Rockefeller disappeared during an expedition in the Asmat region of southwestern Dutch New Guinea, which is now a part of the Indonesian province of South Papua. In 2014, Carl Hoffman published a book that included details from the official inquest into the disappearance, in which villagers and tribal elders admitted to Rockefeller being killed and eaten after swimming to shore in 1961. Rockefeller's twin sister wrote in a memoir published in 2012 that she believes her brother drowned. No remains of Rockefeller or physical proof of his death have been discovered.
Following his military service, Rockefeller went on an expedition for Harvard's Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology to study the Dani tribe of western Dutch New Guinea. The expedition filmed Dead Birds, an ethnographic documentary film produced by Robert Gardner, for which Rockefeller was the sound recordist.[1] Rockefeller and a friend briefly left the expedition to study the Asmat tribe of southern Dutch New Guinea. After the expedition ended, Rockefeller returned to New Guinea to study the Asmat and collect their distinctive woodwork art.[1][2]
"It's the desire to do something adventurous," he explained, "at a time when frontiers, in the real sense of the word, are disappearing."
Rockefeller spent his time in New Guinea actively engaged with the culture and the art while recording ethnographic data. In one of his letters back home, he wrote:
I am having a thoroughly exhausting but most exciting time here ... The Asmat is like a huge puzzle with the variations in ceremony and art style forming the pieces. My trips are enabling me to comprehend (if only in a superficial, rudimentary manner) the nature of this puzzle ...[3]
On November 17, 1961, Rockefeller and Dutch anthropologist René Wassing were in a 40-foot (12m)dugout canoe about 3 nautical miles (6km; 3mi) from shore when their double pontoon boat was swamped and overturned.[4] Their two local guides swam for help, but it was slow in coming.[5] After drifting for some time, early on November 19,[1] Rockefeller said to Wassing: "I think I can make it." According to Wassing, Rockefeller created a float for himself out of a jerry can and the boat's gas tank, took a compass and knife, and set off for the shore between 7 and 8 a.m. on November 19. Wassing's last sight of him was about 30 minutes later: "I saw him in a straight line going towards shore until I just saw three dots: the two cans and his head".[6] The boat was an estimated 12nmi (22km; 14mi) from the shore when Rockefeller made the attempt to swim to safety, supporting the theory that he died from exposure, exhaustion or drowning.[5]
Wassing was rescued the next day, but Rockefeller was never seen again despite an intensive and lengthy search effort. According to Rockefeller's surviving twin Mary Morgan, who accompanied her father to South Papau to participate in the search for her brother, "The Dutch and Australian naval and air units had been sending out helicopters and boats to participate in the search, along with the local Dutch control officers. And many of the Asmat villagers were valiantly combing the small rivers in their canoes for some evidence of Michael".[7] At the time, his disappearance was major international news. His body was never found,[8] and he was declared legally dead in 1964.[9][10]
Mary Rockefeller Morgan wrote of her brother's disappearance:
Rumors and stories of Michael's having made it to shore—of his having been found, captured, and killed by headhunting Asmat villagers—have persisted for more than forty years. Even today, those conjectures fuel the imagination and help to line the pockets of storytellers, playwrights, filmmakers, and the high-adventure tourist trade. None of them have been substantiated by any concrete evidence. Since 1954 the Dutch government had enforced a ban forbidding tribal warfare and the resulting headhunting that would avenge the death of an important tribal figure. In 1961 we were told that tribal warfare and headhunting had not been eradicated but were rare. All the evidence, based on the strong offshore currents, the high seasonal tides, and the turbulent outgoing waters, as well as the calculations that Michael was approximately ten miles from shore when he began to swim, supports the prevailing theory that he drowned before he was able to reach land.
