Mild intellectual disability

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Mild intellectual disability
Other namesMild intellectual developmental disorder, mild mental retardation
Four kids with Williams syndrome.jpg
A group of children with Williams syndrome, a common syndromic cause of mild intellectual disability.
Specialty Neuropsychology
Symptoms Developmental delay, slow rate of learning, conceptual difficulties, adaptive functioning deficits
Usual onsetBefore age 18 years
DurationLifelong
Causes Inheritance, de novo mutations, birth injury, chromosomal disorders
Risk factors Family history, advanced paternal age, birth via primary Caesarean section, small size at birth, need for assisted ventilation after birth [1]
Diagnostic method Developmental evaluation
Differential diagnosis Neurocognitive disorders, communication disorders, specific learning disorder, autism spectrum disorder
Frequency~1%

Mild intellectual disability, also known as mild ID or mild intellectual developmental disorder and formerly as mild mental retardation, is a form of intellectual disability characterized by mildly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. Mild ID affects about 1% of the global population and is frequently hereditary, but can also be influenced by environmental factors and syndromic causes (such as Down syndrome). Many children with mild ID present as typically-developing until school age, when they are often slower to learn than their peers and may have trouble with tasks involving memorization or abstract thinking. Outside of academics, they may also appear socially immature and need assistance with activities of daily living. By adulthood, most people with mild ID will have acquired academic skills similar to someone who has undergone 7-8 years of schooling. Many adults with mild ID can work and live alone, but may need help with more complex activities of daily living such as food preparation, money management, and organizing social events. Mild ID is comorbid with many disorders, particularly developmental: Common comorbidities of mild ID include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, developmental coordination disorder, and cerebral palsy.

Contents

Signs and symptoms

In early childhood, children with mild ID may be developmentally indistinguishable from typically-developing children. [2] [3] They can usually understand concepts such as time, distance, money, and avoiding danger, but struggle with memorization tasks such as learning the names of the days of the week or remembering phone numbers. They may need assistance with social tasks related to theory of mind, but can generally demonstrate polite behavior and play with other children. They generally also need support in activities of daily living including toothbrushing, toileting, and bathing. [4]

School-aged children and adolescents with mild ID often struggle with abstract problem-solving and may take longer than their peers to understand concepts such as arithmetic, reading, and writing. [2] They may also have difficulty maintaining sustained attention for longer than 30 minutes. Socially, children and adolescents with mild ID often have a more concrete understanding of social situations than typical for their age and may need support to understand social cues or initiate conversation. By this age, most people with mild ID will be able to complete most activities of daily living independently. [4]

By adulthood, most will reach academic skills expected for someone who has had 7-8 years of schooling. [4] [3] Mildly intellectually disabled adults may struggle with executive functioning and have trouble with complex activities of daily living, such as money management, food preparation, and shopping. Many adults with mild ID can work and live alone, and some can even raise a family with support. People with mild ID have similar recreational habits to people with normal intelligence. Socially, adults with mild ID may have trouble regulating their emotions and behavior in conversations and may appear socially immature. They are also at increased risk of social manipulation. [2] [3]

Many people with mild ID have an IQ between 55 and 70; However, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) states that diagnosis of a level of intellectual disability should be determined based on level of adaptive functioning, not IQ test scores. [2] [3]

Causes

A specific biological cause is less likely to be found in cases of mild intellectual disability than for more severe forms of intellectual disability. [3] [5] [6] Mild ID is also more likely to be inherited than other forms of ID, which often arise from de novo mutations. [7] [8] About 21% of cases of mild ID are caused by known genetic microdeletions and duplications. [9] In comparison to more severe forms of ID, which are relatively stable in prevalence across populations, the incidence of mild ID varies widely based on external environmental factors, such as access to education and healthcare. Mild ID is also more likely to be nonsyndromic than more severe forms of ID. [10]

A girl with Down Syndrome competing at a gymnastics competition in Chesterland, Ohio. Down syndrome is commonly comorbid with mild ID. 2015 District Championships West Geauga 26.jpg
A girl with Down Syndrome competing at a gymnastics competition in Chesterland, Ohio. Down syndrome is commonly comorbid with mild ID.

