Michelle Kosilek

Last updated

Michelle Lynne Kosilek
Born(1949-04-10)April 10, 1949
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Known forLawsuits to obtain treatment for gender dysphoria, while in prison
Criminal statusIncarcarated
SpouseCheryl McCaul (m. 1983; died 1990)
Conviction(s) Murder
Criminal penalty Life imprisonment without parole
Imprisoned at Massachusetts Correctional Institution at Norfolk

Michelle Lynne Kosilek (born April 10, 1949) is an American convicted murderer. Kosilek was convicted of the 1990 murder of wife Cheryl McCaul and sentenced to life in prison. While incarcerated, Kosilek has become controversially known for repeatedly suing the Massachusetts Department of Correction (MDOC) for not providing medical treatment for her gender dysphoria in the form of vaginoplasty.

Contents

Early life

Kosilek was born in Chicago, Illinois. In 1952, Kosilek and her older sister were abandoned by their alcoholic mother, while their father was serving a lengthy prison sentence for mail fraud. The siblings were raised in an orphanage run by the Catholic Church at St. Hedwig’s Parish, where Kosilek was reportedly punished by staff for cross-dressing. Their mother returned to take them back in 1949, from which point on, starting at age ten, Kosilek was repeatedly raped by her maternal grandfather and began abusing alcohol. On one occasion, Kosilek showed her breasts, which were swollen due to gynecomastia, to her mother. Her stepfather became infuriated by this, broke a window in a rage and stabbed Kosilek with a broken piece of glass before her mother beat him with a frying pan. [1] She eventually ran away from home as a teenager, simultaneously dropping out of high school. While living on the streets, Kosilek developed an addiction to heroin and resorted to earning money by committing burglary, shoplifting, and engaging in child prostitution. [2] [3] As a young adult, she worked several jobs, including as a dishwasher, a truck driver, a garbage collector, a construction worker, a furniture restorer, a warehouse manager, a packer at a condiment factory and a school bus driver. as well as a private in the U.S. Army, before being discharged for going AWOL and cross-dressing. [1] [3]

Transgender identity

According to Kosilek, while she had experienced dysphoria since she was three, she developed the desire to transition after seeing a magazine featuring Christine Jorgensen, the first American to undergo gender-affirming surgery.

From 1967 to 1968, starting when Kosilek was about 18 years old, a doctor allegedly exploited Kosilek's difficulty in obtaining medical treatment for her gender dysphoria by providing hormone therapy for Kosilek in exchange for sex. [4] Kosilek later said that, while she was on hormone therapy, she "felt normal" for the first time in her life. Kosilek also took hormones for several months in 1971 and 1972, but abruptly stopped each time, first after she was gang raped by fellow inmates while serving time for drug possession and robbery, and the second time when she was assaulted at a gay bar by two patrons, who disagreed with her plans to transition to female. [2] [3]

Relationship with Cheryl McCaul

After relapsing into drug abuse, Kosilek entered a drug rehabilitation facility for addiction treatment in 1983, [5] where Kosilek met Cheryl McCaul, who was working there as a volunteer counselor. McCaul was a divorcee with two children and believed that if she were to marry Kosilek, that Kosilek would identify as a man; Kosilek recalled McCaul saying that all Kosilek needed was "a good woman". [3] [4] [6] [7] They were married in 1984, but Kosilek's female gender identity did not change. [3] Kosilek later commented that she believes that she had been "seduced" by McCaul.

Murder of Cheryl McCaul

Kosilek murdered McCaul in May, 1990. On the day of the murder, McCaul had returned home to the couple's condominium in Mansfield, Massachusetts, and discovered Kosilek wearing McCaul's clothing. Kosilek claimed that the female clothing of Kosilek stirred McCaul with transphobic rage, leading McCaul to throw boiling tea at Kosilek's face, causing Kosilek to knock McCaul down. Kosilek said that McCaul then grabbed a butcher's knife and chased Kosilek into another room, threatening to kill her. Kosilek said she picked up a piece of wire that had been on a table, and that the next thing he remembered was awakening, days later, in the psychiatric unit of a hospital. Kosilek gave a series of recorded interviews to a reporter in October 1992. Kosilek stated that she "probably, because of the trauma of it ... went into a blackout at that moment." while committing the murder, adding: "Apparently, I did take her life. It was probably in self-defense". [8] McCaul was 36 years old when she died.

