual. The position of naïve realism—the 'everyday' impression of physical objects constituting what is perceived—is to some extent contradicted by the occurrence of perceptual illusions and hallucinations and the relativity of perceptual experience as well as certain insights in science. Realist conceptions include phenomenalism and direct and indirect realism. Anti-realist conceptions include idealism and skepticism. Recent philosophical work have expanded on the philosophical features of perception by going beyond the single paradigm of vision.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perception</span> Interpretation of sensory information

Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment. All perception involves signals that go through the nervous system, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sensory system. Vision involves light striking the retina of the eye; smell is mediated by odor molecules; and hearing involves pressure waves.

An illusion is a distortion of the senses, which can reveal how the mind normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation. Although illusions distort the human perception of reality, they are generally shared by most people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Optical illusion</span> Visually perceived images that differ from objective reality

In visual perception, an optical illusion is an illusion caused by the visual system and characterized by a visual percept that arguably appears to differ from reality. Illusions come in a wide variety; their categorization is difficult because the underlying cause is often not clear but a classification proposed by Richard Gregory is useful as an orientation. According to that, there are three main classes: physical, physiological, and cognitive illusions, and in each class there are four kinds: Ambiguities, distortions, paradoxes, and fictions. A classical example for a physical distortion would be the apparent bending of a stick half immerged in water; an example for a physiological paradox is the motion aftereffect. An example for a physiological fiction is an afterimage. Three typical cognitive distortions are the Ponzo, Poggendorff, and Müller-Lyer illusion. Physical illusions are caused by the physical environment, e.g. by the optical properties of water. Physiological illusions arise in the eye or the visual pathway, e.g. from the effects of excessive stimulation of a specific receptor type. Cognitive visual illusions are the result of unconscious inferences and are perhaps those most widely known.

Gestalt psychology, gestaltism, or configurationism is a school of psychology and a theory of perception that emphasises the processing of entire patterns and configurations, and not merely individual components. It emerged in the early twentieth century in Austria and Germany as a rejection of basic principles of Wilhelm Wundt's and Edward Titchener's elementalist and structuralist psychology.

Structural information theory (SIT) is a theory about human perception and in particular about visual perceptual organization, which is a neuro-cognitive process. It has been applied to a wide range of research topics, mostly in visual form perception but also in, for instance, visual ergonomics, data visualization, and music perception.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Figure–ground (perception)</span> Humans ability to separate foreground from background in visual images

Figure–ground organization is a type of perceptual grouping that is a vital necessity for recognizing objects through vision. In Gestalt psychology it is known as identifying a figure from the background. For example, black words on a printed paper are seen as the "figure", and the white sheet as the "background".

Multistable perception is a perceptual phenomenon in which an observer experiences an unpredictable sequence of spontaneous subjective changes. While usually associated with visual perception, multistable perception can also be experienced with auditory and olfactory percepts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roger Shepard</span> American psychologist (1929–2020)

Roger Newland Shepard was an American cognitive scientist and author of the "universal law of generalization" (1987). He was considered a father of research on spatial relations. He studied mental rotation, and was an inventor of non-metric multidimensional scaling, a method for representing certain kinds of statistical data in a graphical form that can be comprehended by humans. The optical illusion called Shepard tables and the auditory illusion called Shepard tones are named for him.

Music psychology, or the psychology of music, may be regarded as a branch of both psychology and musicology. It aims to explain and understand musical behaviour and experience, including the processes through which music is perceived, created, responded to, and incorporated into everyday life. Modern music psychology is primarily empirical; its knowledge tends to advance on the basis of interpretations of data collected by systematic observation of and interaction with human participants. Music psychology is a field of research with practical relevance for many areas, including music performance, composition, education, criticism, and therapy, as well as investigations of human attitude, skill, performance, intelligence, creativity, and social behavior.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Akiyoshi Kitaoka</span>

Akiyoshi Kitaoka is a Professor of Psychology at the College of Letters, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Albert Bregman</span> Canadian psychologist and academic (1936–2023)

Albert Stanley Bregman was a Canadian academic and researcher in experimental psychology, cognitive science, and Gestalt psychology, primarily in the perceptual organization of sound.