There are also many syndromic causes of mild ID. About 20-50% of adults with Down Syndrome (DS) have mild intellectual disability. [11] [12] A lack of comorbid epilepsy, female sex, and lower levels of C-reactive protein are associated with milder levels of ID in people with DS. [11] [13] [14] Young children with DS are also more likely to have a mild form of ID than adolescents with DS. [15] Other genetic disorders can also lead to mild ID: For example, most children with Williams syndrome also have mild ID. [16] Microcephaly is also considered a risk factor for mild ID, with one study finding a 14.7% incidence of mild ID in children with developmental disabilities and microcephaly, compared to 9.5% for children with developmental disabilities and normal skull size. [17]

A newborn baby using assisted ventilation. A Resperatory Therapist treating a newborn child Pulaski County Technical College Respiratory Therapist Program (cropped).jpg
A newborn baby using assisted ventilation.

Birth injury and other birth-related factors can also increase mild ID risk. Advanced paternal age, uterine bleeding, birth via primary (first) Caesarean section, low Apgar score 5 minutes after birth, small size at birth for gestational age, and a need for assisted ventilation more than 30 minutes after birth are correlated with increased risk of mild ID. [1]

Prevalence

About 1 to 3% of the world population has some form of intellectual disability, of whom 85% have mild ID. [3] [18] Estimates of the prevalence of mild ID vary, and can be inflated by the use of an IQ test as the sole measure to determine a person's ID status, since an ID diagnosis requires both a low IQ score and adaptive functioning deficits. [19]

Several factors can affect the incidence of mild ID. Male sex, low socioeconomic status, and family history increase the risk of mild ID. [6] [20]

Prevalence of mild ID also varies by location. In France, the incidence of mild ID is 18 per 1,000. [6] In rural South Africa, it is 29.1 per 1,000. [21] In the United States and other developed countries, the rate tends to be around 2.5-5.0 per 1,000. [22]

Comorbidities

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

The most common comorbid disorder of mild ID is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). One study of 111 Turkish children with mild ID found that 64.9% also had ADHD, the most common psychiatric comorbidity by a factor of almost 3. [23]

Developmental coordination disorder

Developmental coordination disorder (also known as dyspraxia) and motor delay are common in people with mild ID. One study found that about 82% of children with mild ID have motor skills below the sixteenth percentile for their age group. [24] Another study found that 89% of children with mild ID have motor skills below the sixteenth percentile for their age group, 92% of whom have motor skills within the bottom five percent of same-aged children. [25] Adults with ID also tend to have below-average motor skills and show little hand preference in hand-eye coordination tasks. [26]

Autism

Autism spectrum disorder is commonly comorbid with ID, including mild ID. About 24.1% of people with mild ID also have autism, but many of them do not get diagnosed until adolescence or later. [27] [28]

Cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is also associated with increased risk of mild ID, particularly among those with a GMFCS level of 3. [29] [30] About 16% of people with CP have mild ID. [30]

Risks

Children with mild ID in out-of-home care have a higher risk of sexual abuse than non-disabled children, with a frequency of 9.8 per 1000 children. [31] Among adults, the rate of sexual abuse is 24.3%. [32] Older adults with mild ID are more likely to develop dementia than the general population: One study of mildly intellectually disabled older adults without Down syndrome found that 14.6% had dementia. [33]