Discovery of the body

On May 20, 1990, Cheryl McCaul's body was discovered in the back seat of her car. Her car was found in the parking lot of the Emerald Square Mall in North Attleborough, after the mall had closed for the night. McCaul's body was nude, and she had died by strangulation. Kosilek had strangled her with a rope and with a piece of piano wire, pulling so tightly that McCaul was nearly decapitated.

Investigation and arrest

That evening, Kosilek called the North Attleborough police department, stated that wife Cheryl had not come home that evening, and asked whether there had been any report of a car accident in which she might have been involved. The police told Kosilek that they had found Cheryl's car, and they asked Kosilek to come to the police station. Kosilek agreed, requesting that an officer pick her up.

Kosilek was twice taken in for questioning, once that day, and once on Monday, May 21. During this second visit, the police informed Kosilek that she was a suspect in the murder, and that they, the police, had spoken with Kosilek's son. Kosilek informed the police that she was going to get a lawyer, and left.

Later that evening, on May 22, 1990, shortly after midnight, Kosilek crashed her car in Bedford. Police observed Kosilek in the driver's seat, dressed in women's clothing, having crashed into a stop sign and some bushes. The officer administered field sobriety tests, determined that Kosilek was not intoxicated, and called her a cab. On May 24, while being stopped for speeding, Kosilek asked the officer for psychiatric services, and was transported to the psychiatric unit of a New York hospital, and subsequently was brought back to Massachusetts by the Massachusetts State Police.

Trial and conviction

Kosilek was indicted for murder on May 30, 1990. After unsuccessfully contesting her extradition from New York where she had been apprehended, [9] she pleaded not guilty on October 3 and was ordered held without bail. [10] In November 1992, while awaiting trial, she ran a write-in campaign for the office of Bristol County Sheriff after unsuccessfully suing the current sheriff for violations of her civil rights by "the denial of medically prescribed treatment for ... gender dysphoria." [11] Also while awaiting trial, she took female hormones in the form of birth control pills, twice attempted suicide, and once attempted self-castration. [12]

The trial began on January 14, 1993, with jury selection at which no potential juror expressed any difficulty with the judge's statement that "the defendant is physically a male but may emotionally and psychologically be a female, and will be wearing what may be described as female clothing and may exhibit mannerisms and behavior considered to be female or that he may be referred to by female pronouns." [11] At trial, Kosilek's attorney did not dispute that Kosilek strangled McCaul, but said Kosilek had no memory of the events because of a four-day blackout that began shortly before the killing. She said: "My client [Kosilek] now believes, though [Kosilek] has no memory of this, that [Kosilek] must have been the one to use that wire in self defense." The prosecution described how Kosilek hid McCaul's body, tried to disguise McCaul's death as "a sex crime", and fled to New York. [13]

During the court proceedings, a cab driver testified that he had picked up Kosilek from that same mall, on that same afternoon, and had driven her to a store located about half a mile from her house in Mansfield.

Kosilek's step-son, Timothy, who was 15 years old at the time of the murder, testified that that evening, Kosilek had cooked steak for their dinner, and that they had talked about everyday things. Timothy also stated that Kosilek shaved off her beard on the day of the killing, the first time she had done so in at least a year. [14]

For the murder of McCaul, Kosilek was convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.

