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"Muravyov clearly bragged about his international activities, all the more so since the Czech Republic simply did not exist in February 1918, and Serbia was completely occupied by Austrian troops." [2]
Muravyov was a staunch opponent of "Ukrainization" and his troops carried out mass repressions against the Ukrainian intelligentsia, officers, and bourgeoisie, to the point that it even became dangerous to speak Ukrainian in the streets. The People's Secretariat of Ukraine, which had moved to Kyiv from Kharkiv, demanded the removal of Muravyov from the city, calling him “the leader of the bandits”. [2]
On February 14, Muravyov was appointed commander of the front, having received the task of opposing the Romanian forces, who sought to seize Bessarabia and Transnistria. [2] In his telegram, Lenin demanded from Muravyov: "Act as energetically as possible on the Romanian front". [2] In response, Muravyov reported: [2]
"The situation is extremely serious. The troops of the former front are disorganized, in reality there is no front, only headquarters remain, the location of which have not been clarified. The hope is only for reinforcements from outside. The Odessa proletariat is disorganized and politically illiterate. Ignoring the fact that the enemy is approaching Odessa, they do not think to worry. The attitude to the matter is very cold - typical of the Odesites."
On March 9, he established military revolutionary tribunals in the controlled territory. [2] Muravyov commanded the troops of the Odessa Soviet Republic until March 12, but could not hold the city. After leaving Odessa on March 11–12, he ordered the ground units and ships of the navy of the Odessa Soviet Republic "to open fire with all guns at the bourgeois and nationalist parts of the city and destroy it." [2]
On April 1, having abandoned his troops, Muravyov arrived in Moscow. Lenin, on the initiative of Antonov-Ovseenko, offered him the post of commander of the Caucasian Soviet Army, but the local Bolsheviks, headed by the chairman of the Baku Council of People's Commissars Stepan Shaumian, very sharply opposed such a candidate. [2]
In mid-April, in parallel with the suppression of the anarchists in Moscow, Muravyov was arrested on charges of abuse of power and connections with the anarchists; [2] the commission of inquiry did not confirm the charge, and by a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the case "for the lack of corpus delicti" was dismissed. [3] Muravyov himself, being in Odessa, described his "exploits" in Kyiv as follows: [2]
"We were establishing Soviet power by fire and sword. I took the city, destroyed the palaces and churches ... giving no mercy to anyone! ... Hundreds of generals, maybe thousands, were ruthlessly killed ... We took revenge. We could stop the anger of revenge, but we did not do it because our aim was to be merciless!"
On June 13, Muravyov was appointed commander of the Eastern Front. [2] The German ambassador Wilhelm von Mirbach, wanting to motivate Muravyov to join the Bolsheviks in the fight against the Czechoslovak Legion, handed him a bribe. [5] However, this did not prevent him from rebelling against the Bolsheviks. [5]
During the Left SR uprising, Lenin began to doubt Muravyov’s loyalty, ordering the Revolutionary Military Council of the eastern front to secretly monitor his actions: "Report Muravyov’s statement about the rebellion of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. Continue close monitoring". [2] Muravyov rebelled, having received news from Moscow and fearing arrest due to Bolshevik suspicions of disloyalty. [2] Muravyov himself, during the events, declared that he "acted independently, but the Left SR Central Committee knows everything." [5] On the night of July 9–10, Muravyov, having left the front headquarters in Kazan, without the knowledge of the military council of the front, loaded two regiments loyal to him onto steamers and left the city. [2] He even managed to transfer the local communist squad from Simbirsk to Bugulma by order of the front. [10]
He opposed the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty with Germany, declared himself "commander in chief of the army operating against Germany", and sent a telegraph to the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the German embassy in Moscow and the command of the Czechoslovak Legion, declaring war on Germany. The troops of the front and the Czechoslovak Legion (with which he had to fight before the rebellion) were ordered to move to the Volga and further west to repulse the German invasion. [1] [2] He took the initiative to create the so-called Volga Soviet Republic led by the Left Socialist Revolutionaries Maria Spiridonova, Boris Kamkov and Vladimir Karelin. [2]
In a joint government appeal, Lenin and Trotsky stated that "The former commander-in-chief on the Czech-Slovak front, the left Socialist Revolutionary Muravyov, is declared a traitor and an enemy of the people. Every honest citizen is obliged to shoot him on the spot". [11]
On July 11, Muravyov, with a detachment of a thousand people, [5] arrived at Simbirsk, occupied strategic points of the city and arrested leading Bolsheviks, including the commander of the 1st Army Mikhail Tukhachevsky. [5] Muravyov appeared at a meeting of the executive committee of the provincial Council, together with representatives of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. [5] At that time, the local Left SRs were not yet removed from power and held the posts of military, land and food provincial commissars. [10] By this time, the chairman of the local Bolshevik party committee had managed to secretly place Latvian riflemen, an armored squad and a special detachment of the Cheka around the building. [2] During the meeting, the Red Guards and the Cheka came out from the ambush and announced the arrest of everyone in the building. Muravyov put up armed resistance and was killed in the fighting. [2] [5]
The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution, October coup, Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923. It was the second revolutionary change of government in Russia in 1917. It took place through an insurrection in Petrograd on 7 November 1917 [O.S. 25 October]. It was the precipitating event of the Russian Civil War. The initial stage of the October Revolution which involved the assault on Petrograd occurred largely without any human casualties.
