Microcotyle eueides

Microcotyle eueides
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Platyhelminthes
Class:	Monogenea
Order:	Mazocraeidea
Family:	Microcotylidae
Genus:	Microcotyle
Species:	M. eueides
Binomial name
	Microcotyle eueides; MacCallum & MacCallum, 1913
Synonyms
	Caenomicrocotyle (Caenomicrocotyle) eueides(MacCallum & MacCallum, 1913) Unnithan1971 [1] ;

Last updated November 09, 2019

Microcotyle eueides is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae.^[2]

In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour or ecological niche. In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined.

Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. They form a sister group to the tunicates, together forming the olfactores. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Tetrapods emerged within lobe-finned fishes, so cladistically they are fish as well. However, traditionally fish are rendered paraphyletic by excluding the tetrapods. Because in this manner the term "fish" is defined negatively as a paraphyletic group, it is not considered a formal taxonomic grouping in systematic biology, unless it is used in the cladistic sense, including tetrapods. The traditional term pisces is considered a typological, but not a phylogenetic classification.

Microcotylidae is a family of polyopisthocotylean monogeneans. All the species in this family are parasitic on fish.

Systematics

Microcotyle eueides was first described by MacCallum & MacCallum (1913) from the gills of the striped bass Morone saxatilis (Moronidae), designated as Roccus lineatus in the original publication.^[2] Unnithan (1971) placed M. eueides in the new genus and subgenus Caenomicrocotyle as Caenomicrocotyle (Caenomicrocotyle) eueides.^[1] However, this species was returned to the genus Microcotyle by Mamaev in 1986.^[3]

The Moronidae are a family of perciform fishes, commonly called the temperate basses, consisting of at least six freshwater, brackish water, and marine species. The members of this family are most commonly found near the coastal regions of eastern North America, northern Africa, and Europe. The family includes the genera Morone and Dicentrarchus.

Microcotyle is a genus which belongs to the phylum Platyhelminthes and class Monogenea. Species of Microcotyle are ectoparasites that affect their host by attaching themselves as larvae on the gills of the fish and grow into adult stage. This larval stage is called oncomiracidium, and is characterized as free swimming and ciliated.

Morphology

Microcotyle eueides has the general morphology of all species of Microcotyle , with a symmetrical very delicate and thin body, narrowed at each end and comprising an anterior part which contains most organs and a posterior part called the haptor. The haptor is symmetrical, and bears clamps, arranged as two rows, one on each side. The clamps of the haptor attach the animal to the gill of the fish. There are also two buccal lateral, imperforate suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a small and inconspicuous pharynx, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches; the branches extends far back into the haptor. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, armed with numerous spines, a medio-dorsal vagina, a single large ovary coiled across the middle of the body and 32 small testes which are posterior to the ovary. The eggs are elliptical, with a very long and delicate anterior filament that becomes coiled in a dense mass just near the opening of the uterus.^[2]

The haptor is the attachment organ of the monogeneans, a group of parasitic Platyhelminthes. The haptor is sometimes called opisthaptor to emphasize that it is located in the posterior part of the body, and to differentiate it from the prohaptor, a structure including glands located at the anterior part of the body. According to Yamaguti (1963), the chief adhesive organ of the monogeneans, the haptor, is posterior, more or less discoid, muscular, may be divided into alveoli or loculi, is usually provided with anchors, has nearly always marginal larval hooklets, or is in a reduced form with anchors. The haptor may consist of symmetrical or asymmetrical, sessile or pedunculate, muscular suckers or clamps with or without supporting sclerites; accessory adhesive organs may be present in form of armed plaques, lappets or appendices.

Clamps are the main attachment structure of the Polyopisthocotylean monogeneans.
These ectoparasitic worms have a variable number of clamps on their haptor ; each clamp is attached to the host fish, generally to its gill. Clamps include sclerotised elements, called the sclerites, and muscles. The structure of clamps varies according to the groups within the Polyopisthocotylean monogeneans; microcotylids have relatively simple clamps, whereas gastrocotylids have more complex clamps.

A gill is a respiratory organ found in many aquatic organisms that extracts dissolved oxygen from water and excretes carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are kept moist. The microscopic structure of a gill presents a large surface area to the external environment. Branchia is the zoologists' name for gills.

Hosts and localities

The type-host is the striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ) (Moronidae), designated as Roccus lineatus in the original publication. The type-locality is New York.^[2]

New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States. New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States. With an estimated 19.54 million residents in 2018, it is the fourth most populous state. In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name, it is sometimes referred to as New York State (NYS).

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References

1 2 Unnithan, R. V. (1971). On the functional morphology of a new fauna of Monogenoidea on fishes from Trivandrum and environs. Part IV. Microcotylidae sensu stricto and its repartition into subsidiary taxa. American Midland Naturalist, 366-398.
1 2 3 4 MacCallum, G. A., & MacCallum, W. G. (1913). Four species of Microcotyle, M. pyragraphorus, macroura, eueides and acanthophallus. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, 34, 223-244. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9988712#page/233/mode/1up
↑ Mamaev, Y. L. (1986). The taxonomical composition of the family Microcotylidae Taschenberg, 1879 (Monogenea). Folia Parasitologica, 33, 199-206. PDF

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[Unnithan1971-1] 1 2 Unnithan, R. V. (1971). On the functional morphology of a new fauna of Monogenoidea on fishes from Trivandrum and environs. Part IV. Microcotylidae sensu stricto and its repartition into subsidiary taxa. American Midland Naturalist, 366-398.

[MacCallum&MacCallum1913-2] 1 2 3 4 MacCallum, G. A., & MacCallum, W. G. (1913). Four species of Microcotyle, M. pyragraphorus, macroura, eueides and acanthophallus. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, 34, 223-244. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9988712#page/233/mode/1up

[Mamaev1986-3] Mamaev, Y. L. (1986). The taxonomical composition of the family Microcotylidae Taschenberg, 1879 (Monogenea). Folia Parasitologica, 33, 199-206. PDF