—When Grief Calls Forth the Healing: A Memoir of Losing a Twin by Mary Rockefeller Morgan [11]
Speculation
Location of Otsjanep, Asmat Regency, South Papau, Indonesia
It was originally reported that Rockefeller either drowned or was attacked by an animal, such as a shark or saltwater crocodile. However, because headhunting and cannibalism were still present in some areas of Asmat in 1961, and still are, there has also been speculation that Rockefeller may have been killed and eaten by tribespeople from the Asmat village of Otsjanep.[12] Two Dutch missionaries, who were fluent in local languages and who had been living in the area for years, accumulated a large amount of testimony from witnesses.[1] The account repeated by a number of villagers was that Rockefeller was pulled out of the water wearing underwear, and despite a dispute about whether or not he should be killed, he was non-fatally stabbed in the abdomen and later finished off somewhere along the Jawor River.[1] In December 1961, four locals told minister Hubertus von Peij that Rockefeller's remains and personal effects, including his head, long bones, ribs, shorts, and glasses, had been divided amongst 15 Asmats.[1] Von Peij and missionary Cornelius van Kessel both wrote the same regional supervisor, repeating nearly identical accounts with myriad supporting details from residents of four separate villages in the vicinity.[1] Both ministers expressed a very high degree of certainty that Rockefeller had been killed by local warriors.[1] The motive for killing him was revenge for the killing of five Otsjanep residents, Faratsjam, Osom, Akon, Samut, and Ipi, by Dutch colonial soldiers under administrator Max Lapré, who opened fire on the villagers in January 1958.[1] The first public report that Rockefeller was killed and dismembered, and his long bones turned into weapons and fishing equipment, was published by the Associated Press in March 1962.[1] A second investigation later that year by a patrolman named Wim van de Waal on behalf of Dutch colonial government came to the same conclusion.[1] Van de Waal was given a "skull bearing no lower jaw and a hole in the right temple—the hallmarks of remains that had been headhunted and opened to consume the brains" which he turned over to Dutch authorities, who never asked him to write a written report and never asked him to verbally report his conclusion. The information was apparently deemed politically sensitive, in part because of the fragile state of the Dutch empire in the Indonesian archipelago and in part because of Nelson Rockefeller's political celebrity in the United States.[1] The findings of Van der Waal's investigation are restated in the written memoir of Anton van de Wouw, a successor missionary to van Kessel.[1]
In 1969, journalist Milt Machlin traveled to the island to investigate Rockefeller's disappearance. He dismissed reports of Rockefeller living as a captive or as a Kurtz-like figure in the jungle, but concluded that circumstantial evidence supported the idea that he had been killed.[13] Neither cannibalism nor headhunting in Asmat were indiscriminate, but rather were part of an eye-for-an-eye revenge cycle, so it is possible that Rockefeller found himself the victim of such a cycle.[14] Under the Asmat belief system, several of the killers, named Fin, Ajim, Pep, Jane, Samut, would have had "sacred obligation to avenge the deaths of the men killed by Lepré".[1]
Author Paul Toohey, in his book Rocky Goes West, claims that Rockefeller's mother hired a private investigator in 1979 to go to New Guinea and try to solve his disappearance. The reliability of this story has been questioned, but Toohey claims that the private investigator swapped a boat engine for the skulls of the three men that a tribe claimed were the only white men they had ever killed. The investigator returned to New York and handed these skulls to the family, convinced that one of them was the skull of Rockefeller. If this event did actually occur, the family has never commented on it. However, the History Channel program Vanishings reported that Rockefeller's mother did pay a $250,000 reward to the private investigator, which was offered for final proof of whether Rockefeller was alive or dead.[15]
In the documentary film Keep the River on Your Right, Tobias Schneebaum states that he spoke with some Asmat villagers at Otsjanep, who described finding Rockefeller on the riverside and eating him.[16]
2014 book on his disappearance