References

  1. 1 2 McMahon, William M.; Nangle, Barry; Dorius, Josette T.; Miller, Judith S.; Bakian, Amanda V.; Pinborough-Zimmerman, Judith; Bilder, Deborah A. (2013). "Prenatal and Perinatal Factors Associated with Intellectual Disability". American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. 118 (2): 156–176. doi:10.1352/1944-7558-118.2.156. PMID   23464612.
  2. 1 2 3 4 American Psychiatric Association (2022-03-16). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision (5th ed.). Amer Psychiatric Pub Inc. ISBN   978-0890425763.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Patel, Dilip R.; Cabral, Maria Demma; Ho, Arlene; Merrick, Joav (2020). "A clinical primer on intellectual disability". Translational Pediatrics. 9 (Suppl 1): S23 –S35. doi: 10.21037/tp.2020.02.02 . PMC   7082244 . PMID   32206581.
  4. 1 2 3 "6A00 Disorders of intellectual development". ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. 2025. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  5. ↑ Vissers, Lisenka E. L. M.; Gilissen, Christian; Veltman, Joris A. (2016). "Genetic studies in intellectual disability and related disorders". Nature Reviews Genetics. 17 (1): 9–18. doi:10.1038/nrg3999. PMID   26503795.
  6. 1 2 3 David, M.; Dieterich, K.; Billette De Villemeur, A.; Jouk, P.-S.; Counillon, J.; Larroque, B.; Bloch, J.; Cans, C. (2014). "Prevalence and characteristics of children with mild intellectual disability in aFrench county". Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 58 (7): 591–602. doi:10.1111/jir.12057. PMID   23750884.
  7. ↑ Reichenberg, Abraham; Cederlöf, Martin; McMillan, Andrew; Trzaskowski, Maciej; Kapra, Ori; Fruchter, Eyal; Ginat, Karen; Davidson, Michael; Weiser, Mark; Larsson, Henrik; Plomin, Robert; Lichtenstein, Paul (2016). "Discontinuity in the genetic and environmental causes of the intellectual disability spectrum". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (4): 1098–1103. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1098R. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1508093112 . PMC   4743770 . PMID   26711998.
  8. ↑ Ropers, H Hilger (2008). "Genetics of intellectual disability". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 18 (3): 241–250. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2008.07.008. PMID   18694825.
  9. ↑ Lindblad, Ida; Fernell, Elisabeth (23 January 2024). "Mild intellectual disability". University of Gothenburg. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  10. ↑ Kaufman, Liana; Ayub, Muhammad; Vincent, John B. (2010). "The genetic basis of non-syndromic intellectual disability: A review". Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. 2 (4): 182–209. doi:10.1007/s11689-010-9055-2. PMC   2974911 . PMID   21124998.
  11. 1 2 Määttä, Tuomo; Tervo-Määttä, Tuula; Taanila, Anja; Kaski, Markus; Iivanainen, Matti (2006). "Mental health, behaviour and intellectual abilities of people with Down syndrome". Down Syndrome Research and Practice. 11 (1): 37–43. doi:10.3104/reports.313. PMID   17048808.
  12. ↑ Hartley, Sigan L.; Fleming, Victoria; Schworer, Emily K.; Peven, Jamie; Handen, Benjamin L.; Krinsky-Mchale, Sharon; Hom, Christy; Lee, Laisze; Tudorascu, Dana L.; Laymon, Charles; Minhas, Davneet; Luo, Weiquan; Cohen, Annie; Zaman, Shahid; Ances, Beau M.; Mapstone, Mark; Head, Elizabeth; Lai, Florence; Rosas, H. Diana; Klunk, William; Christian, Bradley; Alzheimer Biomarker Consortium-Down Syndrome (2023). "Timing of Alzheimer's Disease by Intellectual Disability Level in Down Syndrome". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 95 (1): 213–225. doi:10.3233/JAD-230200. PMC   10578224 . PMID   37482997.
  13. ↑ Barca, Diana; Tarta-Arsene, Oana; Dica, Alice; Iliescu, Catrinel; Budisteanu, Magdalena; Motoescu, Cristina; Butoainu, Niculina; Craiu, Dana (2014-12-08). "Intellectual Disability and Epilepsy in Down Syndrome". Maedica. 9 (4): 344–350. PMC   4316878 . PMID   25705303.
  14. ↑ Manti, S.; Cutrupi, M. C.; Cuppari, C.; Ferro, E.; Dipasquale, V.; Di Rosa, G.; Chimenz, R.; La Rosa, M. A.; Valenti, A.; Salpietro, V. (2018). "Inflammatory biomarkers and intellectual disability in patients with Down syndrome". Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 62 (5): 382–390. doi:10.1111/jir.12470. PMID   29349839.
  15. ↑ Wester Oxelgren, Ulrika; Myrelid, Åsa; Annerén, Göran; Westerlund, Joakim; Gustafsson, Jan; Fernell, Elisabeth (2019). "More severe intellectual disability found in teenagers compared to younger children with Down syndrome". Acta Paediatrica. 108 (5): 961–966. doi:10.1111/apa.14624. PMID   30372566.
  16. ↑ Willfors, Charlotte; Riby, Deborah M.; Van Der Poll, Marcus; Ekholm, Katja; Avdic Björlin, Hanna; Kleberg, Johan Lundin; Nordgren, Ann (2021). "Williams syndrome: On the role of intellectual abilities in anxiety". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 16 (1) 472. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-02098-4 . PMC   8573929 . PMID   34743752.