Guided imagery is a mind-body intervention by which a trained practitioner or teacher helps a participant or patient to evoke and generate mental images that simulate or recreate the sensory perception of sights, sounds, tastes, smells, movements, and images associated with touch, such as texture, temperature, and pressure, as well as imaginative or mental content that the participant or patient experiences as defying conventional sensory categories, and that may precipitate strong emotions or feelings in the absence of the stimuli to which correlating sensory receptors are receptive.

The Troland Research Awards are an annual prize given by the United States National Academy of Sciences to two researchers in recognition of psychological research on the relationship between consciousness and the physical world. The areas where these award funds are to be spent include but are not limited to areas of experimental psychology, the topics of sensation, perception, motivation, emotion, learning, memory, cognition, language, and action. The award preference is given to experimental work with a quantitative approach or experimental research seeking physiological explanations.

The theory of indispensable attributes (TIA) is a theory in the context of perceptual organisation which asks for the functional units and elementary features that are relevant for a perceptual system in the constitution of perceptual objects. Earlier versions of the theory emerged in the context of an application of research on vision to audition, and analogies between vision and audition were emphasised, whereas in more recent writings the necessity of a modality-general theory of perceptual organisation and objecthood is stressed.


In psychophysics, Korte's third law of apparent motion is an observation relating the phenomenon of apparent motion to the distance and duration between two successively presented stimuli.

In music cognition, melodic fission, is a phenomenon in which one line of pitches is heard as two or more separate melodic lines. This occurs when a phrase contains groups of pitches at two or more distinct registers or with two or more distinct timbres.

Rainer Mausfeld is a retired German professor of psychology at Kiel University. He did research on the psychology of perception, cognitive science, and the history of psychology. Since 2015, he has published on manipulation in media and politics and the transformation of representative democracy to neoliberal elite democracy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kurt Koffka</span> German psychologist and professor (1886–1941)

Kurt Koffka was a German psychologist and professor. He was born and educated in Berlin, Germany; he died in Northampton, Massachusetts, from coronary thrombosis. He was influenced by his maternal uncle, a biologist, to pursue science. He had many interests including visual perception, brain damage, sound localization, developmental psychology, and experimental psychology. He worked alongside Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Köhler to develop Gestalt psychology. Koffka had several publications including "The Growth of the Mind: An Introduction to Child Psychology" (1924) and "The Principles of Gestalt Psychology" (1935) which elaborated on his research.

Johan Wagemans is a Belgian experimental psychologist. He is a full professor at the KU Leuven in Leuven (Belgium). He directs a long-term Methusalem project that focuses upon the psychology and neuroscience of visual perception and most recently art perception.