In 2014, Carl Hoffman published the book Savage Harvest: A Tale of Cannibals, Colonialism, and Michael Rockefeller's Tragic Quest for Primitive Art, in which he discusses researching Rockefeller's disappearance and presumed death.[17] During multiple visits to the villages in the area, Hoffman heard several stories about men from Otsjanep killing Rockefeller after he had swum to shore. The stories, which were similar to testimonials collected in the 1960s, center around a handful of men arguing and eventually deciding to kill Rockefeller in revenge for the 1958 incident.[1] Soon afterward, the villages were swept by a cholera epidemic, leading the villagers to believe that it was retribution for Rockefeller's death. As Hoffman left one of the villages for the final time, he witnessed a man acting out a scene wherein someone was killed, and he stopped to videotape it.[18] When translated, the man was quoted as saying:
Don't you tell this story to any other man or any other village, because this story is only for us. Don't speak. Don't speak and tell the story. I hope you remember it and you must keep this for us. I hope. I hope. This is for you and you only. Don't talk to anyone, forever; to other people or another village. If people question you, don't answer. Don't talk to them, because this story is only for you. If you tell it to them, you'll die. I am afraid you will die. You'll be dead; your people will be dead, if you tell this story. You keep this story in your house; to yourself, I hope, forever. Forever.[18]
Asmat artifacts and photographs
Many of the Asmat artifacts Rockefeller collected are part of the Michael C. Rockefeller Wing collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.[1] The Peabody Museum has published the catalogue of an exhibition of pictures taken by Rockefeller during their New Guinea expedition.[19]
Memorial
There is a memorial stained glass window for Michael Rockefeller, designed by the artist Marc Chagall, installed at Union Church of Pocantico Hills.[20] Rockefeller's twin Mary became a therapist in later life and following 9/11 led a bereavement support group for survivors who had lost their twins in the 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, D.C.[21]
In popular culture
The 1973 National Lampoon Comics compilation contained the story "New Guinea Pig", originally published in the July 1972 issue, which focused on Rockefeller's disappearance as being a ruse, so he could kill all the black people in New Guinea and his family could steal their resources.[22]
Rockefeller's disappearance was the subject of episode 30 of In Search of ..., which originally aired January 21, 1978.
The band Guadalcanal Diary wrote a song about Rockefeller's disappearance called "Michael Rockefeller". The song appeared on their 1986 album Jamboree.
In the travel adventure book Ring of Fire: An Indonesian Odyssey, the Blair brothers claim to have discussed Rockefeller's death with a tribesman who killed him.[23]
Christopher Stokes's short story "The Man Who Ate Michael Rockefeller", published in the 23rd issue of McSweeney's Quarterly Concern (Spring 2007), presents a fictional account of young Michael's demise.
The 2004 novel King of America by Samantha Gillison is loosely based on the life of Michael Rockefeller.[24]
The 2007 film Welcome to the Jungle deals with two young couples who venture after Michael Rockefeller (thinking they can make a lot of money if they find evidence of Rockefeller), but meet grisly demises.
Jeff Cohen's play The Man Who Ate Michael Rockefeller, based on the short story by Christopher Stokes, had its world premiere in an Off Broadway production at the West End Theatre in New York. The play, a Critics Pick in The New York Times and Time Out New York, was directed by Alfred Preisser, and ran from September 10 to October 3, 2010.[25] Producer Elizabeth McCann was planning to bring the play to Broadway when Michael's surviving twin sister, Mary Rockefeller, objected and those plans were scuttled.
In 2011, Agamemnon Films released a documentary titled The Search for Michael Rockefeller, based on journalist Milt Machlin's book of the same name released in 1974.[26] In his book, Carl Hoffman characterized Machlin's early book as "mostly the tale of a wild-goose chase", but still important in laying the groundwork for questioning official stories of Rockefeller's disappearance.[27] The film introduces a third theory, that Rockefeller survived and was living among the locals. This theory is supported by a verbal claim of contact made by a mysterious Australian adventurer, plus a few frames of film footage showing a bearded white man among indigenous men, wearing local garb.
In 2012, Michael's surviving twin sister Mary published a memoir, titled Beginning with the End: A Memoir of Twin Loss and Healing, about coping with her grief after the death of her brother.[28] The book was issued in paperback in 2014 as When Grief Calls Forth the Healing.