  17. ↑ Watemberg, Nathan; Silver, Sarah; Harel, Shaul; Lerman-Sagie, Tally (2002). "Significance of Microcephaly Among Children with Developmental Disabilities". Journal of Child Neurology. 17 (2): 117–122. doi:10.1177/088307380201700205. PMID   11952071.
  18. ↑ Maulik, Pallab K.; Mascarenhas, Maya N.; Mathers, Colin D.; Dua, Tarun; Saxena, Shekhar (2011). "Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies". Research in Developmental Disabilities. 32 (2): 419–436. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018. PMID   21236634.
  19. ↑ Maulik, Pallab K.; Mascarenhas, Maya N.; Mathers, Colin D.; Dua, Tarun; Saxena, Shekhar (2011). "Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies". Research in Developmental Disabilities. 32 (2): 419–436. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018. PMID   21236634.
  20. ↑ Maulik, Pallab K.; Mascarenhas, Maya N.; Mathers, Colin D.; Dua, Tarun; Saxena, Shekhar (2011). "Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies". Research in Developmental Disabilities. 32 (2): 419–436. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018. PMID   21236634.
  21. ↑ Christianson, A. L.; Zwane, M. E.; Manga, P.; Rosen, E.; Venter, A.; Downs, D.; Kromberg, J. G. R. (2002). "Children with intellectual disability in rural South Africa: Prevalence and associated disability". Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 46 (2): 179–186. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2002.00390.x. PMID   11869389.
  22. ↑ "Prevalence of Intellectual Disabilities". Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children. Washington D.C., United States: National Academies Press. 2015-10-28.
  23. ↑ Tural Hesapcioglu, Selma; Ceylan, Mehmet Fatih; Kasak, Meryem; Yavas, Cansu Pınar (2021). "Psychiatric comorbidities of mild intellectual disability in children and adolescents in a clinical setting". International Journal of Developmental Disabilities. 67 (2): 151–157. doi:10.1080/20473869.2019.1634935. PMC   8115543 . PMID   34141408.
  24. ↑ Vuijk, P. J.; Hartman, E.; Scherder, E.; Visscher, C. (2010). "Motor performance of children with mild intellectual disability and borderline intellectual functioning". Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 54 (11): 955–965. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01318.x. PMID   20854287.
  25. ↑ Carmeli, Eli; Bar-Yossef, Tamar; Ariav, Claudette; Levy, Ran; Liebermann, Dario G. (2008). "Perceptual-motor coordination in persons with mild intellectual disability". Disability and Rehabilitation. 30 (5): 323–329. doi:10.1080/09638280701265398. PMID   17852209.
  26. ↑ Carmeli, Eli; Bar-Yossef, Tamar; Ariav, Claudette; Levy, Ran; Liebermann, Dario G. (2008). "Perceptual-motor coordination in persons with mild intellectual disability". Disability and Rehabilitation. 30 (5): 323–329. doi:10.1080/09638280701265398. PMID   17852209.
  27. ↑ Bryson, Susan E.; Bradley, Elspeth A.; Thompson, Ann; Wainwright, Ann (2008). "Prevalence of Autism among Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 53 (7): 449–459. doi:10.1177/070674370805300710. PMID   18674403.
  28. ↑ Matson, Johnny L.; Shoemaker, Mary (2009). "Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders". Research in Developmental Disabilities. 30 (6): 1107–1114. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2009.06.003. PMID   19604668.
  29. ↑ Dalvand, Hamid; Dehghan, Leila; Hadian, Mohammad Reza; Feizy, Awat; Hosseini, Seyed Ali (2012). "Relationship Between Gross Motor and Intellectual Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Cross-Sectional Study". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 93 (3): 480–484. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.10.019. PMID   22265344.
  30. 1 2 Turkoglu, Gozde; Turkoglu, Serhat; Celik, Canan; Ucan, Halil (2017). "Intelligence, Functioning, and Related Factors in Children with Cerebral Palsy". Noro Psikiyatri Arsivi. 54 (1): 33–37. doi:10.5152/npa.2015.12676. PMC   5439469 . PMID   28566956.
  31. ↑ Euser, Saskia; Alink, Lenneke R.A.; Tharner, Anne; Van Ijzendoorn, Marinus H.; Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J. (2016). "The Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse in Out-of-home Care: Increased Risk for Children with a Mild Intellectual Disability". Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 29 (1): 83–92. doi:10.1111/jar.12160. PMID   25779085.
  32. ↑ Tomsa, Raluca; Gutu, Smaranda; Cojocaru, Daniel; Gutiérrez-Bermejo, Belén; Flores, Noelia; Jenaro, Cristina (2021). "Prevalence of Sexual Abuse in Adults with Intellectual Disability: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (4): 1980. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041980 . PMC   7921934 . PMID   33670753.
  33. ↑ Strydom, A.; Hassiotis, A.; King, M.; Livingston, G. (2009). "The relationship of dementia prevalence in older adults with intellectual disability (ID) to age and severity of ID". Psychological Medicine. 39 (1): 13–21. doi:10.1017/S0033291708003334. PMID   18410700.
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