On appeal, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled on August 8, 1996, that the trial judge's errors were insufficient to overturn the conviction. [15]

Incarceration and medical lawsuits

Kosilek is incarcerated in Framingham, Massachusetts, at the Massachusetts Correctional Institution at Framingham, a medium security female prison. Kosilek has been diagnosed with gender dysphoria and identifies as female. [16] While in prison, Kosilek has presented herself as a woman, as one court decision later said, "to the maximum extent possible", and had her first and middle names legally changed to Michelle Lynne. [17]

Lawsuits

Sex reassignment surgery

In May 2006, Kosilek sued the DOC, arguing that its refusal to provide sex reassignment surgery constituted "cruel and unusual punishment" under the Eighth Amendment. [18]

On September 4, 2012, U.S. District Judge Mark Wolf ruled that the MDOC had violated Kosilek's constitutional rights by denying sex reassignment surgery, noting that former Corrections Commissioner Kathleen Dennehy had engaged in "pretense, pretext, and prevarication" to deny the treatment. He wrote that Dennehy had "testified untruthfully on many matters" while supporting legislation to prevent him from providing sex reassignment surgery to inmates. [21] Wolf ordered the DOC to provide Kosilek with the surgery. [22] [23] In October 2012, Judge Wolf ordered the DOC to hire an independent expert to determine whether electrolysis was a necessary part of Kosilek's treatment for gender dysphoria. [24] Judge Wolf announced in December that, pending the outcome of the case on appeal, he was prepared to require the state to reimburse Koselek's attorneys for their work on the case, estimated at more than $700,000. Kosilek's attorneys offered to forgo that payment if the state would cover the cost of Kosilek's surgery and forgo its appeal. [25] [26]

Representative Barney Frank supported the decision of Governor Deval Patrick to appeal Wolf's decision. He said "I think it should be clear he has a right to present himself as a woman, and that should be honored by the prison system" but he thought that Kosilek's advocates were wrong to describe his case "as a general trans[gender rights] issue". [27] U.S. Senator Scott Brown and his 2012 election opponent Elizabeth Warren both objected to the use of "taxpayer dollars" for Kosilek's surgery. [28] [29] Relatives of Cheryl McCaul objected to the court-ordered surgery and one cousin suggested it would lead someone unable to afford such surgery to commit murder in order to receive it at government expense. [30] [31]

In 2006, the editors of the Boston Globe had opposed Kosilek's surgery because "[p]rivate insurers rarely pay for sex-change operations" and "hormone treatment and expert therapy" are "sufficient". [32] In 2012, the Globe said that Wolf's decision made a persuasive case that the surgery was "medically necessary, not an elective procedure", however "distasteful". The paper had also stopped deadnaming Kosilek by her birth name "Robert" and adopted feminine pronouns. [33] An editorial in the Los Angeles Times noted that cost was not the issue, since the cost of the surgery would be offset by the lesser expense of housing Kosilek in a women's prison and avoid the costs associated with Kosilek's attacks on his own body. It nevertheless thought that sex reassignment surgery was "medical attention that is above and beyond the community standard of care", noting that private insurance companies and Medicare do not cover it. It offered the "generally recognized standard of insurance coverage" as the standard to be used in providing medical services to the incarcerated. [34]

The DOC appealed Wolf's decision about sex reassignment surgery, Kosilek v. Spencer, to the First Circuit Court of Appeals, which heard arguments on April 2, 2013. [35] On January 17, 2014, a three-judge panel of that Court ruled 2–1 for Kosilek. The majority, Judges O. Rogeriee Thompson and William J. Kayatta, Jr., said that Kosilek's Eighth Amendment rights included "receiving medically necessary treatment ... even if that treatment strikes some as odd or unorthodox". In dissent Judge Juan R. Torruella said that denying the medical care in question did not violate Kosilek's Eighth Amendment rights because it did not "fall below society's minimum standards of decency" and "illustrate{d} neither an intent to harm nor the obstinate and unwarranted application of clearly imprudent care". [36] [37] However, the full First Circuit Court ruled against Kosilek 3–2 in December 2014. [38] Later, in 2015, the Supreme Court chose not to hear the appeal, and by doing so rejected Kosilek's request for sex reassignment surgery. [39]

Personal life

In January 2012, Kosilek self-published an autobiography while serving time in prison, Grace's Daughter. [40]

See also

Related Research Articles

The legal status of transgender people varies greatly around the world. Some countries have enacted laws protecting the rights of transgender individuals, but others have criminalized their gender identity or expression. In many cases, transgender individuals face discrimination in employment, housing, healthcare, and other areas of life.