In their 2013 album The Devil Herself, band Megan Jean and the KFB features the song Tobias which features the lyrics "We lived amongst the tribe that ate Rockefeller / Out in Papua New Guinea I’d give you the skinny / Get eaten if I tell ya".[29]
The chorus of Jenny Lewis's song "Hollywood Lawn" off her 2019 album On the Line features the lyrics "I'm long lost like Rockefeller / drifting off to sea."
Headhunting is the practice of hunting a human and collecting the severed head after killing the victim, although sometimes more portable body parts are taken instead as trophies. Headhunting was practiced in historic times in parts of Europe, East Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Mesoamerica, South America, West Africa, and Central Africa.
The Korowai, also called the Kolufo, live in southeastern Papua in the Indonesian provinces of South Papua and Highland Papua. Their tribal area is split by the borders of Boven Digoel Regency, Mappi Regency, Asmat Regency, and Yahukimo Regency. They number about 4000 to 4400 people.
The Dani are an ethnic group from the Central Highlands of Western New Guinea in Baliem Valley, Highland Papua, Indonesia. Around 100,000 people live in the Baliem Valley, consisting of representatives of the Dani tribes in the lower and upper parts of the valley each 20,000 and 50,000 in the middle part. The areas west of the Baliem Valley are inhabited by approx 180,000, representatives of the Lani people, incorrectly called "Western Dani". All inhabitants of Baliem Valley and the surrounding areas are often called Dani hence they are also sometimes conflated with other highland tribes such as Lani in the west; Walak in the north; Nduga, Mek, and Yali in the south and east.
Mary Todhunter Clark Rockefeller was the first wife of Nelson A. Rockefeller, the 49th governor of New York and the 41st vice president of the United States. She served as the first lady of New York from 1959 until the Rockefellers' divorce in March 1962. After their divorce, Nelson Rockefeller remained governor and would later become the 41st vice president of the United States, serving under President Gerald Ford.
Tobias Schneebaum was an American artist, anthropologist, and AIDS activist. He is best known for his experiences living and traveling among the Harakmbut people of Peru, and the Asmat people of Papua, Indonesia.
A Bisj, Mbis or Bis pole is a ritual artifact created and used by the Asmat people of South-western New Guinea, Indonesia. They are also common in New Zealand, Vanuatu.
The Asmat are an ethnic group of New Guinea, residing in the province of South Papua, Indonesia. The Asmat inhabit a region on the island's southwestern coast bordering the Arafura Sea, with lands totaling approximately 18,000 km2 (7,336 mi2) and consisting of mangrove, tidal swamp, freshwater swamp, and lowland rainforest.
The Lowell D. Holmes Museum of Anthropology began in 1966 as the Museum of Man, at the bequest and initiation of Dr. Lowell Holmes, Professor of Anthropology at Wichita State University in Wichita, Kansas, United States. Over the next 33 years it grew slowly and became known throughout the campus as a small but interesting museum. The collections and exhibitions include cultural items from around the world and archaeological objects predominantly from the American Midwest and Southwest. In 1999, the anthropology department and the museum moved to a new location in Neff Hall. The museum was expanded and Mr. Jerry Martin was hired as Director. This was the first time that the museum had a professional director whose only job was to work with, and develop the museum.
Sky Above and Mud Beneath, also released as The Sky Above –The Mud Below, is a 1961 French documentary film. It won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and was entered into the 1961 Cannes Film Festival.
The Papuans are one of four major cultural groups of Papua New Guinea. The majority of the population lives in rural areas. In isolated areas there remains a handful of the giant communal structures that previously housed the whole male population, with a circling cluster of huts for the women. The Papuan people are Melanesian people composed of at least 240 different peoples, each with its own language and culture. Sago is the staple food of the Papuan supplemented with hunting, fishing and small gardens.
Carl Hoffman is an American journalist and the author of five books of narrative non-fiction.
Robert Goldwater was an American art historian, African arts scholar and the first director of the Museum of Primitive Art, New York, from 1957 to 1973. He was married to the French artist and sculptor Louise Bourgeois.