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the overthrowing of the liberal-democratic Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. It resulted in the formation of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and later the Soviet Union in most of its territory. Its finale marked the end of the Russian Revolution, which was one of the key events of the 20th century.
The Kerensky–Krasnov uprising was an attempt by Alexander Kerensky to crush the October Revolution and regain power after the Bolsheviks overthrew his government in Petrograd. It took place between 8 and 13 November 1917 [O.S. 26 and 31 October].
The Left SR uprising, or Left SR revolt, was a rebellion against the Bolsheviks by the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party in Moscow, Soviet Russia, on 6–7 July 1918. It was one of a number of left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks that took place during the Russian Civil War.
Vladimir Alexandrovich Antonov-Ovseenko, real surname Ovseenko, party aliases 'Bayonet' (Штык) and 'Nikita' (Никита), literary pseudonym A. Galsky, was a prominent Bolshevik leader, Soviet statesman, military commander, and diplomat.
Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. In the years following Lenin's death in 1924, he rose to become the leader of the Soviet Union.
Council of People's Commissars on War and Navy Affairs was the very first military government agency of the Soviet Russia initially named as the Committee on affairs of War and Navy. The council was created on November 8, 1917 on the decree of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets "On creation of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government" which was the name of the Russian Sovnarkom.
The Battle of Kyiv of January 1918 was a Bolshevik military operation of Petrograd and Moscow Red Guard formations directed to capture the capital of Ukraine. The operation was led by Red Guards commander Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov as part of the Soviet expeditionary force against Kaledin and the Central Council of Ukraine. The storming of Kiev took place during the ongoing peace negotiations at Brest-Litovsk on 5–8 February 1918. The operation resulted in the occupation of the city by Bolshevik troops on 9 February and the evacuation of the Ukrainian government to Zhytomyr.
The Operation Faustschlag or Unternehmen Faustschlag, also known as the Eleven Days' War, was a Central Powers offensive in World War I. It was the last major offensive on the Eastern Front.
The Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee (PMRC) (Russian: Петроградский военно-революционный комитет, romanized: Petrogradskiy voyenno-revolyutsionnyy komitet) was a militant group of the Petrograd Soviet and one of several military revolutionary committees that were created in the Russian Republic. Initially the committee was created on 25 October 1917 after the German army secured the city of Riga and the West Estonian Archipelago (see Operation Albion). The committee's resolution was adopted by the Petrograd Soviet on October 29, 1917.
The Group of Forces for Combating Counter-Revolution in the South of Russia was a military formation of the Soviet Russian government created in the beginning of December 1917 to invade and occupy various autonomous state formations with a goal of establishing the Soviet government.
The Ukrainian–Soviet War is the term commonly used in post-Soviet Ukraine for the events taking place between 1917 and 1921, nowadays regarded essentially as a war between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Bolsheviks. The war ensued soon after the October Revolution when Lenin dispatched Antonov's expeditionary group to Ukraine and Southern Russia.
The Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies was a city council of Petrograd, the capital of Russia at the time. For brevity, it is usually called the Petrograd Soviet.
The Donbas-Don operation was a military campaign of the Russian Civil War that lasted from January to February 1918, by forces of the Southern Revolutionary Front under the command of Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko, against the Cossack troops of Alexey Kaledin and Volunteer detachments on the territory of the Donbas and the Don Cossack region. It was the decisive operation in the complete conquest of Russia by the Bolsheviks following the October Revolution.
The Soviet invasion of Ukraine was a major offensive by the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army against the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) during the Soviet–Ukrainian War. The invasion was first planned in November 1918, after the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and was launched in the first days of January 1919, with the occupation of Kharkiv. Its aim was to join Ukraine to the RSFSR, as the country was of significant economic, demographic and strategic importance for the Bolsheviks. In the longer term, the capture of the Black Sea coast was to prevent an intervention by the Allies in support of the Volunteer Army. Finally, the Bolsheviks intended to extend the area they control as far as possible to the west, in order to be able to support the other revolutionary movements in Europe.
The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies was held on November 7–9, 1917, in Smolny, Petrograd. It was convened under the pressure of the Bolsheviks on the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the First Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
An index of articles related to the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War period (1905–1922). It covers articles on topics, events, and persons related to the revolutionary era, from the 1905 Russian Revolution until the end of the Russian Civil War. The See also section includes other lists related to Revolutionary Russia and the Soviet Union, including an index of articles about the Soviet Union (1922–1991) which is the next article in this series, and Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War.
The Stavka of the Supreme Commander was the supreme headquarters of the Russian Imperial Army in the field during World War I until the demobilization of the army in March 1918.
The 1st Zadneprovskaya Ukrainian Soviet Division was a military unit of the Ukrainian Soviet Army during the Russian Civil War.
The Establishment of Soviet power in Russia was the process of establishing Soviet power throughout the territory of the former Russian Empire, with the exception of areas occupied by the troops of the Central Powers, following the seizure of power in Petrograd on October 25, 1917, and in mostly completed by the beginning of the German offensive along the entire front on February 18, 1918.
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