Gender dysphoria (GD) is the distress a person experiences due to a mismatch between their gender identity—their personal sense of their own gender—and their sex assigned at birth. The term replaced the previous diagnostic label of gender identity disorder (GID) in 2013 with the release of the diagnostic manual DSM-5. The condition was renamed to remove the stigma associated with the term disorder.

Gender-affirming surgery is a surgical procedure, or series of procedures, that alters a person's physical appearance and sexual characteristics to resemble those associated with their identified gender. The phrase is most often associated with transgender health care and intersex medical interventions, although many such treatments are also pursued by cisgender and non-intersex individuals. It is also known as sex reassignment surgery, gender confirmation surgery, and several other names.

The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), formerly the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association (HBIGDA), is a professional organization devoted to the understanding and treatment of gender identity and gender dysphoria, and creating standardized treatment for transgender and gender variant people. WPATH was founded in 1979 and named HBIGDA in honor of Harry Benjamin during a period where there was no clinical consensus on how and when to provide gender-affirming care. WPATH is mostly known for the Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People (SOC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transgender rights in Iran</span>

Transgender rights in Iran are limited, with a narrow degree of official recognition of transgender identities by the government, but with trans individuals facing very high levels of discrimination, from the law, the state, and from the wider society.

<i>ODonnabhain v. Commissioner</i> Case decided by the United States Tax Court

O'Donnabhain v. Commissioner 134 T.C. 34 (2010) is a case decided by the United States Tax Court. The issue for the court was whether a taxpayer who has been diagnosed with gender identity disorder can deduct sex reassignment surgery costs as necessary medical expenses under 26 U.S.C. § 213. The IRS argued that such surgery is cosmetic and not medically necessary. On Feb 2, 2010 the court ruled that O'Donnabhain should be allowed to deduct the costs of her treatment for gender-identity disorder, including sex-reassignment surgery and hormone treatments. In its decision, the court found the IRS position was "at best a superficial characterization of the circumstances" that is "thoroughly rebutted by the medical evidence".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT people in prison</span> Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer people in prison

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people face difficulties in prison such as increased vulnerability to sexual assault, other kinds of violence, and trouble accessing necessary medical care. While much of the available data on LGBTQ inmates comes from the United States, Amnesty International maintains records of known incidents internationally in which LGBTQ prisoners and those perceived to be lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender have suffered torture, ill-treatment and violence at the hands of fellow inmates as well as prison officials.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lydia Foy</span> Irish transgender activist

Lydia Annice Foy is an Irish trans woman notable for leading legal challenges regarding gender recognition in Ireland. In 1992, Foy had sex reassignment surgery, and began a 20-year battle to have her birth certificate reflect her gender identity. In 2007, the Irish High Court ruled that the relevant portions of the law of the Republic of Ireland were incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights, but by February 2013 the law had not been changed and she began new legal proceedings to enforce the 2007 decision. As of 15 July 2015, Ireland has passed the Gender Recognition Bill 2014.

Littleton v. Prange, 9 S.W.3d 223 (1999), is a 1999 lawsuit that voided a marriage where one of the individuals was a transgender woman, Christie Lee Littleton. The Fourth Court of Appeals of Texas ruled that, for purposes of Texas law, Littleton is male, and that her marriage to a man was therefore invalid. Texas law did not recognize same-sex marriage at the time of the ruling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark L. Wolf</span> American judge (born 1946)

Mark Lawrence Wolf is a Senior Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts and founder and chair of Integrity Initiatives International.

In the United States, the rights of transgender people vary considerably by jurisdiction. In recent decades, there has been an expansion of federal, state, and local laws and rulings to protect transgender Americans; however, many rights remain unprotected, and some rights are being eroded. Since 2020, there has been a national movement by conservative/right-wing politicians and organizations to target transgender rights. There has been a steady increase in the number of anti-transgender bills introduced each year, especially in Republican-led states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jon S. Tigar</span> American judge (born 1962)

Jon Steven Tigar is an American lawyer serving as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. He was previously a California state court judge on the Alameda County Superior Court from 2002 to 2013.