Welcome to the Jungle is a 2007 American found footage docufiction horror film directed by Jonathan Hensleigh and starring Sandy Gardiner, Callard Harris, Nickolas Richey and Veronica Sywak. A stylistic homage to the highly controversial cult horror film Cannibal Holocaust, the film follows a group of ambitious reporters who run afoul of a bloodthirsty native tribe.
Alphonsus Augustus Sowada was an American Roman Catholic bishop, cultural anthropologist, and first Bishop of Agats in Indonesia. A longtime collector and preserver of Asmat cultural artifacts, he helped found both the Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress in Agats, and the American Museum of Asmat Art in his home state of Minnesota.
Agats is a town in Asmat Regency, South Papua, Indonesia. An elevated settlement on a tidal plain, a Dutch outpost was set up in Agats in 1938 and the town became notable for the cultural practices of the Asmat people. Following the formation of Asmat Regency in 2002, the town became its administrative seat.
Milt Machlin was an American journalist, author and adventurer. He helped popularize the phrases "Bermuda Triangle" and "Abominable Snowman" and led an expedition to attempt to find Michael Rockefeller, who disappeared in New Guinea in 1961.
The American Museum of Asmat Art is a gallery exhibiting the art and culture of the Asmat people of southwestern Papua, Indonesia, housed at the University of St. Thomas in St. Paul, Minnesota. Featuring more than 2,200 objects, it is one of the largest of its kind in the United States. Asmat art is widely collected in major Western museums despite the difficulty in visiting the remote region to collect work; the "exceptionally expressive" art "caused a sensation in art-collecting circles" which led to large-scale collecting expeditions in the post-WWII era, according to art scholar and ethnology Dirk A.M. Smidt. The gallery includes a permanent display of Asmat works such as ancestor poles (bis) and canoes, and a rotating exhibition highlighting aspects of Asmat art and culture. Much of the collection is accessible through the museum's online database.
Otsjanep or Ocenep is a village in Asmat Regency, South Papua, Indonesia. The village is located on the bank of the Ewta river at the far north end of Indonesia's Casuarina Coast, named for its casuarina trees but now disappearing due to logging. Otsjanep is renowned for its wood carving. The locals continue to wear traditional clothes, but the village has a modern missionary church and – unusual in this area – grass lawns. It is part of a larger settlement consisting of Isar, Pirien, Kayarpis, and Bakyor in Fayit District. In his 2014 book "Savage Harvest," author Carl Hoffman presented evidence that Michael Rockefeller, son of U.S. Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, was killed and eaten by people from Otsjanep.
South Papua, officially the South Papua Province, is an Indonesian province located in the southern portion of Papua, following the borders of the Papuan customary region of Anim Ha. Formally established on 11 November 2022 and including the four most southern regencies that were previously part of the province of Papua and before 11 December 2002 had comprised a larger Merauke Regency, it covers a land area of 129,715.02 km2, about the same area as Pennsylvania. This area had a population of 513,617 at the 2020 Census, while the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 537,973, making it the least populous province in Indonesia.
↑ Excerpt from a letter from Michael Rockefeller, November 13, 1961 Gerbrands, A. A., Ed. (1967). The Asmat of New Guinea: The Michael C. Rockefeller Expeditions 1961. New York, NY: The New York Graphic Society
Morgan, Mary Rockefeller (2014). When Grief Calls Forth the Healing: A Memoir of Losing a Twin. New York: Open Road. ISBN978-1-4976-5208-8.
Further reading
Hoffman, Carl (2014). Savage Harvest: A Tale of Cannibals, Colonialism, and Michael Rockefeller's Tragic Quest for Primitive Art. New York: William Morrow, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN9780062116154. LCCN2015452225.
children of John Davison Rockefeller III children of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller children of Laurance Spelman Rockefeller children of Winthrop Rockefeller children of David Rockefeller children of Godfrey Stillman Rockefeller
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