References

  1. ↑ "Curriculum Vitae Published on The Open Scholar Platform of the University of Virginia" (PDF).
  2. ↑ "Resources on Gestalt Psychology and Perception".
  3. ↑ Silverstein, S. M.; Uhlhaas, P. J. (Summer 2004). "Gestalt Psychology: The Forgotten Paradigm in Abnormal Psychology". The American Journal of Psychology. 117 (2): 259–277. doi:10.2307/4149026. JSTOR   4149026. PMID   15209373.
  4. ↑ Gombrich, Ernst (2004). "Discussion: Additional Thoughts on Perspective".
  5. ↑ Carrier, David (1988). "Reviewed by David Carrier. Current Literature (1988)". Leonardo. 21 (1): 103–104. doi:10.2307/1578439. JSTOR   1578439.
  6. ↑ "Arjeh Kubovy, Head of Yad Vashem, dead; Was Israeli Career Diplomat". 18 May 1966.
  7. ↑ "Former Israel/Jordanian border - No man's land. Jerusalem Post".
  8. ↑ "APA PsycNet". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  9. ↑ Kubovy, Michael; Rapoport, Amnon; Tversky, Amos (1971-09-01). "Deterministic vs probabilistic strategies in detection". Perception & Psychophysics. 9 (5): 427–429. doi: 10.3758/BF03210245 . ISSN   1532-5962. S2CID   144102575.
  10. ↑ Kubovy, Michael (May 1977). "Cited in Kubovy, M. (1977). A possible basis for conservatism in signal detection and probabilistic categorization tasks. Perception & Psychophysics, 22(3), 277-281". Perception & Psychophysics. 22 (3): 277–281. doi: 10.3758/BF03199690 . S2CID   58940133.
  11. ↑ Donchin, E.; Kubovy, M.; Kutas, M.; Johnson, R.; Tterning, R. I. (1973-06-01). "Graded changes in evoked response (P300) amplitude as a function of cognitive activity". Perception & Psychophysics. 14 (2): 319–324. doi: 10.3758/BF03212398 . ISSN   1532-5962. S2CID   15891400.
  12. ↑ "Curriculum Vitae Published on The Open Scholar Platform of the University of Virginia" (PDF).
  13. ↑ "Curriculum Vitae Published on The Open Scholar Platform of the University of Virginia" (PDF).
  14. ↑ "Cognitive Psychology | Department of Psychology". psychology.as.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  15. ↑ Kubovy, Michael; Cutting, James E.; McGuire, Roderick McI (1974-10-18). "Hearing with the Third Ear: Dichotic Perception of a Melody without Monaural Familiarity Cues". Science. 186 (4160): 272–274. Bibcode:1974Sci...186..272K. doi:10.1126/science.186.4160.272. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   4413641. S2CID   8867839.
  16. ↑ Perceptual Organization (2017). Routledge. 31 March 2017. ISBN   978-1-315-51236-5.
  17. ↑ "Perceptual Organization by Michael Kubovy and James R Pomerantz".
  18. ↑ "Perceptual Organization". Routledge & CRC Press. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  19. ↑ "APA PsycNet". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  20. ↑ "The Psychology of Perspective and Renaissance Art | Animal behaviour". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  21. ↑ Yang, Tyrone; Kubovy, Michael (1999-04-01). "Weakening the robustness of perspective: Evidence for a modified theory of compensation in picture perception". Perception & Psychophysics. 61 (3): 456–467. doi: 10.3758/BF03211966 . ISSN   1532-5962. PMID   10334094. S2CID   8441142.
  22. ↑ GOMBRICH, E. H. (1993-12-01). "Discussion: Additional Thoughts on Perspective". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 51 (1): 69. doi:10.1111/1540_6245.jaac51.1.0069. ISSN   0021-8529.
  23. ↑ Edgerton, Samuel Y. Jr.; Gash, Anthony; Collinson, Patrick; Maclennan, George; Beaver, Harold; Gervais, David; Bann, Stephen; Punter, David; Harvey, Michael; Duchesne, Jean-Patrick (2012-06-01). "Reviews". Word & Image. 4 (3–4): 739–751. doi:10.1080/02666286.1988.10436212. ISSN   0266-6286.
  24. ↑ Carrier, David (1988). "The Psychology of Perspective and Renaissance Art by Michael Kubovy (review)". Leonardo. 21 (1): 103–104. doi:10.2307/1578439. ISSN   1530-9282. JSTOR   1578439.
  25. ↑ Kubovy, Michael (2015-10-30). "The Deep Structure of Lives". Philosophia Scientiæ. Travaux d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences (19–3): 153–176. doi: 10.4000/philosophiascientiae.1139 . ISSN   1281-2463.
  26. ↑ Kubovy, Michael (2015-10-30). "The Deep Structure of Lives". Philosophia Scientiæ. Travaux d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences (19–3): 153–176. doi: 10.4000/philosophiascientiae.1139 . ISSN   1281-2463.
  27. ↑ "Britannica. Aryeh Leon Kubovy".
  28. ↑ "Aryeh Kubovy Personal Collection".
  29. ↑ "Arjeh Kubovy, Head of Yad Vashem, dead; Was Israeli Career Diplomat". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 1966-05-18. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  30. ↑ "Pioneer Women in the United States". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  31. ↑ "Judith Shatin | Kennedy Center". www.kennedy-center.org. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  32. ↑ "Miri Kubovy | Hunter College". Hunter College |. 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  33. ↑ "Itamar Kubovy". kentpresents.org. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  34. ↑ "Perpectual structures". ecvp2018 (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-06-13.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.