<i>W v Registrar of Marriages</i>

W v Registrar of Marriages [2013] HKCFA 39; FACV 4/2012 is a landmark court case for LGBTQ rights in Hong Kong. In a 4:1 decision, the Court of Final Appeal gave transgender people the right to marry as their affirmed gender rather than their assigned gender at birth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transgender people and military service</span>

Not all armed forces have policies explicitly permitting LGBT personnel. Generally speaking, Western European militaries show a greater tendency toward inclusion of LGBT individuals. As of 2022, more than 30 countries allow transgender military personnel to serve openly, such as Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United States. Cuba and Thailand reportedly allowed transgender service in a limited capacity.

<i>Kavanagh v Canada</i> (Attorney General) 1993–2001 legal case in Canada

Synthia Kavanagh is a transgender inmate serving time for second degree murder in Canada, who filed a human rights complaint on the basis of three claimed discriminatory actions. It was argued that Kavanagh's incarceration in a male prison, her deprival of the hormone therapies that she had previously been taking, and the lack of surgical sex-reassignment options that were available to her all constituted violations of section 5 of the Canadian Human Rights Act. Ultimately the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal ruled that incarcerating Kavanagh in a male prison and barring her from seeking sex reassignment surgery violated her fundamental rights and freedoms.

Transgender rights in Australia have legal protection under federal and state/territory laws, but the requirements for gender recognition vary depending on the jurisdiction. For example, birth certificates, recognised details certificates, and driver licences are regulated by the states and territories, while Medicare and passports are matters for the Commonwealth.

The legal and regulatory history of transgender and transsexual people in the United States begins in the 1960s. Such legislation covers federal, state, municipal, and local levels, as well as military justice. It reflects broader societal attitudes which have shifted significantly over time and have impacted legislative and judicial outcomes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transgender personnel in the United States military</span>

Transgender people have served or sought to serve in the United States military. The subject began to engender some political controversy starting with transgender service members being banned in 1960 and possibly earlier. This controversy came to a head in the 2010s and was subjected to relatively rapid changes for the next few years. As of 2021, transgender individuals are expressly permitted to serve openly as their identified gender. A brief timeline is as follows:

Bárbara "Soraya" Santiago Solla was a pioneer of the transgender community in Puerto Rico as well as the first person in Puerto Rico to change the gender designation on their birth certificate following gender reassignment surgery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arkansas House Bill 1570 (2021)</span> 2021 Arkansas state law

Arkansas House Bill 1570, also known as the Save Adolescents From Experimentation (SAFE) Act or Act 626, is a 2021 law in the state of Arkansas that bans gender-affirming medical procedures for transgender people under 18, including puberty blockers, hormone therapy, and sex reassignment surgery. The law also bans the use of public funds for and prohibits insurance from covering gender transition procedures, while doctors who provide treatment in violation of the ban can be sued for damages or professionally sanctioned. The measure makes Arkansas the first U.S. state to make gender-affirming medical care illegal.

References

  1. 1 2 Lopata, James (March 1, 2014). "Michelle Kosilek Speaks to Boston Spirit Magazine | Boston Spirit Magazine" . Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  2. 1 2 "Kosilek v. Maloney, 221 F. Supp. 2d 156". CourtListener. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Penn, Nathaniel (October 30, 2013). "Should This Inmate Get a State-Financed Sex Change Operation?". The New Republic. ISSN   0028-6583 . Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  4. 1 2 Crisp, John M. (September 12, 2012). "Sex-change operation for Robert Kosilek would be humane". Newsday. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
  5. ↑ Kosilek v. Maloney, 221F.Supp.2d158 (District Court D, MassachusettsAugust 28, 2002).
  6. ↑ Kosilek v. Spencer
  7. ↑ Kosilek v. Spencer – 8th Amendment decision Archived November 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ Commonwealth vs. Kosilek
  9. ↑ Ray, Richard (June 1, 1990). "Kosilek to be Brought from N.Y. for Trial". Boston Globe. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
  10. ↑ Coakley, Tom (October 4, 1990). "Mansfield Man Pleads Guilty in Wife's Strangulation". Boston Globe. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
  11. 1 2 Coakley, Tom (January 15, 1993). "Judge quizzes murder trial jurors on defendant clad as a woman". Boston Globe. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
  12. ↑ Kosilek v. Spencer, First Circuit Court of Appeals, January 17, 2014, retrieved February 8, 2014
  13. ↑ Coakley, Tom (January 16, 1993). "Man says he killed wife in self-defense". Boston Globe. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
  14. ↑ Borg, Linda (January 20, 1990). "Police say Kosilek sober at interview Defendant contends he can't recall slaying because of the influence of drugs". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Wife murderer loses SJC appeal". Boston Globe. August 9, 1996. ProQuest   290802387.
  16. ↑ "Taxpayers must fund wife-killer's legal battle as well as sex change, says judge". Fox News. September 17, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
  17. ↑ Kosilek v. Spencer, District Court, September 4, 2012 Archived November 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine , accessed February 8, 2014
  18. 1 2 "Convicted killer sues state for free sex change". NBS News. May 31, 2006. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  19. ↑ Weir, Richard (November 20, 2012). "Con's sex-change surgery stopped". Boston Herald. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
  20. ↑ "Wife-killer denied jailhouse electrolysis for time being". Boston Herald. November 26, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
  21. ↑ Kaminer, Wendy (September 7, 2012). "Is Denying Treatment to Transsexual Inmates 'Cruel and Unusual'?". The Atlantic. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
  22. ↑ "Mass. inmate sex-change ruling praised, condemned". CBS News. September 5, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
  23. ↑ Huus, Kari (September 4, 2012). "Sex-change surgery for prison inmate granted by judge" . Retrieved November 9, 2012.
  24. ↑ "Prisoner Michelle Kosilek requests electrolysis". Boston Globe. October 25, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  25. ↑ Valencia, Milton J. (December 19, 2012). "Judge: State must pay more than $700,000 in legal fees to attorneys of convicted murderer who wants sex change surgery". Boston Globe. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  26. ↑ Schulzke, Eric (December 20, 2012). "Court orders $700,000 in legal fees for inmate's gender surgery fight". Deseret News . Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  27. ↑ Snow, Justin (October 1, 2012). "Barney Frank Backing Appeal of Ruling Requiring Sex-Reassignment Surgery for Transgender Inmate". Metro Weekly. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  28. ↑ Palazzolo, Joe (September 4, 2012). "Judge Orders Sex-Change Operation for Prisoner". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
  29. ↑ Levenson, Michael (September 7, 2012). "Elizabeth Warren disagrees with judge's sex-change ruling". Boston Globe. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  30. ↑ "Murder victim's family speaks out against husband's taxpayer-funded sex change". Fox25 Boston. September 5, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
  31. ↑ Ellement, John R. (September 7, 2012). "Relative of woman killed by Michelle Kosilek blasts judge for making state pay for sex-change operation". Boston Globe. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  32. ↑ "Set limits on sex change". Boston Globe. June 15, 2006. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  33. ↑ "Free sex change for prisoner Michelle Kosilek is distasteful but legally warranted". Boston Globe. September 9, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  34. ↑ "Sex change at taxpayer expense?". Los Angeles Times. September 13, 2012. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  35. ↑ Naughton, Michael (April 2, 2013). "Appeals court hears Michelle Kosilek sex change case". Metro. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
  36. ↑ Finucane, Martin; Ellement, John R.; Valencia, Milton J. (January 17, 2014). "Mass. appeals court upholds inmate's right to taxpayer-funded sex change surgery". Boston Globe. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
  37. ↑ Ngowi, Rodrique (January 17, 2014). "Appeals Court Upholds Sex Change For Mass. Inmate". WBUR. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  38. ↑ "Court denies inmate's sex-change surgery - the Boston Globe". The Boston Globe .
  39. ↑ Pratt, Mark (December 16, 2014). "US Supreme Court: No state funding of sex-change operation - CSMonitor.com". M.csmonitor.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
  40. ↑ Kosilek, Michelle Lynne (January 2012). Grace's Daughter. Smashwords. ISBN   978-1-46-603109-8.

Additional sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.